Jonathan Haidt: Can a divided America heal?
Jonathan Haidt: Ist das gespaltene Amerika heilbar?
Jonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures. Full bioChris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
ist an einem Punkt,
in the way that we're familiar with,
einfach verschiedener Meinung,
linkes und rechtes Lager.
gehen viel tiefer.
and how did we get here?
apocalyptic sort of feeling.
that the other side is not just --
dass die andere Seite nicht nur --
we strongly dislike them,
wir können sie nicht ausstehen.
a threat to the nation.
eine Gefahr für das Land.
now on both sides.
beiden Seiten bei über 50 %.
than before; it's much more intense.
als zuvor, viel intensiver.
Phänomene betrachte,
at any sort of social puzzle,
principles of moral psychology,
der Moralpsychologie an.
have to always keep in mind
insights into human social nature
in die soziale Natur des Menschen
against the stranger."
gegen den Fremden"
to create large societies
die Bildung großer Gesellschaften
in order to compete with others.
and out of small groups,
und die kleinen Gruppen verlassen.
eternal conflict.
verschärfen die Situation
are making that more bitter,
Das ist also fest in uns verdrahtet,
baked into most people's mental wiring
Aspekt menschlichen Sozialverhaltens.
a basic aspect of human social cognition.
really peacefully,
friedlich zusammenleben.
of fun ways of, like, playing war.
erfunden, um Krieg zu spielen.
to exercise this tribal nature
Stammesnatur entfalten,
and exploration and meeting new people.
und beim Kennenlernen neuer Menschen.
as something that goes up or down --
als etwas Dynamisches betrachten.
to always be fighting each other,
uns immer zu bekämpfen.
oder größer werden.
can shrink or expand.
could continue indefinitely.
könnte ewig weitergehen.
the sense of tribe for a while.
wir den "Stamm" ausgedehnt.
the new left-right distinction.
as we've all inherited it,
es übernommen haben,
versus capital distinction,
von Arbeit gegen Kapital,
now, increasingly,
ist eine Spaltung
who want to stop at nation,
of a sense of being rooted,
their community and their nation.
Gemeinschaft und Nation sorgen.
anti-parochial and who --
denken und die --
of the John Lennon song "Imagine."
an John Lennons Lied "Imagine".
nichts wofür man tötet oder stirbt."
nothing to kill or die for."
globale Regierungsformen,
who want more global governance,
sie mögen keine Grenzen.
they don't like borders.
actually, his name is Shakespeare --
er heißt tatsächlich Shakespeare,
or drawbridge-downers?"
oder Zugbrücken-Runterlasser?"
52-48 on that point.
in 52 zu 48 gespalten.
who grew up with The Beatles
die mit den Beatles aufgewachsen sind,
of dreaming of a more connected world --
die von einer vereinten Welt träumt,
anyone think badly about that?"
"Wie könnte jemand dagegen sein?"
Millionen Menschen
feel that that isn't just silly;
and they're scared of it.
Und sie haben Angst davor.
in Europe but also here,
besonders in Europa, aber auch hier,
we have to look very carefully
about diversity and immigration.
Diversität und Einwanderung betrachten.
that the left loves and the right --
nicht mehr klar denken.
can't think straight about it.
hat stark davon profitiert.
has grown enormously from it.
do a lot of good things.
bewirken viel Gutes.
I think, don't see,
jedoch nicht sehen,
cuts social capital and trust.
Zusammenhalt und Vertrauen verringert.
study by Robert Putnam,
feel that they are the same,
a redistributionist welfare state.
Umverteilungs-Wohlfahrtsstaat.
of being small, homogenous countries.
homogene Länder handelt.
a progressive welfare state,
Wohlfahrtsstaaten,
left-leaning values, which says,
linksgerichtete Werte,
The world is a great place.
Die Welt ist wunderbar.
we must welcome them in."
wir müssen sie willkommen heißen."
this summer,
diesen Sommer in Schweden --
is fairly politically correct
politisch korrekt ist
sprechen können,
as we have in America,
wo wir in Amerika sind,
racially divided, society.
geteilten Gesellschaft.
uncomfortable to talk about.
especially in Europe and for us, too,
themselves not racists,
Rassisten bezeichnen,
einfach zu unterschiedlich sind,
humans are just too different;
our sense of what humans are capable of,
laden, als Menschen fähig sind, zu tragen,
die zu unterschiedlich sind.
much more palatable
viel schmackhafter machen.
scientist named Karen Stenner,
der Politologin Karen Stenner zeigt,
we're all the same,
die zu Autoritarismus neigen.
a predisposition to authoritarianism.
there's not a threat
dass es keine Bedrohung
people are getting more different,
werden immer unterschiedlicher,
they want to kick out the deviants.
Sie wollen Abweichler ausstoßen.
an authoritarian reaction.
autoritären Reaktionen kommt.
the Lennonist line --
der lennonistischen Linie,
an authoritarian reaction.
Reaktion erzeugen.
in America with the alt-right.
in der Alt-Right-Bewegung.
we've seen it all over Europe.
überall in Europa.
or the nationalists, are actually right --
Nationalisten, es richtig sehen.
our cultural similarity,
Ähnlichkeit betonen,
matter very much.
keine große Rolle mehr.
approach to immigration
für die Einwanderung
großzügigen Wohlfahrtsstaat legen,
a generous welfare state,
that we're all the same.
dass wir alle gleich sind.
and fears about that
Einwanderung und Ängste darüber
of the current divide.
der aktuellen Spaltung.
der Moralpsychologie ist,
strategic reasoning second.
strategisches Denken später.
Begriff "motiviertes Denken"
the term "motivated reasoning"
and our verbal abilities
und unsere Sprachfähigkeiten,
um die Wahrheit besser zu erkennen,
not to help us find out the truth,
defend our reputation ...
unseren Ruf verteidigen ...
at justifying ourselves.
uns selbst zu rechtfertigen.
group interests into account,
it's my team versus your team,
sondern Team steht gegen Team,
that your side is wrong,
dass man falsch liegt,
a political argument.
politischen Disput gewinnen.
with reasons and evidence,
und Beweisen überzeugen,
the way reasoning works.
give us Google:
nehmen wir Google:
was born in Kenya.
in Kenia geboren wurde.
10 million hits! Look, he was!"
Gott! 10 Millionen Treffer! Alles klar!"
surprise to a lot of people.
für viele Menschen.
by techno-optimists
von Techno-Optimisten
that would bring people together.
die Menschen zusammenbringt.
unexpected counter-effects to that.
entgegengesetzte Wirkungen.
von dem Yin-Yang-Prinzip
of yin-yang views
sieht bestimmte Dinge richtig,
about certain things,
that human nature is good:
dass die menschliche Natur gut ist:
die Mauern ein und alles wird gut.
the walls and all will be well.
not libertarians --
nicht Libertäre --
believe people can be greedy
dass die Menschen gierig,
and we need restrictions.
und Beschränkungen brauchen.
miteinander reden können,
all over the world,
have been with us forever.
Natur waren schon immer da.
this feeling of division?
Gefühl der Spaltung so vertieft ist?
different threads all coming together.
Fäden, die alle zusammen kommen.
actually, America and Europe --
-- das gilt auch für Europa --
von Joe Henrich und anderen,
from Joe Henrich and others
in a commons dilemma
später in eine soziale Falle,
during World War II,
während des 2. Weltkrieges,
looking for scraps of aluminum
and government,
und Regierung auf,
at compromise and cooperation.
Kompromissen und Zusammenarbeit.
in den 90er Jahren zurück.
by the end of the '90s.
Baby-Boomer am Ende der 90er Jahre.
each other within each country,
untereinander und im eigenen Land,
"The Greatest Generation,"
Weltkriegs, der "Greatest Generation"
ist die Polarisierung der beiden Parteien.
is the purification of the two parties.
und konservative Demokraten.
and conservative Democrats.
20. Jahrhunderts wirklich überparteilich.
that was really bipartisan.
that started things moving,
die Dinge allmählich geändert,
liberal party and conservative party.
liberale und konservative Parteien.
really are different,
den Parteien wirklich anders.
our children to marry them,
von den anderen heiraten,
didn't matter very much.
wie ich schon sagte.
for post-hoc reasoning and demonization.
für Fehlschlüsse und Verteufelung.
on the internet now is quite troubling.
ist ziemlich beunruhigend.
on Twitter about the election
Informationen zur Wahl gesucht.
rassistischen Graffitis:
brought to us by #Trump."
Abscheulichkeit in dieses Land"
dedication page. Disgusting!"
Hillary. Widerlich!"
is troubling to me.
beunruhigt mich.
or a disagreement about something,
Meinungsverschiedenheit über etwas haben,
takes things to a much deeper level.
die Dinge auf eine viel tiefer Ebene.
you get angry, you're not angry;
Sie sind wütend, nicht wütend.
as subhuman, monstrous,
untermenschlich, ungeheuerlich,
on marital therapy.
of the couple shows disgust or contempt,
Abscheu oder Verachtung sieht,
to get divorced soon,
für baldige Scheidung,
that doesn't predict anything,
von Wut gar nichts vorhersagt,
it actually is good.
gut umgeht, ist das sogar gut.
uses the word "disgust" a lot.
"widerlich" sehr oft.
Ekel spielt eine große Rolle,
so disgust does matter a lot --
unique to him --
das ist spezifisch für ihn.
the Manichaean worldview,
Kampf zwischen Gut und Böse ist,
is a battle between good and evil
sie sind falsch oder ich mag sie nicht,
they're wrong or I don't like them,
sie sind satanisch,
mit ihnen zu tun haben.
etwa in der Öffentlichkeit.
for example, on campus now.
Leute vom Campus fern zu halten,
to keep people off campus,
sie fernzuhalten.
generation of young people,
Generation junger Menschen.
involves a lot of disgust,
Politik so viel Abscheu beinhaltet,
in politics as they get older.
beteiligt wollen, wenn sie älter werden.
Abscheu und Emotionen beschäftigt.
and I think about emotions a lot.
of disgust is actually love.
ist genau genommen Liebe.
powerful means we have.
Mittel, das wir haben.
von Menschen angewidert sein,
eine bestimmte Person,
that they're lovely.
or changes your category as well.
oder es verändert deine Schubladen.
much more mixed up in the their towns
viel heterogener in ihren Städten,
this great moral divide,
große moralische Kluft.
that we're moving to be near people
Nähe von Menschen ziehen,
der anderen Seite zu finden.
who's on the other side.
or say to Americans,
oder zu Amerikanern sagen,
about each other
und diesen "Ekel"-Trieb überdenken?
thing to keep in mind --
Folgendes zu beachten:
scientist Alan Abramowitz,
Alan Abramowitz zeigen,
is increasingly governed
Demokratie zunehmend
bestimmt wird.
OK there's a candidate,
Okay, es gibt einen Kandidaten,
man stimmt für den Kandidaten.
you vote for the candidate.
and all sorts of other trends,
und vieler anderer Trends
the other side so horrible, so awful,
so abscheulich, so schrecklich zu machen,
meinen Kandidaten wählen.
against the other side
gegen die andere Seite stimmen
that if people are on the left,
dass linksgerichtete Menschen denken:
that Republicans were bad,
dass Republikaner schlecht sind,
I can paint with all the things
all die Dinge andichten,
glücklich mit ihren Kandidaten.
with their candidate.
election in American history.
in der amerikanischen Geschichte.
your feelings about the candidate
über den Kandidaten trennen,
über die Menschen, die ihn wählten.
who are given a choice.
moralischen Welten.
in a separate moral world --
is that we're all trapped in "The Matrix,"
wir sind in der "Matrix" gefangen.
a consensual hallucination.
Matrix, eine einvernehmliche Täuschung.
that the other side --
dass die andere Seite --
they're the worst people in the world,
die schlimmsten Menschen der Welt,
to back that up.
different set of facts.
different threats to the country.
Bedrohungen für das Land.
als jemand dazwischen,
from being in the middle
is: both sides are right.
ist: Beide Seiten haben Recht.
to this country,
incapable of seeing them all.
nicht fähig, sie alle zu sehen.
that we almost need a new type of empathy?
eine neue Art von Empathie brauchen?
I can put myself in your shoes."
und kann in deine Schuhe schlüpfen.
the needy, the suffering.
den Bedürftigen, den Leidenden.
to people who we feel as other,
die wir als die anderen wahrnehmen,
to build that type of empathy?
von Empathie entwickeln?
heißes Thema in der Psychologie.
hot topic in psychology,
on the left in particular.
besonders bei den Linken.
for the preferred classes of victims.
für die bevorzugten Klassen von Opfern.
die wir Linken für wichtig halten.
think are so important.
because you get points for that.
weil man dafür Punkte bekommt.
if you do it when it's hard to do.
Punkte erhalten, wenn es schwer fällt.
des Umgangs mit unseren Rassenproblemen
of dealing with our race problems
for a long time
threat on our hands.
Bedrohung auf uns zukommt.
links-rechts Spaltung
mit dem wir konfrontiert sind.
divide we face.
and gender and LGBT,
mit Rasse, Geschlecht und LGBT,
of the next 50 years,
Notwendigkeit der nächsten 50 Jahre.
to get better on their own.
von selbst besser werden.
a lot of institutional reforms,
Reformen durchführen,
wonky conversation.
schwierige Unterhaltung.
realizing that this is a turning point.
dass dies ein Wendepunkt ist.
Art von Einfühlungsvermögen.
if you don't want to --
wenn Sie die nächsten vier Jahre
to spend the next four years
wie im letzten Jahr -- melden Sie sich.
for the last year -- raise your hand.
Jesus, Marcus Aurelius.
read Marcus Aurelius.
for how to drop the fear,
wie man Angst überwindet,
Weisheit für diese Art von Empathie.
wisdom for this kind of empathy.
um zur Heilung beizutragen?
people do to help heal?
to overcome your deepest prejudices.
seine tiefsten Vorurteile zu überwinden.
and stronger than race prejudices
und stärker sind als die Rassenvorurteile
that's the main thing.
anstrengen, das ist die Hauptsache.
vermutlich schrecklich fühlen,
awful for one of you --
reach out and say you want to talk.
und dann sprechen Sie jemanden an.
Friends and Influence People" --
"Wie man Freunde gewinnt".
wenn Sie damit beginnen,
if you start by acknowledging,
wirklich an dir, Onkel Bob,"
about you, Uncle Bob,"
appreciation, it's like magic.
beginnen, ist das wie Magie.
was ich gelernt habe, ist,
things I've learned
at apologizing now,
wirklich gut entschuldigen
somebody was right about.
and it's actually really fun.
und es macht wirklich Spaß.
speaking with you.
mit Ihnen zu sprechen.
the ground that we're on
an einem Punkt sind,
of morality and human nature.
und der menschlichen Natur gefüllt ist.
gerade heutzutage.
this time with us.
gemeinsame Zeit mit Ihnen.
ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Jonathan Haidt - Social psychologistJonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures.
Why you should listen
By understanding more about our moral psychology and its biases, Jonathan Haidt says we can design better institutions (including companies, universities and democracy itself), and we can learn to be more civil and open-minded toward those who are not on our team.
Haidt is a social psychologist whose research on morality across cultures led to his 2008 TED Talk on the psychological roots of the American culture war, and his 2013 TED Talk on how "common threats can make common ground." In both of those talks he asks, "Can't we all disagree more constructively?" Haidt's 2012 TED Talk explored the intersection of his work on morality with his work on happiness to talk about "hive psychology" -- the ability that humans have to lose themselves in groups pursuing larger projects, almost like bees in a hive. This hivish ability is crucial, he argues, for understanding the origins of morality, politics, and religion. These are ideas that Haidt develops at greater length in his book, The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion.
Haidt joined New York University Stern School of Business in July 2011. He is the Thomas Cooley Professor of Ethical Leadership, based in the Business and Society Program. Before coming to Stern, Professor Haidt taught for 16 years at the University of Virginia in the department of psychology.
Haidt's writings appear frequently in the New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. He was named one of the top global thinkers by Foreign Policy magazine and by Prospect magazine. Haidt received a B.A. in Philosophy from Yale University, and an M.A. and Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Pennsylvania.
Jonathan Haidt | Speaker | TED.com
Chris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading.
Why you should listen
Chris Anderson is the Curator of TED, a nonprofit devoted to sharing valuable ideas, primarily through the medium of 'TED Talks' -- short talks that are offered free online to a global audience.
Chris was born in a remote village in Pakistan in 1957. He spent his early years in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, where his parents worked as medical missionaries, and he attended an American school in the Himalayas for his early education. After boarding school in Bath, England, he went on to Oxford University, graduating in 1978 with a degree in philosophy, politics and economics.
Chris then trained as a journalist, working in newspapers and radio, including two years producing a world news service in the Seychelles Islands.
Back in the UK in 1984, Chris was captivated by the personal computer revolution and became an editor at one of the UK's early computer magazines. A year later he founded Future Publishing with a $25,000 bank loan. The new company initially focused on specialist computer publications but eventually expanded into other areas such as cycling, music, video games, technology and design, doubling in size every year for seven years. In 1994, Chris moved to the United States where he built Imagine Media, publisher of Business 2.0 magazine and creator of the popular video game users website IGN. Chris eventually merged Imagine and Future, taking the combined entity public in London in 1999, under the Future name. At its peak, it published 150 magazines and websites and employed 2,000 people.
This success allowed Chris to create a private nonprofit organization, the Sapling Foundation, with the hope of finding new ways to tackle tough global issues through media, technology, entrepreneurship and, most of all, ideas. In 2001, the foundation acquired the TED Conference, then an annual meeting of luminaries in the fields of Technology, Entertainment and Design held in Monterey, California, and Chris left Future to work full time on TED.
He expanded the conference's remit to cover all topics, including science, business and key global issues, while adding a Fellows program, which now has some 300 alumni, and the TED Prize, which grants its recipients "one wish to change the world." The TED stage has become a place for thinkers and doers from all fields to share their ideas and their work, capturing imaginations, sparking conversation and encouraging discovery along the way.
In 2006, TED experimented with posting some of its talks on the Internet. Their viral success encouraged Chris to begin positioning the organization as a global media initiative devoted to 'ideas worth spreading,' part of a new era of information dissemination using the power of online video. In June 2015, the organization posted its 2,000th talk online. The talks are free to view, and they have been translated into more than 100 languages with the help of volunteers from around the world. Viewership has grown to approximately one billion views per year.
Continuing a strategy of 'radical openness,' in 2009 Chris introduced the TEDx initiative, allowing free licenses to local organizers who wished to organize their own TED-like events. More than 8,000 such events have been held, generating an archive of 60,000 TEDx talks. And three years later, the TED-Ed program was launched, offering free educational videos and tools to students and teachers.
Chris Anderson | Speaker | TED.com