Jonathan Haidt: Can a divided America heal?
Jonathan Haidt: Pode uma América dividida sarar?
Jonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures. Full bioChris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
Então, Jon, isto é assustador.
in the way that we're familiar with,
da forma que estávamos habituados,
da esquerda e da direita.
and how did we get here?
e como chegámos aqui?
apocalyptic sort of feeling.
pela Pew Research mostra
that the other side is not just --
que o lado oposto é...
nós não gostamos mesmo nada deles,
we strongly dislike them,
a threat to the nation.
são uma ameaça à nação.
a aumentar e a aumentar,
now on both sides.
em ambos os lados.
than before; it's much more intense.
é muito mais intenso.
para qualquer puzzle social,
at any sort of social puzzle,
principles of moral psychology,
básicos da psicologia moral,
have to always keep in mind
que temos de ter sempre em mente
insights into human social nature
perceções da natureza social humana
against the stranger."
contra o estrangeiro."
to create large societies
criar sociedades mais largas
in order to compete with others.
uns com os outros.
and out of small groups,
e de grupos pequenos,
eternal conflict.
num conflito eterno.
temos de olhar é esta:
are making that more bitter,
estão a tornar tudo mais amargo,
baked into most people's mental wiring
a mente da maioria das pessoas
a basic aspect of human social cognition.
da cognição social humana.
de viver juntos pacificamente,
really peacefully,
of fun ways of, like, playing war.
de o fazer, como brincar às guerras.
to exercise this tribal nature
esta natureza tribal
and exploration and meeting new people.
e exploração e a conhecer novas pessoas.
as something that goes up or down --
como algo com coisas boas e coisas más.
to always be fighting each other,
a lutar uns contra os outros,
can shrink or expand.
pode diminuir ou expandir.
consideramos "nós"
could continue indefinitely.
podia continuar indefinidamente.
the sense of tribe for a while.
o sentido de tribo há algum tempo.
the new left-right distinction.
a nova distinção esquerda-direita.
as we've all inherited it,
que todos herdámos,
versus capital distinction,
trabalho contra capital,
now, increasingly,
o que estamos a ver agora
as democracias ocidentais
who want to stop at nation,
que querem parar na nação,
of a sense of being rooted,
muito maior às suas raízes,
their community and their nation.
comunidade e a sua nação.
anti-parochial and who --
of the John Lennon song "Imagine."
na música do John Lennon "Imagine".
nothing to kill or die for."
nada por que matar ou morrer."
who want more global governance,
uma governação mais global,
they don't like borders.
não gostam de fronteiras.
por toda a Europa também.
actually, his name is Shakespeare --
chama-se Shakespeare,
na Grã-Bretanha.
or drawbridge-downers?"
ou a ponte aberta?"
52-48 on that point.
52-48 nesse aspeto.
nesse ponto também.
who grew up with The Beatles
of dreaming of a more connected world --
de sonhar com um mundo mais conectado
anyone think badly about that?"
"Como podia alguém pensar mal disso?"
feel that that isn't just silly;
pensam que isso é pateta,
and they're scared of it.
e têm medo disso.
in Europe but also here,
na Europa mas aqui também,
we have to look very carefully
de olhar com cuidado
about diversity and immigration.
sobre diversidade e imigração.
se torna politizado,
that the left loves and the right --
que a esquerda adora e a direita...
can't think straight about it.
conseguem ter uma opinião formada
has grown enormously from it.
cresceu imenso com isso.
trazem muitas coisas boas.
do a lot of good things.
I think, don't see,
cuts social capital and trust.
o nosso capital e confiança social.
study by Robert Putnam,
importante de Robert Putnam,
de dados de capital social.
feel that they are the same,
mais parecidas as pessoas são
a redistributionist welfare state.
um estado social redistributivo.
of being small, homogenous countries.
de serem pequenos e homogéneos.
a progressive welfare state,
left-leaning values, which says,
progressistas, que dizem:
The world is a great place.
o mundo é um lugar espetacular.
we must welcome them in."
temos de os acolher."
this summer,
na Suécia este verão —
is fairly politically correct
é politicamente correto
dos aspetos negativos,
as we have in America,
como nós aqui nos EUA,
racially divided, society.
racialmente dividida.
uncomfortable to talk about.
desconfortável de falar.
especially in Europe and for us, too,
na Europa e aqui também,
themselves not racists,
a si mesmas não racistas
humans are just too different;
são demasiado diferentes
our sense of what humans are capable of,
a capacidade do ser humano,
que são muito diferentes.
much more palatable
torná-lo mais aceitável
necessariamente de raça.
scientist named Karen Stenner,
de uma cientista política, Karen Stenner,
as pessoas sentem
we're all the same,
somos todos os mesmos,
a predisposition to authoritarianism.
para o autoritarismo.
particularmente racistas
there's not a threat
que não existe uma ameaça
que nos estamos a separar,
people are getting more different,
they want to kick out the deviants.
querem expulsar os desviantes.
an authoritarian reaction.
é uma reação autoritária.
the Lennonist line --
a linha de Lennon,
an authoritarian reaction.
uma reação autoritária.
in America with the alt-right.
nos EUA com a direita.
we've seen it all over Europe.
vimos isso por toda a Europa.
or the nationalists, are actually right --
ou nacionalistas, estão certos.
our cultural similarity,
similaridades culturais,
matter very much.
não importa muito.
approach to immigration
assimiladora à imigração
a generous welfare state,
uma estado social generoso,
that we're all the same.
que somos todos iguais.
and fears about that
e os receios associados
of the current divide.
da divisão atual.
moral seguinte
strategic reasoning second.
o pensamento estratégico em segundo.
the term "motivated reasoning"
"raciocínio fundamentado"
and our verbal abilities
ou capacidades verbais
not to help us find out the truth,
nos ajudar a saber a verdade,
defend our reputation ...
defender a nossa reputação.
at justifying ourselves.
a justificar-nos.
group interests into account,
os interesses de grupos,
it's my team versus your team,
é a minha equipa contra a tua equipa,
that your side is wrong,
de que o nosso lado está errado,
a political argument.
ganhar uma discussão politica.
alguma coisa
with reasons and evidence,
com razão e provas,
the way reasoning works.
que o raciocínio funciona.
give us Google:
temos o Google.
was born in Kenya.
nasceu no Quénia.
10 million hits! Look, he was!"
10 milhões de resultados, é verdade!"
surprise to a lot of people.
para muitas pessoas.
by techno-optimists
retratadas pelos otimistas da tecnologia
that would bring people together.
que iria juntar as pessoas.
unexpected counter-effects to that.
efeitos secundários inesperados.
of yin-yang views
pelas perspetivas yin-yang
e esquerda-direita.
about certain things,
em certos aspetos,
that human nature is good:
que a natureza humana é boa:
the walls and all will be well.
e tudo vai ficar bem.
not libertarians --
não liberais,
believe people can be greedy
que as pessoas podem ser gananciosas
and we need restrictions.
e precisamos de restrições.
all over the world,
comuniquem por todo o mundo,
e muito racismo.
have been with us forever.
estiveram sempre connosco.
this feeling of division?
este sentimento de divisão?
different threads all coming together.
diferentes todas a convergir.
actually, America and Europe --
— na verdade, nos EUA e na Europa —
a II Guerra Mundial.
from Joe Henrich and others
de Joe Henrich e de outros
país está em guerra,
in a commons dilemma
num dilema do povo
do prisioneiro:
durante a II Guerra Mundial,
during World War II,
procurar restos de alumínio
looking for scraps of aluminum
para o esforço da guerra.
and government,
de negócios ou no governo,
at compromise and cooperation.
compromissos e cooperação.
by the end of the '90s.
com os "baby boomers".
each other within each country,
uns contra os outros em cada país,
"The Greatest Generation,"
"A Melhor Geração",
is the purification of the two parties.
a purificação dos dois partidos.
and conservative Democrats.
e os Democratas conservadores.
that was really bipartisan.
em que era mesmo bipartidária.
that started things moving,
as coisas começaram a mudar,
liberal party and conservative party.
liberal e um conservador purificados.
really are different,
são de facto diferentes,
our children to marry them,
se casem com eles,
didn't matter very much.
não significava grande coisa.
for post-hoc reasoning and demonization.
de um raciocínio "post-hoc" e demonização.
on the internet now is quite troubling.
na Internet é perturbador.
on Twitter about the election
no Twitter sobre as eleições
de um graffiti racista:
brought to us by #Trump."
patrocinada por #Trump."
dedication page. Disgusting!"
à desonesta Hillary. Nojento!"
is troubling to me.
or a disagreement about something,
ou uma desavença sobre algo,
chateados com alguém.
takes things to a much deeper level.
para um nível mais profundo.
O nojo é diferente.
you get angry, you're not angry;
estamos chateados, estamos calmos,
estamos calmos.
as subhuman, monstrous,
como sub-humana, monstruosa,
on marital therapy.
sobre terapia matrimonial.
of the couple shows disgust or contempt,
se algum mostrar nojo ou desprezo,
to get divorced soon,
se vão divorciar em breve,
that doesn't predict anything,
tal não prevê nada,
it actually is good.
com a raiva, isso é até algo bom.
uses the word "disgust" a lot.
a palavra "nojo" muitas vezes.
so disgust does matter a lot --
por isso nojo tem muito impacto
unique to him --
é algo único para ele.
demonizamos mutuamente,
the Manichaean worldview,
da visão maniqueísta,
is a battle between good and evil
é uma batalha entre o bem e o mal
they're wrong or I don't like them,
que estão errados ou que não gostamos,
ter nada a ver com eles.
for example, on campus now.
no campus, por exemplo.
to keep people off campus,
as pessoas fora do campus,
generation of young people,
involves a lot of disgust,
envolver muito nojo,
in politics as they get older.
quando forem mais velhos.
and I think about emotions a lot.
e penso muito sobre as emoções.
of disgust is actually love.
é na verdade o amor.
powerful means we have.
mais poderosas que temos.
com um grupo de pessoas,
uma pessoa em particular
that they're lovely.
que eles são amáveis.
or changes your category as well.
ou mudamos o que pensamos.
much more mixed up in the their towns
costumavam estar mais misturados
this great moral divide,
a grande divisão moral,
that we're moving to be near people
para nos aproximar de pessoas
nós politicamente.
who's on the other side.
alguém do outro lado.
or say to Americans,
ou o que diria aos americanos,
about each other
entender uns dos outros
a repensar por um minuto
thing to keep in mind --
em ter em conta,
scientist Alan Abramowitz,
do cientista político Alan Abramowitz,
is increasingly governed
é cada vez mais governada
de "partidarismo negativo".
OK there's a candidate,
"Ok há um candidato,
you vote for the candidate.
voto no candidato".
and all sorts of other trends,
e todo o tipo de tendências,
como as eleições decorrem
the other side so horrible, so awful,
o outro parecer tão horrível,
votar no meu candidato.
against the other side
contra o outro lado
that if people are on the left,
que, se as pessoas são de esquerda,
that Republicans were bad,
que os republicanos eram maus,
I can paint with all the things
que todos os republicanos
with their candidate.
contentes com o seu candidato.
election in American history.
partidária na história americana.
your feelings about the candidate
o que sentimos acerca dos candidatos
who are given a choice.
a quem lhes é dada uma escolha.
num mundo separado moralmente —
in a separate moral world --
is that we're all trapped in "The Matrix,"
é que estamos presos na "Matrix"
a consensual hallucination.
uma alucinação consensual.
that the other side --
a pensar que os do outro lado,
they're the worst people in the world,
são as piores pessoas do mundo,
to back that up.
numa "Matrix" moral diferente.
different set of facts.
completamente diferente.
different threats to the country.
from being in the middle
is: both sides are right.
é que ambos estão certos.
to this country,
incapable of seeing them all.
incapaz de as ver todas.
that we almost need a new type of empathy?
de um novo tipo de empatia?
retratada como:
I can put myself in your shoes."
Eu consigo pôr-me no teu lugar."
the needy, the suffering.
aos necessitados, aos sofredores.
to people who we feel as other,
que consideramos "os outros",
to build that type of empathy?
esse tipo de empatia?
hot topic in psychology,
muito controverso em psicologia,
on the left in particular.
principalmente na esquerda.
for the preferred classes of victims.
para as classes preferidas de vítimas.
think are so important.
pensamos ser importantes.
because you get points for that.
porque se recebe pontos por isso.
if you do it when it's hard to do.
mesmo quando é difícil fazê-lo.
of dealing with our race problems
em que lidámos com os problemas de raça
for a long time
por muito tempo
faça as pessoas ver
threat on our hands.
nas nossas mãos.
divide we face.
mais importante que enfrentamos
and gender and LGBT,
com raça, sexos e LGBT,
of the next 50 years,
dos próximos 50 anos,
to get better on their own.
a lot of institutional reforms,
muitas reformas institucionais,
wonky conversation.
e longa conversa.
realizing that this is a turning point.
perceberem que este é um ponto de viragem.
de um novo tipo de empatia.
isto é o que o nosso país precisa,
if you don't want to --
se não querem...
to spend the next four years
passar os próximos quatro anos
for the last year -- raise your hand.
como este último ano, levantem as mãos.
read Marcus Aurelius.
leiam Marco Aurélio.
for how to drop the fear,
sobre como deixar o medo,
como os nossos inimigos.
wisdom for this kind of empathy.
para este tipo de empatia.
people do to help heal?
cada pessoa para ajudar a sarar?
to overcome your deepest prejudices.
os preconceitos mais profundos.
and stronger than race prejudices
são mais profundos e fortes
neste momento.
that's the main thing.
isso é o principal.
para conhecer alguém.
awful for one of you --
para alguns de vocês.
reach out and say you want to talk.
depois tentem aproximar-se e falar.
Friends and Influence People" --
"Como fazer amigos e influenciar pessoas"
Vão aprender técnicas.
if you start by acknowledging,
se começarem por dizer:
em muita coisa,
about you, Uncle Bob,"
eu respeito em si, tio Bob",
appreciation, it's like magic.
um elogio, parece magia.
things I've learned
relações humanas.
muitos erros estúpidos,
at apologizing now,
a pedir desculpas,
somebody was right about.
em que as pessoas tinham razão.
and it's actually really fun.
e pode até ser divertido.
speaking with you.
fascinante falar consigo.
the ground that we're on
of morality and human nature.
de moralidade e natureza humana.
ser mais relevante.
this time with us.
o seu tempo connosco.
- Obrigado a todos.
ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Jonathan Haidt - Social psychologistJonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures.
Why you should listen
By understanding more about our moral psychology and its biases, Jonathan Haidt says we can design better institutions (including companies, universities and democracy itself), and we can learn to be more civil and open-minded toward those who are not on our team.
Haidt is a social psychologist whose research on morality across cultures led to his 2008 TED Talk on the psychological roots of the American culture war, and his 2013 TED Talk on how "common threats can make common ground." In both of those talks he asks, "Can't we all disagree more constructively?" Haidt's 2012 TED Talk explored the intersection of his work on morality with his work on happiness to talk about "hive psychology" -- the ability that humans have to lose themselves in groups pursuing larger projects, almost like bees in a hive. This hivish ability is crucial, he argues, for understanding the origins of morality, politics, and religion. These are ideas that Haidt develops at greater length in his book, The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion.
Haidt joined New York University Stern School of Business in July 2011. He is the Thomas Cooley Professor of Ethical Leadership, based in the Business and Society Program. Before coming to Stern, Professor Haidt taught for 16 years at the University of Virginia in the department of psychology.
Haidt's writings appear frequently in the New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. He was named one of the top global thinkers by Foreign Policy magazine and by Prospect magazine. Haidt received a B.A. in Philosophy from Yale University, and an M.A. and Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Pennsylvania.
Jonathan Haidt | Speaker | TED.com
Chris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading.
Why you should listen
Chris Anderson is the Curator of TED, a nonprofit devoted to sharing valuable ideas, primarily through the medium of 'TED Talks' -- short talks that are offered free online to a global audience.
Chris was born in a remote village in Pakistan in 1957. He spent his early years in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, where his parents worked as medical missionaries, and he attended an American school in the Himalayas for his early education. After boarding school in Bath, England, he went on to Oxford University, graduating in 1978 with a degree in philosophy, politics and economics.
Chris then trained as a journalist, working in newspapers and radio, including two years producing a world news service in the Seychelles Islands.
Back in the UK in 1984, Chris was captivated by the personal computer revolution and became an editor at one of the UK's early computer magazines. A year later he founded Future Publishing with a $25,000 bank loan. The new company initially focused on specialist computer publications but eventually expanded into other areas such as cycling, music, video games, technology and design, doubling in size every year for seven years. In 1994, Chris moved to the United States where he built Imagine Media, publisher of Business 2.0 magazine and creator of the popular video game users website IGN. Chris eventually merged Imagine and Future, taking the combined entity public in London in 1999, under the Future name. At its peak, it published 150 magazines and websites and employed 2,000 people.
This success allowed Chris to create a private nonprofit organization, the Sapling Foundation, with the hope of finding new ways to tackle tough global issues through media, technology, entrepreneurship and, most of all, ideas. In 2001, the foundation acquired the TED Conference, then an annual meeting of luminaries in the fields of Technology, Entertainment and Design held in Monterey, California, and Chris left Future to work full time on TED.
He expanded the conference's remit to cover all topics, including science, business and key global issues, while adding a Fellows program, which now has some 300 alumni, and the TED Prize, which grants its recipients "one wish to change the world." The TED stage has become a place for thinkers and doers from all fields to share their ideas and their work, capturing imaginations, sparking conversation and encouraging discovery along the way.
In 2006, TED experimented with posting some of its talks on the Internet. Their viral success encouraged Chris to begin positioning the organization as a global media initiative devoted to 'ideas worth spreading,' part of a new era of information dissemination using the power of online video. In June 2015, the organization posted its 2,000th talk online. The talks are free to view, and they have been translated into more than 100 languages with the help of volunteers from around the world. Viewership has grown to approximately one billion views per year.
Continuing a strategy of 'radical openness,' in 2009 Chris introduced the TEDx initiative, allowing free licenses to local organizers who wished to organize their own TED-like events. More than 8,000 such events have been held, generating an archive of 60,000 TEDx talks. And three years later, the TED-Ed program was launched, offering free educational videos and tools to students and teachers.
Chris Anderson | Speaker | TED.com