Jonathan Haidt: Can a divided America heal?
Jonathan Haidt: Un'America divisa può riconciliarsi?
Jonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures. Full bioChris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
da tempo.
nel modo in cui siamo abituati,
in the way that we're familiar with,
ben più profonde in atto.
and how did we get here?
e come siamo arrivati a questo punto?
apocalyptic sort of feeling.
decisamente più apocalittica.
Pew Research mostrano
that the other side is not just --
che l'altra parte non è solo --
we strongly dislike them,
li disprezziamo del tutto
a threat to the nation.
una minaccia per la nazione.
continuano a salire,
now on both sides.
in entrambi gli schieramenti.
è qualcosa di molto più intenso.
than before; it's much more intense.
un qualche mosaico sociale,
at any sort of social puzzle,
principles of moral psychology,
della psicologia morale,
tornarci utili anche ora.
sempre tenere a mente
have to always keep in mind
come organizzazione tribale.
insights into human social nature
intuizioni sulla natura sociale umana
against the stranger."
lo straniero."
to create large societies
consentito di creare grandi società
in order to compete with others.
dalla giungla e dai piccoli gruppi,
and out of small groups,
eternal conflict.
are making that more bitter,
inaspriscono il conflitto
baked into most people's mental wiring
mentale della maggior parte della gente
a basic aspect of human social cognition.
della cognizione sociale umana.
di convivere in pace,
really peacefully,
of fun ways of, like, playing war.
giocare a fare la guerra.
to exercise this tribal nature
per esercitare la nostra natura tribale
and exploration and meeting new people.
a esplorare e a incontrare nuova gente.
as something that goes up or down --
come a qualcosa di mutevole--
to always be fighting each other,
a farci la lotta per sempre,
can shrink or expand.
può contrarsi o espandersi.
could continue indefinitely.
potesse continuare all'infinito.
the sense of tribe for a while.
ad espandere il senso di tribù.
the new left-right distinction.
tra destra e sinistra.
as we've all inherited it,
sinistra che conosciamo
versus capital distinction,
tra manodopera e capitale,
now, increasingly,
oggi, emerga
in tutte le democrazie occidentali
who want to stop at nation,
andare oltre la nazione,
of a sense of being rooted,
un maggiore senso di appartenenza,
their community and their nation.
la comunità e la nazione.
anti-parochial and who --
l'opposto dei provinciali e che --
of the John Lennon song "Imagine."
al brano di John Lennon "Imagine".
niente per cui uccidere o morire."
nothing to kill or die for."
who want more global governance,
ad una governance più globale,
they don't like borders.
né i confini.
actually, his name is Shakespeare --
un certo Shakespeare --
or drawbridge-downers?"
di ponti levatoi?"
52-48 on that point.
sulla questione.
who grew up with The Beatles
cresciuti con i Beatles
of dreaming of a more connected world --
sognare un mondo più unito --
anyone think badly about that?"
mai vederci qualcosa di male?"
feel that that isn't just silly;
semplicemente sciocco
and they're scared of it.
e ne sono spaventati.
in Europe but also here,
in Europa come anche qui,
we have to look very carefully
necessario prestare attenzione
about diversity and immigration.
diversità e sull'immigrazione.
that the left loves and the right --
ama e che la destra --
can't think straight about it.
a vederla con obiettività.
has grown enormously from it.
enormi benefici.
do a lot of good things.
fanno bene in molti sensi.
I think, don't see,
capiscono, credo,
cuts social capital and trust.
capitale e incide sulla fiducia.
study by Robert Putnam,
Robert Putnam, autore di
feel that they are the same,
percepiscono di essere eguali
a redistributionist welfare state.
di uno stato sociale.
of being small, homogenous countries.
paesi piccoli e omogenei.
a progressive welfare state,
progressista,
left-leaning values, which says,
sinistra, che dice,
The world is a great place.
posto magnifico.
we must welcome them in."
dobbiamo accoglierla".
this summer,
quest'estate,
is fairly politically correct
politicamente corretto
relativi svantaggi,
as we have in America,
America,
racially divided, society.
fortemente divisa dal razzismo.
uncomfortable to talk about.
da trattare.
especially in Europe and for us, too,
soprattutto in Europa e qui,
raziocinio,
themselves not racists,
humans are just too different;
sono troppo diversi
our sense of what humans are capable of,
di ciò che gli uomini sono capaci di fare,
much more palatable
accettabile
un problema di razza.
scientist named Karen Stenner,
Stenner, scienziato politico,
si ha la sensazione
we're all the same,
a predisposition to authoritarianism.
predisposte all'autoritarismo.
there's not a threat
possa minacciare
people are getting more different,
che siamo sempre più diversi,
they want to kick out the deviants.
vorranno eliminare i degenerati.
an authoritarian reaction.
autoritaria.
the Lennonist line --
Lennonista --
an authoritarian reaction.
autoritaria.
in America with the alt-right.
con gli alt-right.
we've seen it all over Europe.
e nell'intera Europa.
or the nationalists, are actually right --
in realtà hanno ragione --
our cultural similarity,
le nostre somiglianze culturali,
matter very much.
approach to immigration
all'immigrazione
a generous welfare state,
stato sociale generoso,
that we're all the same.
siamo tutti uguali.
and fears about that
le paure a riguardo
of the current divide.
divisione attuale.
morale
strategic reasoning second.
poi il ragionamento strategico.
the term "motivated reasoning"
"ragionamento motivato"
and our verbal abilities
e le nostre abilità verbali
not to help us find out the truth,
a trovare la verità,
defend our reputation ...
difendere la reputazione ...
at justifying ourselves.
noi stessi.
group interests into account,
gli interessi del gruppo,
it's my team versus your team,
contro la tua,
that your side is wrong,
semplicemente
a political argument.
vincere un dibattito politico.
with reasons and evidence,
con spiegazioni e prove,
the way reasoning works.
funziona il ragionamento.
give us Google:
a Google:
was born in Kenya.
Kenya.
10 million hits! Look, he was!"
10 milioni di risultati! Allora è vero!"
surprise to a lot of people.
spiacevole per tanti.
by techno-optimists
dai tecno-ottimisti
that would bring people together.
capace di unire le persone.
unexpected counter-effects to that.
risvolti negativi inaspettati.
of yin-yang views
della
about certain things,
su alcuni argomenti,
that human nature is good:
natura umana sia buona:
the walls and all will be well.
e andrà tutto bene.
non i libertari -
not libertarians --
uomini siano avidi
believe people can be greedy
and we need restrictions.
di restrizioni.
all over the world,
comunicasse,
have been with us forever.
parte di noi da sempre.
this feeling of division?
questo senso di divisione?
different threads all coming together.
diversi che si intrecciano.
actually, America and Europe --
in realtà in America e Europa --
from Joe Henrich and others
e altri
era in guerra,
in a commons dilemma
a un test sui dilemmi comuni
during World War II,
Seconda Guerra Mondiale,
looking for scraps of aluminum
alluminio
and government,
e al governo,
at compromise and cooperation.
a cooperare.
by the end of the '90s.
la generazione dei baby boomers.
each other within each country,
lottando l'un l'altro,
"The Greatest Generation,"
Guerra Mondiale, "la Grande Generazione",
is the purification of the two parties.
dei due partiti.
and conservative Democrats.
e Democratici conservatori.
that was really bipartisan.
l'America era davvero bipartitica.
that started things moving,
iniziò a mettere in moto le cose,
liberal party and conservative party.
liberale e conservatore purificati.
really are different,
davvero diverse,
our children to marry them,
che i nostri figli li sposino,
didn't matter very much.
contava molto.
for post-hoc reasoning and demonization.
post-ragionamento e la demonizzazione.
on the internet now is quite troubling.
su internet è preoccupante.
on Twitter about the election
sulle elezioni americane
razzista:
brought to us by #Trump."
#Trump".
dedication page. Disgusting!"
Disgustoso!"
is troubling to me.
or a disagreement about something,
disaccordo su qualcosa,
takes things to a much deeper level.
le cose ad un livello più profondo.
you get angry, you're not angry;
prima ti arrabbi, poi no;
as subhuman, monstrous,
mostruosa,
on marital therapy.
terapia di coppia.
of the couple shows disgust or contempt,
coppia mostra disgusto o disprezzo,
to get divorced soon,
divorzieranno,
that doesn't predict anything,
it actually is good.
tutto si risolve.
uses the word "disgust" a lot.
parola "disgusto" troppo spesso.
so disgust does matter a lot --
disgusto è molto forte --
unique to him --
unico --
l'altro,
the Manichaean worldview,
del mondo,
is a battle between good and evil
bene e male
they're wrong or I don't like them,
o che non ci piacciono,
loro.
for example, on campus now.
vedendo, ad esempio, nei campus.
to keep people off campus,
dai campus,
generation of young people,
giovani,
involves a lot of disgust,
carico di disgusto,
in politics as they get older.
quando cresceranno.
disgusto?
and I think about emotions a lot.
e rifletto tanto sulle emozioni.
of disgust is actually love.
proprio l'amore.
powerful means we have.
abbiamo.
persone,
that they're lovely.
or changes your category as well.
anche la tua categoria.
much more mixed up in the their towns
erano resi molto più eterogenei
this great moral divide,
divisione morale,
that we're moving to be near people
stiamo avvicinando a persone
who's on the other side.
della parte opposta.
or say to Americans,
americani,
about each other
in più
thing to keep in mind --
scientist Alan Abramowitz,
di politica, Alan Abramowitz,
is increasingly governed
è sempre più governata
OK there's a candidate,
c'è un candidato,
you vote for the candidate.
candidato.
and all sorts of other trends,
e di ogni tipo di tendenza,
the other side so horrible, so awful,
sembrare l'altra così orribile e tremenda,
against the other side
that if people are on the left,
è per la sinistra,
that Republicans were bad,
i Repubblicani avessero torto,
I can paint with all the things
tutto ciò che
with their candidate.
del loro candidato.
election in American history.
più negativa della storia americana.
your feelings about the candidate
il giudizio personale sul candidato
who are given a choice.
possibilità di votare.
in a separate moral world --
morale separato --
is that we're all trapped in "The Matrix,"
tutti bloccati nella "Matrice",
a consensual hallucination.
un'allucinazione consensuale.
democratica,
that the other side --
parte --
they're the worst people in the world,
le persone peggiori sulla terra,
to back that up.
different set of facts.
different threats to the country.
paese.
from being in the middle
mezzo,
is: both sides are right.
che entrambe hanno ragione.
to this country,
incapable of seeing them all.
vederle tutte.
that we almost need a new type of empathy?
bisogno di un nuovo tipo di empatia?
come:
I can put myself in your shoes."
situazione".
the needy, the suffering.
i malati.
to people who we feel as other,
come altri,
to build that type of empathy?
quel tipo di empatia?
hot topic in psychology,
psicologia,
on the left in particular.
sinistra.
for the preferred classes of victims.
le categorie preferenziali di vittime.
think are so important.
importanti.
because you get points for that.
questo.
if you do it when it's hard to do.
è più difficile essere empatici.
of dealing with our race problems
i nostri problemi di razzismo
for a long time
tempo
threat on our hands.
nelle nostre mani.
divide we face.
affrontare.
and gender and LGBT,
genere e l'LGBT,
of the next 50 years,
anni,
to get better on their own.
a lot of institutional reforms,
istituzionali,
wonky conversation.
dispersivo.
realizing that this is a turning point.
che questo è un punto di svolta.
empatia.
if you don't want to --
vuoi --
to spend the next four years
prossimi quattro anni
for the last year -- raise your hand.
quest'anno -- su le mani.
read Marcus Aurelius.
for how to drop the fear,
ridimensionare la paura,
wisdom for this kind of empathy.
questo nuovo tipo di empatia.
people do to help heal?
riconciliarsi?
to overcome your deepest prejudices.
parte i nostri pregiudizi più radicati.
and stronger than race prejudices
radicati e forti di quelli sulla razza
that's the main thing.
questa è la cosa più importante.
awful for one of you --
di voi --
reach out and say you want to talk.
incontratevi e dite che volete parlare.
Friends and Influence People" --
altri e farseli amici" --
if you start by acknowledging,
ad ammettere,
about you, Uncle Bob,"
Bob,"
appreciation, it's like magic.
è meraviglioso.
things I've learned
at apologizing now,
somebody was right about.
ragione.
and it's actually really fun.
e anche molto divertente.
speaking with you.
the ground that we're on
of morality and human nature.
della natura umana.
this time with us.
con noi.
ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Jonathan Haidt - Social psychologistJonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures.
Why you should listen
By understanding more about our moral psychology and its biases, Jonathan Haidt says we can design better institutions (including companies, universities and democracy itself), and we can learn to be more civil and open-minded toward those who are not on our team.
Haidt is a social psychologist whose research on morality across cultures led to his 2008 TED Talk on the psychological roots of the American culture war, and his 2013 TED Talk on how "common threats can make common ground." In both of those talks he asks, "Can't we all disagree more constructively?" Haidt's 2012 TED Talk explored the intersection of his work on morality with his work on happiness to talk about "hive psychology" -- the ability that humans have to lose themselves in groups pursuing larger projects, almost like bees in a hive. This hivish ability is crucial, he argues, for understanding the origins of morality, politics, and religion. These are ideas that Haidt develops at greater length in his book, The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion.
Haidt joined New York University Stern School of Business in July 2011. He is the Thomas Cooley Professor of Ethical Leadership, based in the Business and Society Program. Before coming to Stern, Professor Haidt taught for 16 years at the University of Virginia in the department of psychology.
Haidt's writings appear frequently in the New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. He was named one of the top global thinkers by Foreign Policy magazine and by Prospect magazine. Haidt received a B.A. in Philosophy from Yale University, and an M.A. and Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Pennsylvania.
Jonathan Haidt | Speaker | TED.com
Chris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading.
Why you should listen
Chris Anderson is the Curator of TED, a nonprofit devoted to sharing valuable ideas, primarily through the medium of 'TED Talks' -- short talks that are offered free online to a global audience.
Chris was born in a remote village in Pakistan in 1957. He spent his early years in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, where his parents worked as medical missionaries, and he attended an American school in the Himalayas for his early education. After boarding school in Bath, England, he went on to Oxford University, graduating in 1978 with a degree in philosophy, politics and economics.
Chris then trained as a journalist, working in newspapers and radio, including two years producing a world news service in the Seychelles Islands.
Back in the UK in 1984, Chris was captivated by the personal computer revolution and became an editor at one of the UK's early computer magazines. A year later he founded Future Publishing with a $25,000 bank loan. The new company initially focused on specialist computer publications but eventually expanded into other areas such as cycling, music, video games, technology and design, doubling in size every year for seven years. In 1994, Chris moved to the United States where he built Imagine Media, publisher of Business 2.0 magazine and creator of the popular video game users website IGN. Chris eventually merged Imagine and Future, taking the combined entity public in London in 1999, under the Future name. At its peak, it published 150 magazines and websites and employed 2,000 people.
This success allowed Chris to create a private nonprofit organization, the Sapling Foundation, with the hope of finding new ways to tackle tough global issues through media, technology, entrepreneurship and, most of all, ideas. In 2001, the foundation acquired the TED Conference, then an annual meeting of luminaries in the fields of Technology, Entertainment and Design held in Monterey, California, and Chris left Future to work full time on TED.
He expanded the conference's remit to cover all topics, including science, business and key global issues, while adding a Fellows program, which now has some 300 alumni, and the TED Prize, which grants its recipients "one wish to change the world." The TED stage has become a place for thinkers and doers from all fields to share their ideas and their work, capturing imaginations, sparking conversation and encouraging discovery along the way.
In 2006, TED experimented with posting some of its talks on the Internet. Their viral success encouraged Chris to begin positioning the organization as a global media initiative devoted to 'ideas worth spreading,' part of a new era of information dissemination using the power of online video. In June 2015, the organization posted its 2,000th talk online. The talks are free to view, and they have been translated into more than 100 languages with the help of volunteers from around the world. Viewership has grown to approximately one billion views per year.
Continuing a strategy of 'radical openness,' in 2009 Chris introduced the TEDx initiative, allowing free licenses to local organizers who wished to organize their own TED-like events. More than 8,000 such events have been held, generating an archive of 60,000 TEDx talks. And three years later, the TED-Ed program was launched, offering free educational videos and tools to students and teachers.
Chris Anderson | Speaker | TED.com