Jonathan Haidt: Can a divided America heal?
Jonathan Haidt: ¿Puede llegar a reponerse un EE. UU. dividido?
Jonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures. Full bioChris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
estuviera en un lugar
hacía mucho tiempo.
in the way that we're familiar with,
de la forma habitual,
entre izquierda-derecha.
más profundas en curso.
and how did we get here?
y cómo hemos llegado hasta aquí?
apocalyptic sort of feeling.
de Pew muestra que
that the other side is not just --
we strongly dislike them,
lo detestamos fuertemente
a threat to the nation.
una amenaza para la nación.
aumentando más
now on both sides.
más del 50 % en ambos lados.
a lo anterior, mucho más intenso.
than before; it's much more intense.
at any sort of social puzzle,
un rompecabezas social,
principles of moral psychology,
básicos de la psicología moral,
have to always keep in mind
tener siempre en cuenta
insights into human social nature
más grandes en la naturaleza social humana
against the stranger."
contra el desconocido".
to create large societies
crear grandes sociedades
in order to compete with others.
contra los demás.
and out of small groups,
y de grupos pequeños,
tenemos un eterno conflicto.
eternal conflict.
are making that more bitter,
se están resintiendo más,
baked into most people's mental wiring
mentales de la mayoría de la gente
a basic aspect of human social cognition.
básico de la cognición social humana.
realmente vivir juntos en paz
really peacefully,
divertidas de jugar a la guerra.
of fun ways of, like, playing war.
to exercise this tribal nature
ejercemos esta naturaleza tribal
and exploration and meeting new people.
explorando y conociendo gente nueva.
algo que va hacia arriba o hacia abajo.
as something that goes up or down --
a estar luchando entre nosotros,
to always be fighting each other,
puede reducirse o aumentar.
can shrink or expand.
consideramos "nosotros"
could continue indefinitely.
podría continuar indefinidamente.
el sentido de la tribu durante un tiempo.
the sense of tribe for a while.
the new left-right distinction.
la nueva distinción izquierda-derecha.
as we've all inherited it,
como la hemos heredado,
versus capital distinction,
entre mano de obra y capital,
now, increasingly,
ahora cada vez más,
las democracias occidentales
who want to stop at nation,
parar en la nación,
of a sense of being rooted,
más sentido de arraigo,
their community and their nation.
su comunidad y su nación.
anti-parochial and who --
of the John Lennon song "Imagine."
en la canción de John Lennon "Imagine".
nothing to kill or die for."
nada por lo que matar o morir"—
who want more global governance,
una gestión más global,
no les gustan las fronteras.
they don't like borders.
actually, his name is Shakespeare --
su nombre es Shakespeare,
or drawbridge-downers?"
cerramos el puente levadizo?".
52-48 on that point.
en este punto es de 52-48.
en ese momento, también.
who grew up with The Beatles
crecimos con los Beatles
of dreaming of a more connected world --
de un mundo más conectado,
anyone think badly about that?"
puede pensar mal acerca de eso?".
feel that that isn't just silly;
se sienten que eso no es una tontería;
y tienen miedo de ella.
and they're scared of it.
en Europa, pero también en este caso,
in Europe but also here,
we have to look very carefully
que ver con mucho detalle
about diversity and immigration.
a la diversidad e inmigración.
adora tanto la izquierda como la derecha,
that the left loves and the right --
no pueden pensar con claridad.
can't think straight about it.
has grown enormously from it.
ha crecido enormemente por ella.
do a lot of good things.
hacen muchas cosas buenas.
I think, don't see,
creo, no ven
cuts social capital and trust.
el capital social y la confianza.
de Robert Putnam,
study by Robert Putnam,
datos del capital social.
feel that they are the same,
sientan que somos lo mismo,
a redistributionist welfare state.
de bienestar por su redistribución.
of being small, homogenous countries.
ser países pequeños y homogéneos.
a progressive welfare state,
de bienestar progresivo,
left-leaning values, which says,
progresistas de izquierda, que dice:
The world is a great place.
El mundo es un gran lugar.
hay que darles la bienvenida".
we must welcome them in."
this summer,
en Suecia este verano,
is fairly politically correct
bastante políticamente correcto
tener un estado de bienestar
as we have in America,
lo hemos hecho en EE. UU.
racially divided, society.
visiblemente dividida.
uncomfortable to talk about.
especially in Europe and for us, too,
en Europa y nosotros también,
themselves not racists,
humans are just too different;
los humanos somos demasiado diferentes;
our sense of what humans are capable of,
los humanos podemos hacer,
que son demasiado diferentes.
much more palatable
más agradable al paladar
necesariamente de raza.
scientist named Karen Stenner,
la politóloga Karen Stenner,
las personas tienen un sentido
we're all the same,
de ser todos iguales,
a predisposition to authoritarianism.
al autoritarismo.
particularmente racistas
there's not a threat
la gente es cada vez más diferente,
people are getting more different,
they want to kick out the deviants.
y quieren echar a los desviados.
an authoritarian reaction.
una reacción autoritaria.
the Lennonist line --
siguiendo por la línea lennonista,
an authoritarian reaction.
una reacción autoritaria.
in America with the alt-right.
con la ultraderecha.
we've seen it all over Europe.
y en toda Europa.
or the nationalists, are actually right --
nacionalistas son en realidad la derecha.
our cultural similarity,
matter very much.
no importa mucho.
approach to immigration
asimilacionista de la inmigración
a generous welfare state,
un estado de bienestar generoso,
that we're all the same.
todos somos lo mismo.
and fears about that
y los recelos que despierta
of the current divide.
de la psicología moral
strategic reasoning second.
luego el razonamiento estratégico.
the term "motivated reasoning"
el término "razonamiento motivado"
and our verbal abilities
y habilidades verbales
not to help us find out the truth,
a encontrar la verdad,
defend our reputation ...
para defender nuestra reputación...
at justifying ourselves.
autojustificandonos a nosotros mismos.
group interests into account,
los intereses de un grupo,
it's my team versus your team,
es mi equipo contra el otro equipo,
that your side is wrong,
la evidencia de que su lado está mal,
a political argument.
una discusión política.
with reasons and evidence,
a la persona con razones y pruebas,
the way reasoning works.
give us Google:
was born in Kenya.
10 million hits! Look, he was!"
¡10 millones de visitas! ¡Así era él!".
surprise to a lot of people.
una sorpresa desagradable para muchos.
by techno-optimists
se denominan tecnooptimistas
that would bring people together.
fuerza de conexión que une a la gente.
unexpected counter-effects to that.
inesperados efectos contrarios.
of yin-yang views
de la perspectiva yin-yang
y de izquierda y derecha,
about certain things,
sobre ciertas cosas,
that human nature is good:
la naturaleza humana es buena:
the walls and all will be well.
y todo estará bien.
not libertarians --
sociales, no liberales
believe people can be greedy
que las personas pueden ser codiciosas,
and we need restrictions.
todos los muros,
se comunique con todo el mundo,
all over the world,
y mucho racismo.
have been with us forever.
han estado con nosotros siempre.
this feeling of division?
este sentimiento de división?
different threads all coming together.
hilos diferentes todos unidos.
actually, America and Europe --
—de hecho, en EE. UU. y Europa—,
la 2ª Guerra Mundial.
from Joe Henrich and others
de Joe Henrich y otros
in a commons dilemma
en un dilema común
si Ud. es...,
during World War II,
durante la 2ª Guerra Mundial,
looking for scraps of aluminum
contribuir al esfuerzo de guerra.
and government,
at compromise and cooperation.
en el compromiso y la cooperación.
by the end of the '90s.
con el baby boom a finales de los 90.
each other within each country,
dentro de cada país,
"The Greatest Generation,"
2ª Guerra Mundial, "La gran generación",
is the purification of the two parties.
la purificación de los dos partidos.
and conservative Democrats.
y demócratas conservadores.
that was really bipartisan.
realmente bipartidista.
that started things moving,
que hicieron mover cosas,
liberal party and conservative party.
y otro conservador purificado.
really are different,
cada partido son diferentes,
our children to marry them,
nuestros hijos se casen con ellos,
didn't matter very much.
el estimulante más sorprendente
for post-hoc reasoning and demonization.
a posteriori y la demonización.
on the internet now is quite troubling.
ahora es bastante preocupante.
on Twitter about the election
en Twitter sobre las elecciones
uno al lado del otro.
de una foto de grafiti racista:
brought to us by #Trump."
nos ha traído Trump a este país".
dedication page. Disgusting!"
¡Asqueroso!".
is troubling to me.
es preocupante para mí.
or a disagreement about something,
o un desacuerdo sobre algo,
takes things to a much deeper level.
a un nivel mucho más profundo.
you get angry, you're not angry;
te enojas, no estás enojado;
as subhuman, monstrous,
como subhumanas, monstruosos,
on marital therapy.
John Gottman en terapia de pareja.
of the couple shows disgust or contempt,
de la pareja muestra asco o desprecio,
to get divorced soon,
de que se van a divorciar pronto,
that doesn't predict anything,
eso no predice nada,
it actually is good.
es realmente buena.
uses the word "disgust" a lot.
usa la palabra "asco" mucho.
so disgust does matter a lot --
por eso el asco importa mucho,
unique to him --
nos demonizamos entre nosotros,
the Manichaean worldview,
una batalla entre el bien y el mal
is a battle between good and evil
they're wrong or I don't like them,
los otros están equivocados,
que son asquerosos.
for example, on campus now.
por ejemplo, en el campus ahora.
to keep people off campus,
a la gente fuera del campus,
generation of young people,
toda esta generación de jóvenes,
involves a lot of disgust,
implica mucho asco,
in politics as they get older.
en política con el tiempo.
and I think about emotions a lot.
y pienso mucho en las emociones.
of disgust is actually love.
es realmente el amor.
powerful means we have.
más poderosos que tenemos.
por un grupo de personas,
una persona en particular
that they're lovely.
or changes your category as well.
y también se cambia tu percepción.
much more mixed up in the their towns
solían estar mucho más mezclados
los de derechas y de izquierdas.
this great moral divide,
para estar cerca de la gente
that we're moving to be near people
who's on the other side.
a alguien del otro lado.
or say to Americans,
about each other
entender sobre cada uno
thing to keep in mind --
scientist Alan Abramowitz,
Alan Abramowitz,
is increasingly governed
estadounidense se rige cada vez
OK there's a candidate,
Muy bien hay un candidato,
you vote for the candidate.
votas por el candidato.
de la publicidad negativa
and all sorts of other trends,
y todo tipo de tendencias,
cómo se hacen las elecciones
the other side so horrible, so awful,
hacer al otro horrible, tan horrible,
por mi candidato por defecto.
against the other side
en contra del otro lado
that if people are on the left,
si la gente es de izquierdas,
that Republicans were bad,
que los republicanos eran malos,
I can paint with all the things
con los atributos
with their candidate.
muy contentos con su candidato.
election in American history.
negativas en la historia estadounidense.
your feelings about the candidate
los sentimientos sobre el candidato
who are given a choice.
personas que eligen una opción.
in a separate moral world --
en un mundo moral separado,
is that we're all trapped in "The Matrix,"
que todos estamos atrapados en el "Matrix"
a consensual hallucination.
una matriz, una alucinación consensual.
de la matriz de color azul,
that the other side --
del otro lado...
they're the worst people in the world,
son las peores personas en el mundo,
to back that up.
los datos para respaldar eso.
diferente de hechos.
different set of facts.
different threats to the country.
amenazas para el país.
from being in the middle
estando en el centro
is: both sides are right.
que ambas partes tienen razón.
to this country,
incapable of seeing them all.
incapaz de ver todas.
that we almost need a new type of empathy?
un nuevo tipo de empatía?
I can put myself in your shoes."
Puedo ponerme en tu piel".
the needy, the suffering.
los necesitados, los que sufren.
to people who we feel as other,
a aquellos que percibimos como otros,
to build that type of empathy?
la construcción de ese tipo de empatía?
muy candente en psicología,
hot topic in psychology,
on the left in particular.
de la izquierda en particular.
for the preferred classes of victims.
por las clases preferidas de víctimas.
think are so important.
cree que son tan importantes.
because you get points for that.
porque se obtienen puntos por eso.
if you do it when it's hard to do.
si se hace cuando es difícil.
tratar con nuestros problemas raciales
of dealing with our race problems
for a long time
durante mucho tiempo
threat on our hands.
existencial en nuestras manos.
a la que nos enfrentamos.
divide we face.
and gender and LGBT,
de raza, género y grupos LGTB,
of the next 50 years,
de los próximos 50 años,
to get better on their own.
a lot of institutional reforms,
muchas reformas institucionales,
wonky conversation.
larga y retorcida.
realizing that this is a turning point.
de que este es un punto de inflexión.
un nuevo tipo de empatía.
if you don't want to --
aunque no quieras.
to spend the next four years
pasar los próximos 4 años
for the last year -- raise your hand.
lo estuvieron el último año.
read Marcus Aurelius.
for how to drop the fear,
sobre cómo abandonar el miedo,
wisdom for this kind of empathy.
para este tipo de empatía.
people do to help heal?
la gente para ayudar a curar?
to overcome your deepest prejudices.
los prejuicios más profundos.
and stronger than race prejudices
más profundos y fuertes que los raciales
that's the main thing.
un esfuerzo, eso es lo principal.
para agradar a alguien.
awful for one of you --
se sentirá muy mal,
reach out and say you want to talk.
ofrezcan diálogo.
Friends and Influence People" --
las personas" de Dale Carnegie,
if you start by acknowledging,
si comienzan con reconocimiento,
de acuerdo en un tema,
about you, Uncle Bob,"
realmente respeto de ti, tío Bob..."
appreciation, it's like magic.
es como magia.
que he aprendido
things I've learned
at apologizing now,
somebody was right about.
and it's actually really fun.
y, de hecho, es muy divertido.
speaking with you.
the ground that we're on
donde estamos es un terreno poblado
of morality and human nature.
de moralidad y la naturaleza humana.
this time with us.
este momento con nosotros.
ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Jonathan Haidt - Social psychologistJonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures.
Why you should listen
By understanding more about our moral psychology and its biases, Jonathan Haidt says we can design better institutions (including companies, universities and democracy itself), and we can learn to be more civil and open-minded toward those who are not on our team.
Haidt is a social psychologist whose research on morality across cultures led to his 2008 TED Talk on the psychological roots of the American culture war, and his 2013 TED Talk on how "common threats can make common ground." In both of those talks he asks, "Can't we all disagree more constructively?" Haidt's 2012 TED Talk explored the intersection of his work on morality with his work on happiness to talk about "hive psychology" -- the ability that humans have to lose themselves in groups pursuing larger projects, almost like bees in a hive. This hivish ability is crucial, he argues, for understanding the origins of morality, politics, and religion. These are ideas that Haidt develops at greater length in his book, The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion.
Haidt joined New York University Stern School of Business in July 2011. He is the Thomas Cooley Professor of Ethical Leadership, based in the Business and Society Program. Before coming to Stern, Professor Haidt taught for 16 years at the University of Virginia in the department of psychology.
Haidt's writings appear frequently in the New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. He was named one of the top global thinkers by Foreign Policy magazine and by Prospect magazine. Haidt received a B.A. in Philosophy from Yale University, and an M.A. and Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Pennsylvania.
Jonathan Haidt | Speaker | TED.com
Chris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading.
Why you should listen
Chris Anderson is the Curator of TED, a nonprofit devoted to sharing valuable ideas, primarily through the medium of 'TED Talks' -- short talks that are offered free online to a global audience.
Chris was born in a remote village in Pakistan in 1957. He spent his early years in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, where his parents worked as medical missionaries, and he attended an American school in the Himalayas for his early education. After boarding school in Bath, England, he went on to Oxford University, graduating in 1978 with a degree in philosophy, politics and economics.
Chris then trained as a journalist, working in newspapers and radio, including two years producing a world news service in the Seychelles Islands.
Back in the UK in 1984, Chris was captivated by the personal computer revolution and became an editor at one of the UK's early computer magazines. A year later he founded Future Publishing with a $25,000 bank loan. The new company initially focused on specialist computer publications but eventually expanded into other areas such as cycling, music, video games, technology and design, doubling in size every year for seven years. In 1994, Chris moved to the United States where he built Imagine Media, publisher of Business 2.0 magazine and creator of the popular video game users website IGN. Chris eventually merged Imagine and Future, taking the combined entity public in London in 1999, under the Future name. At its peak, it published 150 magazines and websites and employed 2,000 people.
This success allowed Chris to create a private nonprofit organization, the Sapling Foundation, with the hope of finding new ways to tackle tough global issues through media, technology, entrepreneurship and, most of all, ideas. In 2001, the foundation acquired the TED Conference, then an annual meeting of luminaries in the fields of Technology, Entertainment and Design held in Monterey, California, and Chris left Future to work full time on TED.
He expanded the conference's remit to cover all topics, including science, business and key global issues, while adding a Fellows program, which now has some 300 alumni, and the TED Prize, which grants its recipients "one wish to change the world." The TED stage has become a place for thinkers and doers from all fields to share their ideas and their work, capturing imaginations, sparking conversation and encouraging discovery along the way.
In 2006, TED experimented with posting some of its talks on the Internet. Their viral success encouraged Chris to begin positioning the organization as a global media initiative devoted to 'ideas worth spreading,' part of a new era of information dissemination using the power of online video. In June 2015, the organization posted its 2,000th talk online. The talks are free to view, and they have been translated into more than 100 languages with the help of volunteers from around the world. Viewership has grown to approximately one billion views per year.
Continuing a strategy of 'radical openness,' in 2009 Chris introduced the TEDx initiative, allowing free licenses to local organizers who wished to organize their own TED-like events. More than 8,000 such events have been held, generating an archive of 60,000 TEDx talks. And three years later, the TED-Ed program was launched, offering free educational videos and tools to students and teachers.
Chris Anderson | Speaker | TED.com