Jonathan Haidt: Can a divided America heal?
Jonathan Haidt: Os Estados Unidos divididos podem se curar?
Jonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures. Full bioChris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading. Full bio
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isso parece assustador.
como não víamos há muito tempo.
in the way that we're familiar with,
da forma que estávamos habituados,
estão em andamento.
and how did we get here?
e como chegamos a este ponto?
apocalyptic sort of feeling.
that the other side is not just --
que temos pelo outro lado não é só...
we strongly dislike them,
nós não gostamos muito deles,
a threat to the nation.
uma ameaça para a nação.
em ambos os lados.
now on both sides.
pois isso parece ser diferente;
than before; it's much more intense.
de quebra-cabeça social,
at any sort of social puzzle,
principles of moral psychology,
básicos de psicologia moral,
have to always keep in mind
devemos ter em mente,
insights into human social nature
sobre a natureza social humana
"Eu contra meu irmão;
against the stranger."
contra o estranho".
to create large societies
criar grandes sociedades
in order to compete with others.
and out of small groups,
e dos pequenos grupos,
em um eterno conflito.
eternal conflict.
quais aspectos da nossa sociedade
are making that more bitter,
e quais acalmam esse conflito?
baked into most people's mental wiring
nos circuitos mentais das pessoas,
a basic aspect of human social cognition.
básico do conhecimento social humano.
de forma muito pacífica,
really peacefully,
of fun ways of, like, playing war.
divertidas de, digamos, brincar de guerra.
de exercitarmos essa natureza tribal
to exercise this tribal nature
em explorar e em encontrar novas pessoas.
and exploration and meeting new people.
como algo que tem altos e baixos:
as something that goes up or down --
lutando uns com os outros,
to always be fighting each other,
pode encolher ou aumentar.
can shrink or expand.
could continue indefinitely.
pode continuar indefinidamente.
the sense of tribe for a while.
o sentido de tribo por um tempo.
the new left-right distinction.
entre esquerda e direita.
as we've all inherited it,
como nós as conhecemos,
versus capital distinction,
now, increasingly,
de maneira crescente,
as democracias ocidentais,
who want to stop at nation,
ir só até o conceito de nação,
of a sense of being rooted,
their community and their nation.
sua comunidade e sua nação...
anti-parochial and who --
na música "Imagine", de John Lennon:
of the John Lennon song "Imagine."
nada pelo qual matar ou morrer".
nothing to kill or die for."
who want more global governance,
uma governança mais global,
they don't like borders.
nem de fronteiras.
actually, his name is Shakespeare --
na verdade seu nome é Shakespeare,
or drawbridge-downers?"
52-48 on that point.
na proporção de 52 por 48.
nessa proporção, também.
who grew up with The Beatles
que cresceram com os Beatles
of dreaming of a more connected world --
de sonhar com um mundo mais conectado,
alguém pensar mal a esse respeito?"
anyone think badly about that?"
feel that that isn't just silly;
sentem que isso não é apenas tolo;
and they're scared of it.
e elas estão com medo disso.
e também aqui, é a questão da imigração.
in Europe but also here,
com muito cuidado
we have to look very carefully
about diversity and immigration.
sobre diversidade e imigração.
que a esquerda ama e a direita...
that the left loves and the right --
can't think straight about it.
conseguem ser imparciais a respeito.
Ela claramente traz mais inovação.
cresceu enormemente em função dela.
has grown enormously from it.
do a lot of good things.
trazem muitas coisas boas.
I think, don't see,
que os globalistas não veem,
cuts social capital and trust.
o capital social e a confiança.
study by Robert Putnam,
o autor de "Bowling Alone",
de capitais sociais.
feel that they are the same,
que são iguais, mais confiam nos outros,
que redistribui bem-estar social.
a redistributionist welfare state.
são tão maravilhosos
de serem países pequenos e homogêneos.
of being small, homogenous countries.
a progressive welfare state,
de bem-estar social progressivo,
left-leaning values, which says,
de valores de esquerda que diz:
The world is a great place.
O mundo é um lugar ótimo.
we must welcome them in."
devemos recebê-las bem".
this summer,
é politicamente correto
is fairly politically correct
sobre as desvantagens,
um Estado de bem-estar social,
as we have in America,
racially divided, society.
visivelmente dividida por raças.
falar sobre tudo isso.
uncomfortable to talk about.
especialmente na Europa, mas também aqui.
especially in Europe and for us, too,
que pessoas razoáveis,
themselves not racists,
humans are just too different;
que os humanos são muito diferentes;
our sense of what humans are capable of,
de exceder nossa percepção
ao misturar pessoas muito diferentes.
much more palatable
tornar isso mais palatável
necessariamente, a ver com raça.
scientist named Karen Stenner,
chamada Karen Stenner,
uma pessoa tem a percepção
we're all the same,
somos todos iguais,
a predisposition to authoritarianism.
para o autoritarismo.
particularmente racistas
there's not a threat
uma ameaça à nossa ordem social e moral.
pensando que estamos nos dividindo,
people are getting more different,
ficando mais diferentes,
they want to kick out the deviants.
querem expulsar os diferentes.
an authoritarian reaction.
uma reação autoritária.
the Lennonist line --
an authoritarian reaction.
uma reação autoritária.
com a direita alternativa.
in America with the alt-right.
e por toda a Europa.
we've seen it all over Europe.
or the nationalists, are actually right --
ou os nacionalistas, têm razão:
our cultural similarity,
nossa similaridade cultural,
matter very much.
approach to immigration
de assimilação dos imigrantes
que oferece bem-estar social,
a generous welfare state,
that we're all the same.
de sermos todos iguais.
and fears about that
e dos medos em relação a isso
of the current divide.
da psicologia moral
strategic reasoning second.
raciocínio estratégico vem depois.
o termo "raciocínio motivado"
the term "motivated reasoning"
and our verbal abilities
e nossas habilidades verbais
not to help us find out the truth,
a encontrar a verdade,
os outros, defender nossa reputação...
defend our reputation ...
at justifying ourselves.
em justificar a nós mesmos.
group interests into account,
interesses de grupos,
it's my team versus your team,
é o meu time contra o seu,
de que o seu lado está errado,
that your side is wrong,
a political argument.
um argumento político.
with reasons and evidence,
com razões e evidências,
the way reasoning works.
que o raciocínio funciona.
give us Google:
vamos ver o Google:
was born in Kenya.
10 million hits! Look, he was!"
de resultados! Veja, ele nasceu lá!"
surprise to a lot of people.
desagradável para muita gente.
são consideradas pelos tecno-otimistas
by techno-optimists
that would bring people together.
que vai unir as pessoas.
unexpected counter-effects to that.
efeitos colaterais inesperados.
yin-yang sobre a natureza humana
of yin-yang views
está certo sobre algumas coisas,
about certain things,
that human nature is good:
que a natureza humana é boa:
as paredes, e tudo ficará bem.
the walls and all will be well.
sociais, não os libertários,
not libertarians --
believe people can be greedy
que as pessoas podem ser gananciosas,
and we need restrictions.
de todo o mundo se comuniquem,
all over the world,
have been with us forever.
têm estado sempre conosco.
this feeling of division?
esse sentimento de divisão?
different threads all coming together.
linhas diferentes se unindo.
actually, America and Europe --
e na verdade também na Europa,
é a Segunda Guerra Mundial.
feita por Joe Henrich e outros,
from Joe Henrich and others
especialmente quando você era jovem,
in a commons dilemma
na tragédia dos comuns
during World War II,
durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial,
looking for scraps of aluminum
de pedaços de alumínio
cresceram nos negócios e governos,
and government,
at compromise and cooperation.
em compromisso e cooperação.
by the end of the '90s.
no final da década de 90.
each other within each country,
entre si ou com outros países,
"The Greatest Generation,"
is the purification of the two parties.
é a purificação dos dois partidos.
e democratas conservadores.
and conservative Democrats.
do século 20 era realmente bipartidário.
that was really bipartisan.
that started things moving,
que fizeram as coisas se modificarem,
liberal party and conservative party.
e um partido conservador puros.
são de fato diferentes,
really are different,
our children to marry them,
crianças casem com elas,
didn't matter very much.
não importava muito.
for post-hoc reasoning and demonization.
o raciocínio e a demonização.
on the internet now is quite troubling.
na internet é muito inquietante.
on Twitter about the election
no Twitter sobre a eleição
de um grafite racista:
foi trazida por #Trump".
brought to us by #Trump."
dedication page. Disgusting!"
is troubling to me.
para mim, é perturbadora.
or a disagreement about something,
ou uma discordância sobre alguma coisa,
takes things to a much deeper level.
leva as coisas a um nível bem mais baixo.
you get angry, you're not angry;
fica brabo, deixa de ficar,
sub-humana, monstruosa,
as subhuman, monstrous,
on marital therapy.
sobre terapia de casal.
of the couple shows disgust or contempt,
expressar repulsa ou desprezo,
to get divorced soon,
eles irão se separar,
that doesn't predict anything,
isso não indica nada,
ela é até uma coisa boa.
it actually is good.
usa muito a palavra "repulsivo".
uses the word "disgust" a lot.
so disgust does matter a lot --
então a repulsa importa muito a ele
unique to him --
the Manichaean worldview,
de uma visão maniqueísta
is a battle between good and evil
entre o bem e o mal,
they're wrong or I don't like them,
estão errados ou que não gostamos deles,
for example, on campus now.
muito disso nas universidades.
as pessoas fora dos campus,
to keep people off campus,
generation of young people,
envolve tanta repulsa,
involves a lot of disgust,
in politics as they get older.
com política quando ficarem mais velhos.
fazer isso com bom senso.
and I think about emotions a lot.
e penso muito sobre emoções,
of disgust is actually love.
é, na verdade, o amor.
powerful means we have.
os meios mais poderosos que temos.
por um grupo de pessoas,
that they're lovely.
or changes your category as well.
vai mudando sua percepção.
much more mixed up in the their towns
ser bem mais misturados, em suas cidades,
this great moral divide,
uma grande divisão moral,
that we're moving to be near people
nos aproximando de pessoas
who's on the other side.
que esteja do outro lado.
or say to Americans,
ou para os americanos,
about each other
entender sobre os outros
repensar, por um minuto,
thing to keep in mind --
importante de ter em mente...
scientist Alan Abramowitz,
pelo cientista poítico Alan Abramowitz
is increasingly governed
a democracia americana é governada
OK there's a candidate,
que tudo bem, há um candidato,
you vote for the candidate.
and all sorts of other trends,
e diversas outras tendências,
de forma que cada lado faz o outro
the other side so horrible, so awful,
vai votar no meu candidato.
against the other side
that if people are on the left,
que as pessoas de esquerda
que os republicanos eram ruins,
that Republicans were bad,
I can paint with all the things
a todos os republicanos
with their candidate.
satisfeitos com seus candidatos.
election in American history.
partidária da história dos Estados Unidos.
your feelings about the candidate
seus sentimentos sobre o candidato
who are given a choice.
sobre as pessoas que têm uma escolha.
em um mundo moral à parte...
in a separate moral world --
is that we're all trapped in "The Matrix,"
é que estamos presos em "Matrix",
a consensual hallucination.
uma alucinação coletiva....
that the other side --
they're the worst people in the world,
são as piores pessoas do mundo,
to back that up.
que comprovam isso.
completamente diferente.
different set of facts.
different threats to the country.
diferentes ao seu país.
from being in the middle
is: both sides are right.
os dois lados estão certos.
e cada lado é incapaz de ver todas elas.
to this country,
incapable of seeing them all.
that we almost need a new type of empathy?
precisamos de um novo tipo de empatia?
é enquadrada como:
me colocar nos seus sapatos".
I can put myself in your shoes."
the needy, the suffering.
aos necessitados, aos sofredores.
to people who we feel as other,
a pessoas que sentimos como opostas
to build that type of empathy?
construir esse tipo de empatia?
muito em alta na psicologia,
hot topic in psychology,
especialmente na esquerda.
on the left in particular.
de vítimas é uma coisa boa.
for the preferred classes of victims.
sentir empatia pelos grupos
think are so important.
ganha pontos por isso.
because you get points for that.
if you do it when it's hard to do.
empatia em situações difíceis de tê-la.
lidando com nossos problemas de raça
of dealing with our race problems
por muito tempo e ainda é importante,
for a long time
as pessoas vejam
existencial em nossas mãos.
threat on our hands.
em esquerda e direita
divide we face.
que enfrentamos.
and gender and LGBT,
sobre raça, gênero e LGBTs,
of the next 50 years,
dos próximos 50 anos;
to get better on their own.
a lot of institutional reforms,
institucionais e podemos falar sobre isso,
wonky conversation.
realizing that this is a turning point.
percebendo que esse é um ponto de virada.
de um novo tipo de empatia.
if you don't want to --
precisa, se não quiser...
os próximos quatro anos
to spend the next four years
como estiveram no último ano.
for the last year -- raise your hand.
read Marcus Aurelius.
for how to drop the fear,
sobre como acabar com o medo,
wisdom for this kind of empathy.
de empatia nas sabedorias antigas.
people do to help heal?
podem fazer para ajudar nessa cura?
to overcome your deepest prejudices.
de seus preconceitos mais profundos.
and stronger than race prejudices
são mais fortes e profundos que os de raça
that's the main thing.
um esforço, isso é o principal.
encontrar alguém.
awful for one of you --
horrível para um de vocês,
reach out and say you want to talk.
e então diga que você quer conversar.
"Como fazer amigos e influenciar pessoas".
Friends and Influence People" --
if you start by acknowledging,
começar reconhecendo e dizendo:
respeito em você, tio",
about you, Uncle Bob,"
appreciation, it's like magic.
elogio, é como mágica.
things I've learned
coisas que aprendi
em pedir desculpas
at apologizing now,
tinha razão em alguma coisa.
somebody was right about.
realmente flui bem e é divertido.
and it's actually really fun.
speaking with you.
fascinante conversar com você.
the ground that we're on
sobre o qual estamos pisando
of morality and human nature.
sobre a moral e a natureza humana.
ser mais relevante.
esse tempo conosco.
this time with us.
ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Jonathan Haidt - Social psychologistJonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures.
Why you should listen
By understanding more about our moral psychology and its biases, Jonathan Haidt says we can design better institutions (including companies, universities and democracy itself), and we can learn to be more civil and open-minded toward those who are not on our team.
Haidt is a social psychologist whose research on morality across cultures led to his 2008 TED Talk on the psychological roots of the American culture war, and his 2013 TED Talk on how "common threats can make common ground." In both of those talks he asks, "Can't we all disagree more constructively?" Haidt's 2012 TED Talk explored the intersection of his work on morality with his work on happiness to talk about "hive psychology" -- the ability that humans have to lose themselves in groups pursuing larger projects, almost like bees in a hive. This hivish ability is crucial, he argues, for understanding the origins of morality, politics, and religion. These are ideas that Haidt develops at greater length in his book, The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion.
Haidt joined New York University Stern School of Business in July 2011. He is the Thomas Cooley Professor of Ethical Leadership, based in the Business and Society Program. Before coming to Stern, Professor Haidt taught for 16 years at the University of Virginia in the department of psychology.
Haidt's writings appear frequently in the New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. He was named one of the top global thinkers by Foreign Policy magazine and by Prospect magazine. Haidt received a B.A. in Philosophy from Yale University, and an M.A. and Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Pennsylvania.
Jonathan Haidt | Speaker | TED.com
Chris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading.
Why you should listen
Chris Anderson is the Curator of TED, a nonprofit devoted to sharing valuable ideas, primarily through the medium of 'TED Talks' -- short talks that are offered free online to a global audience.
Chris was born in a remote village in Pakistan in 1957. He spent his early years in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, where his parents worked as medical missionaries, and he attended an American school in the Himalayas for his early education. After boarding school in Bath, England, he went on to Oxford University, graduating in 1978 with a degree in philosophy, politics and economics.
Chris then trained as a journalist, working in newspapers and radio, including two years producing a world news service in the Seychelles Islands.
Back in the UK in 1984, Chris was captivated by the personal computer revolution and became an editor at one of the UK's early computer magazines. A year later he founded Future Publishing with a $25,000 bank loan. The new company initially focused on specialist computer publications but eventually expanded into other areas such as cycling, music, video games, technology and design, doubling in size every year for seven years. In 1994, Chris moved to the United States where he built Imagine Media, publisher of Business 2.0 magazine and creator of the popular video game users website IGN. Chris eventually merged Imagine and Future, taking the combined entity public in London in 1999, under the Future name. At its peak, it published 150 magazines and websites and employed 2,000 people.
This success allowed Chris to create a private nonprofit organization, the Sapling Foundation, with the hope of finding new ways to tackle tough global issues through media, technology, entrepreneurship and, most of all, ideas. In 2001, the foundation acquired the TED Conference, then an annual meeting of luminaries in the fields of Technology, Entertainment and Design held in Monterey, California, and Chris left Future to work full time on TED.
He expanded the conference's remit to cover all topics, including science, business and key global issues, while adding a Fellows program, which now has some 300 alumni, and the TED Prize, which grants its recipients "one wish to change the world." The TED stage has become a place for thinkers and doers from all fields to share their ideas and their work, capturing imaginations, sparking conversation and encouraging discovery along the way.
In 2006, TED experimented with posting some of its talks on the Internet. Their viral success encouraged Chris to begin positioning the organization as a global media initiative devoted to 'ideas worth spreading,' part of a new era of information dissemination using the power of online video. In June 2015, the organization posted its 2,000th talk online. The talks are free to view, and they have been translated into more than 100 languages with the help of volunteers from around the world. Viewership has grown to approximately one billion views per year.
Continuing a strategy of 'radical openness,' in 2009 Chris introduced the TEDx initiative, allowing free licenses to local organizers who wished to organize their own TED-like events. More than 8,000 such events have been held, generating an archive of 60,000 TEDx talks. And three years later, the TED-Ed program was launched, offering free educational videos and tools to students and teachers.
Chris Anderson | Speaker | TED.com