TED2015
Anand Varma: The first 21 days of a bee's life
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We've heard that bees are disappearing. But what is making bee colonies so vulnerable? Photographer Anand Varma raised bees in his backyard — in front of a camera — to get an up close view. This project, for National Geographic, gives a lyrical glimpse into a beehive, and reveals one of the biggest threats to its health, a mite that preys on baby bees in their first 21 days of life. With footage set to music from Rob Moose and the Magik*Magik Orchestra, Varma shows the problem ... and what's being done to solve it. (This talk was part of a session at TED2015 guest-curated by Pop-Up Magazine: popupmagazine.com or @popupmag on Twitter.)
Anand Varma - Photographer
Anand Varma's photos tell the story behind the science on everything from primate behavior and hummingbird biomechanics to amphibian disease and forest ecology. Full bio
Anand Varma's photos tell the story behind the science on everything from primate behavior and hummingbird biomechanics to amphibian disease and forest ecology. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
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(Music)
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These bees are in my backyard
in Berkeley, California.
in Berkeley, California.
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Until last year,
I'd never kept bees before,
I'd never kept bees before,
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but National Geographic asked me
to photograph a story about them,
to photograph a story about them,
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and I decided, to be able
to take compelling images,
to take compelling images,
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I should start keeping bees myself.
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And as you may know,
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bees pollinate one third
of our food crops,
of our food crops,
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and lately they've been having
a really hard time.
a really hard time.
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So as a photographer, I wanted to explore
what this problem really looks like.
what this problem really looks like.
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So I'm going to show you
what I found over the last year.
what I found over the last year.
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This furry little creature
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is a fresh young bee halfway emerged
from its brood cell,
from its brood cell,
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and bees right now are dealing
with several different problems,
with several different problems,
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including pesticides, diseases,
and habitat loss,
and habitat loss,
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but the single greatest threat
is a parasitic mite from Asia,
is a parasitic mite from Asia,
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Varroa destructor.
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And this pinhead-sized mite
crawls onto young bees
crawls onto young bees
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and sucks their blood.
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This eventually destroys a hive
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because it weakens
the immune system of the bees,
the immune system of the bees,
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and it makes them more vulnerable
to stress and disease.
to stress and disease.
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Now, bees are the most sensitive
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when they're developing
inside their brood cells,
inside their brood cells,
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and I wanted to know
what that process really looks like,
what that process really looks like,
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so I teamed up
with a bee lab at U.C. Davis
with a bee lab at U.C. Davis
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and figured out how to raise bees
in front of a camera.
in front of a camera.
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I'm going to show you
the first 21 days of a bee's life
the first 21 days of a bee's life
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condensed into 60 seconds.
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This is a bee egg
as it hatches into a larva,
as it hatches into a larva,
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and those newly hatched larvae
swim around their cells
swim around their cells
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feeding on this white goo
that nurse bees secrete for them.
that nurse bees secrete for them.
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Then, their head and their legs
slowly differentiate
slowly differentiate
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as they transform into pupae.
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Here's that same pupation process,
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and you can actually see the mites
running around in the cells.
running around in the cells.
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Then the tissue in their body reorganizes
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and the pigment slowly
develops in their eyes.
develops in their eyes.
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The last step of the process
is their skin shrivels up
is their skin shrivels up
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and they sprout hair.
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(Music)
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So -- (Applause)
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As you can see halfway
through that video,
through that video,
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the mites were running around
on the baby bees,
on the baby bees,
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and the way that beekeepers
typically manage these mites
typically manage these mites
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is they treat their hives with chemicals.
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In the long run, that's bad news,
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so researchers are working
on finding alternatives
on finding alternatives
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to control these mites.
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This is one of those alternatives.
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It's an experimental breeding program
at the USDA Bee Lab in Baton Rouge,
at the USDA Bee Lab in Baton Rouge,
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and this queen and her attendant bees
are part of that program.
are part of that program.
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Now, the researchers figured out
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that some of the bees have
a natural ability to fight mites,
a natural ability to fight mites,
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so they set out to breed
a line of mite-resistant bees.
a line of mite-resistant bees.
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This is what it takes
to breed bees in a lab.
to breed bees in a lab.
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The virgin queen is sedated
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and then artificially inseminated
using this precision instrument.
using this precision instrument.
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Now, this procedure allows the researchers
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to control exactly
which bees are being crossed,
which bees are being crossed,
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but there's a tradeoff
in having this much control.
in having this much control.
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They succeeded in breeding
mite-resistant bees,
mite-resistant bees,
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but in that process, those bees
started to lose traits
started to lose traits
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like their gentleness
and their ability to store honey,
and their ability to store honey,
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so to overcome that problem,
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these researchers are now collaborating
with commercial beekeepers.
with commercial beekeepers.
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This is Bret Adee opening
one of his 72,000 beehives.
one of his 72,000 beehives.
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He and his brother run the largest
beekeeping operation in the world,
beekeeping operation in the world,
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and the USDA is integrating their
mite-resistant bees into his operation
mite-resistant bees into his operation
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with the hope that over time,
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they'll be able to select the bees
that are not only mite-resistant
that are not only mite-resistant
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but also retain all of these qualities
that make them useful to us.
that make them useful to us.
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And to say it like that
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makes it sound like we're manipulating
and exploiting bees,
and exploiting bees,
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and the truth is, we've been doing that
for thousands of years.
for thousands of years.
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We took this wild creature
and put it inside of a box,
and put it inside of a box,
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practically domesticating it,
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and originally that was
so that we could harvest their honey,
so that we could harvest their honey,
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but over time we started losing
our native pollinators,
our native pollinators,
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our wild pollinators,
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and there are many places now
where those wild pollinators
where those wild pollinators
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can no longer meet the pollination
demands of our agriculture,
demands of our agriculture,
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so these managed bees have become
an integral part of our food system.
an integral part of our food system.
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So when people talk about saving bees,
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my interpretation of that
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is we need to save
our relationship to bees,
our relationship to bees,
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and in order to design new solutions,
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we have to understand
the basic biology of bees
the basic biology of bees
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and understand the effects
of stressors that we sometimes cannot see.
of stressors that we sometimes cannot see.
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In other words, we have
to understand bees up close.
to understand bees up close.
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Thank you.
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(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Anand Varma - PhotographerAnand Varma's photos tell the story behind the science on everything from primate behavior and hummingbird biomechanics to amphibian disease and forest ecology.
Why you should listen
Anand Varma is a freelance photographer and videographer who started photographing natural history subjects while studying biology at the University of California, Berkeley. He spent several years assisting David Liittschwager before receiving a National Geographic Young Explorer grant to document the wetlands of Patagonia.
Varma has since become a regular contributor to National Geographic. His first feature story, called “Mindsuckers,” was published on the November 2014 cover of the magazine. This incredible look at parasites won Varma the World Press Photo's first prize in the nature category in 2015.
Anand Varma | Speaker | TED.com