TED2015
Anand Varma: The first 21 days of a bee's life
Anand Varma: Uzbudljivi pogled na prvih 21 dana u životu pčele
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Svi smo čuli da pčele nestaju. Ali što čini kolonije pčela tako osjetljivima? Fotograf Anand Varma uzgojio je pčele u svom dvorištu - ispred kamere - kako bi dobio bliži pogled. Ovaj projekt, za National Geographic, pruža lirski pogled u košnicu pčela - i otkriva jednu od najvećih prijetnji njihovom zdravlju, moljca koji napada mladunčad pčela u prvih 21 dana njihova života. Sa njegovim nevjerojatnim snimkama, praćenim glazbom Magik*Magik orkestra, Varma prikazuje problem... i rad na rješavanju tog problema. (Ovaj govor je dio sessiona sa TED2015 vođenog od strane Pop-Up časopisa: popupmagazine.com ili @popupmag na Twitteru.)
Anand Varma - Photographer
Anand Varma's photos tell the story behind the science on everything from primate behavior and hummingbird biomechanics to amphibian disease and forest ecology. Full bio
Anand Varma's photos tell the story behind the science on everything from primate behavior and hummingbird biomechanics to amphibian disease and forest ecology. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
(Music)
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(Glazba)
00:26
These bees are in my backyard
in Berkeley, California.
in Berkeley, California.
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Ove su pčele u mom dvorištu
u Berkeleyu, Kalifornija.
u Berkeleyu, Kalifornija.
00:30
Until last year,
I'd never kept bees before,
I'd never kept bees before,
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Do prošle godine,
nisam nikad držao pčele,
nisam nikad držao pčele,
00:33
but National Geographic asked me
to photograph a story about them,
to photograph a story about them,
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ali me National Geographic pitao
da napravim fotografsku priču o njima.
da napravim fotografsku priču o njima.
00:37
and I decided, to be able
to take compelling images,
to take compelling images,
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i ja sam odlučio, kako bih mogao
napraviti neodoljive slike
napraviti neodoljive slike
00:39
I should start keeping bees myself.
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trebam sam uzgajati pčele.
00:42
And as you may know,
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I kao što znate
00:43
bees pollinate one third
of our food crops,
of our food crops,
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pčele oprašuju jednu trećinu
naših prehrambenih usjeva
naših prehrambenih usjeva
00:46
and lately they've been having
a really hard time.
a really hard time.
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i u posljednje vrijeme
im je teško.
im je teško.
00:49
So as a photographer, I wanted to explore
what this problem really looks like.
what this problem really looks like.
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Tako sam kao fotograf htio istražiti kako
taj problem zapravo izgleda.
taj problem zapravo izgleda.
00:54
So I'm going to show you
what I found over the last year.
what I found over the last year.
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Zato ću vam pokazati što sam
otkrio prošle godine
otkrio prošle godine
00:58
This furry little creature
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Ovo malo dlakavo stvorenje
00:59
is a fresh young bee halfway emerged
from its brood cell,
from its brood cell,
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je svježa mlada pčela napola
izašla iz svoje stanice legla
izašla iz svoje stanice legla
01:04
and bees right now are dealing
with several different problems,
with several different problems,
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i pčele se sada suočavaju
sa nekoliko različitih problema
sa nekoliko različitih problema
01:07
including pesticides, diseases,
and habitat loss,
and habitat loss,
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uključujući pesticide, bolesti
i gubljenje staništa.
i gubljenje staništa.
01:11
but the single greatest threat
is a parasitic mite from Asia,
is a parasitic mite from Asia,
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ali najveća prijetnja im je
parazitski moljac iz Azije,
parazitski moljac iz Azije,
01:16
Varroa destructor.
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Varroa destructor.
01:18
And this pinhead-sized mite
crawls onto young bees
crawls onto young bees
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I ovaj moljac veličine vrha igle
napada mlade pčele
napada mlade pčele
01:21
and sucks their blood.
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i sisa im krv.
01:23
This eventually destroys a hive
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To na kraju uništi košnicu
01:25
because it weakens
the immune system of the bees,
the immune system of the bees,
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zato što oslabljuje
imunološki su stav pčela,
imunološki su stav pčela,
01:28
and it makes them more vulnerable
to stress and disease.
to stress and disease.
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i čini ih osjetljivijima
na stres i bolesti.
na stres i bolesti.
01:33
Now, bees are the most sensitive
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Pčele su najosjetljivije
01:35
when they're developing
inside their brood cells,
inside their brood cells,
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kada se razvijaju unutar svoje
stanice legla
stanice legla
01:38
and I wanted to know
what that process really looks like,
what that process really looks like,
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i htio sam znati kako taj proces
zapravo izgleda
zapravo izgleda
01:41
so I teamed up
with a bee lab at U.C. Davis
with a bee lab at U.C. Davis
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pa sam se udružio sa labaratorijem
za pčele u U.C.Davisu
za pčele u U.C.Davisu
01:44
and figured out how to raise bees
in front of a camera.
in front of a camera.
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i otkrio kako uzgojiti pčelu
ispred kamere.
ispred kamere.
01:47
I'm going to show you
the first 21 days of a bee's life
the first 21 days of a bee's life
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Pokazat ću vam prvih 21
dana u životu pčele
dana u životu pčele
01:50
condensed into 60 seconds.
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sažetih u 60 sekundi.
01:55
This is a bee egg
as it hatches into a larva,
as it hatches into a larva,
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Ovo je jajašce pčele
koje se liježe u larvu.
koje se liježe u larvu.
02:00
and those newly hatched larvae
swim around their cells
swim around their cells
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i te novosnesene larve
plivaju unutar svojih stanica
plivaju unutar svojih stanica
02:05
feeding on this white goo
that nurse bees secrete for them.
that nurse bees secrete for them.
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hraneći se bijelom smjesom
koju pčele dadilje izlučuju za njih.
koju pčele dadilje izlučuju za njih.
02:11
Then, their head and their legs
slowly differentiate
slowly differentiate
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Zatim se njihova glava i noge
polako diferenciraju
polako diferenciraju
02:16
as they transform into pupae.
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kada se preoblikuju u kukuljice.
02:21
Here's that same pupation process,
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Ovdje je taj isti proes zakukuljivanja
02:23
and you can actually see the mites
running around in the cells.
running around in the cells.
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i možete vidjeti moljce
kako se kreću okolo u stanicama.
kako se kreću okolo u stanicama.
02:27
Then the tissue in their body reorganizes
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Zatim se tkivo u njihovom
tijelu reorganizira
tijelu reorganizira
02:31
and the pigment slowly
develops in their eyes.
develops in their eyes.
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i polako se razvija pigment
u njihovim očima.
u njihovim očima.
02:38
The last step of the process
is their skin shrivels up
is their skin shrivels up
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Zadnji korak u procesu je
smežuravanje njihove kože
smežuravanje njihove kože
02:44
and they sprout hair.
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i izrastanje dlake.
02:47
(Music)
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(Glazba)
03:00
So -- (Applause)
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Stoga -- (Pljesak)
03:06
As you can see halfway
through that video,
through that video,
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Kao što možete vidjeti tijekom
polovice tog vide a
polovice tog vide a
03:09
the mites were running around
on the baby bees,
on the baby bees,
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moljci su se kretali okolo
na mladim pčelama,
na mladim pčelama,
03:12
and the way that beekeepers
typically manage these mites
typically manage these mites
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i način na koji su pčelari
uglavnom tretirali te moljce
uglavnom tretirali te moljce
03:16
is they treat their hives with chemicals.
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je tretiranje košnica sa kemikalijama.
03:19
In the long run, that's bad news,
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Na duže vrijeme, to su loše vijesti,
03:21
so researchers are working
on finding alternatives
on finding alternatives
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pa istraživaći rade na
pronalasku alternativa
pronalasku alternativa
03:25
to control these mites.
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za obuzdavanje tih moljaca.
03:28
This is one of those alternatives.
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Ovo je jedna od tih alternativa.
03:30
It's an experimental breeding program
at the USDA Bee Lab in Baton Rouge,
at the USDA Bee Lab in Baton Rouge,
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To je eksperimentalni program uzgoja
na USDA labaratoriju pčela u Baton Rougeu
na USDA labaratoriju pčela u Baton Rougeu
03:35
and this queen and her attendant bees
are part of that program.
are part of that program.
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i ova matica i pčele oko nje
su dio ovog programa
su dio ovog programa
03:39
Now, the researchers figured out
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Istraživači su otkrili
03:43
that some of the bees have
a natural ability to fight mites,
a natural ability to fight mites,
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da neke od ovih pčela imaju
prirodnu sposobnost borbe protiv moljaca
prirodnu sposobnost borbe protiv moljaca
03:47
so they set out to breed
a line of mite-resistant bees.
a line of mite-resistant bees.
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pa su krenuli u uzgoj
linije pčela otpornih na moljca
linije pčela otpornih na moljca
03:52
This is what it takes
to breed bees in a lab.
to breed bees in a lab.
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Evo što je potrebno za
uzgoj pčela u labaratoriju
uzgoj pčela u labaratoriju
03:55
The virgin queen is sedated
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Maticu koja je djevica se umiri
03:58
and then artificially inseminated
using this precision instrument.
using this precision instrument.
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i zatim ju se umjetno osjemenjuje
koristeći ovaj precizni instrument
koristeći ovaj precizni instrument
04:03
Now, this procedure allows the researchers
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Ovaj postupak omogućava istraživačima
04:05
to control exactly
which bees are being crossed,
which bees are being crossed,
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da kontroliraju koje
će točno pčele križati
će točno pčele križati
04:10
but there's a tradeoff
in having this much control.
in having this much control.
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ali postoji nedostatak
u posjedovanju tolike kontrole
u posjedovanju tolike kontrole
04:13
They succeeded in breeding
mite-resistant bees,
mite-resistant bees,
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Oni su uspjeli u uzgoju
pčela otpornih na moljca,
pčela otpornih na moljca,
04:16
but in that process, those bees
started to lose traits
started to lose traits
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ali u tom postupku, te pčele
su počele gubiti osobine
su počele gubiti osobine
04:19
like their gentleness
and their ability to store honey,
and their ability to store honey,
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poput njihove nježnosti
i mogućnosti skladištenja meda
i mogućnosti skladištenja meda
04:23
so to overcome that problem,
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Da bi riješili taj problem
04:26
these researchers are now collaborating
with commercial beekeepers.
with commercial beekeepers.
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ovi istraživači sada surađuju
sa pčelarima trgovcima.
sa pčelarima trgovcima.
04:30
This is Bret Adee opening
one of his 72,000 beehives.
one of his 72,000 beehives.
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Ovdje Bret Adee otvara jednu
od svojih 72.000 košnica.
od svojih 72.000 košnica.
04:35
He and his brother run the largest
beekeeping operation in the world,
beekeeping operation in the world,
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On i njegov brat vode najveću
operaciju očuvanja pčela u svijetu,
operaciju očuvanja pčela u svijetu,
04:39
and the USDA is integrating their
mite-resistant bees into his operation
mite-resistant bees into his operation
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i USDA integrira svoje pčele otporne
na moljce u njihovu operaciju
na moljce u njihovu operaciju
04:45
with the hope that over time,
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s nadom da će tokom vremena,
04:47
they'll be able to select the bees
that are not only mite-resistant
that are not only mite-resistant
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biti u mogućnosti odabrati pčele
koje ne samo da su otporne na moljca
koje ne samo da su otporne na moljca
04:50
but also retain all of these qualities
that make them useful to us.
that make them useful to us.
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nego i zadržavaju sve svoje
kvalitete koje su nama korisne.
kvalitete koje su nama korisne.
04:56
And to say it like that
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I kada to tako kažem
04:57
makes it sound like we're manipulating
and exploiting bees,
and exploiting bees,
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zvuči kao da manipuliramo i
iskorištavamo pčele,
iskorištavamo pčele,
05:01
and the truth is, we've been doing that
for thousands of years.
for thousands of years.
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a istina je, da to radimo
već tisućama godina
već tisućama godina
05:04
We took this wild creature
and put it inside of a box,
and put it inside of a box,
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Uzimamo ovo divlje stvorenje
i stavljamo unutar kutije,
i stavljamo unutar kutije,
05:09
practically domesticating it,
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praktički ga pripitomljujemo,
05:11
and originally that was
so that we could harvest their honey,
so that we could harvest their honey,
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i u početku je to bilo s namjerom
da prikupljamo njihov med
da prikupljamo njihov med
05:15
but over time we started losing
our native pollinators,
our native pollinators,
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ali s vremenom počeli smo gubiti
naše autohtone oprašivače.
naše autohtone oprašivače.
05:18
our wild pollinators,
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naše divlje oprašivače,
05:20
and there are many places now
where those wild pollinators
where those wild pollinators
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i danas postoje mnoga mjesta
gdje ti divlji oprašivači
gdje ti divlji oprašivači
05:23
can no longer meet the pollination
demands of our agriculture,
demands of our agriculture,
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ne mogu izvršiti oprašivanje koje je
potrebno za našu poljoprivredu,
potrebno za našu poljoprivredu,
05:27
so these managed bees have become
an integral part of our food system.
an integral part of our food system.
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pa su te uzgojene pčele postale sastavni
dio našeg prehrambenog sustava.
dio našeg prehrambenog sustava.
05:32
So when people talk about saving bees,
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Pa kada ljudi govore o očuvanju pčela
05:35
my interpretation of that
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moje tumačenje toga
05:37
is we need to save
our relationship to bees,
our relationship to bees,
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je da moramo sačuvati
našu vezu sa pčelama
našu vezu sa pčelama
05:40
and in order to design new solutions,
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i kako bi izradili nova rješenja,
05:45
we have to understand
the basic biology of bees
the basic biology of bees
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moramo razumjeti
osnovnu biologiju pčela
osnovnu biologiju pčela
05:50
and understand the effects
of stressors that we sometimes cannot see.
of stressors that we sometimes cannot see.
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i razumjeti učinke stresora
koje nekad ne možemo vidjeti
koje nekad ne možemo vidjeti
05:57
In other words, we have
to understand bees up close.
to understand bees up close.
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Drugim riječima, moramo jako
dobro razumjeti pčele.
dobro razumjeti pčele.
06:01
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
(Pljesak)
06:03
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Anand Varma - PhotographerAnand Varma's photos tell the story behind the science on everything from primate behavior and hummingbird biomechanics to amphibian disease and forest ecology.
Why you should listen
Anand Varma is a freelance photographer and videographer who started photographing natural history subjects while studying biology at the University of California, Berkeley. He spent several years assisting David Liittschwager before receiving a National Geographic Young Explorer grant to document the wetlands of Patagonia.
Varma has since become a regular contributor to National Geographic. His first feature story, called “Mindsuckers,” was published on the November 2014 cover of the magazine. This incredible look at parasites won Varma the World Press Photo's first prize in the nature category in 2015.
Anand Varma | Speaker | TED.com