Robert Sapolsky: The biology of our best and worst selves
Robert Sapolsky: La biología de nuestro mejor y peor yo
Robert Sapolsky is one of the leading neuroscientists in the world, studying stress in primates (including humans). Full bio
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spent the last few years
los últimos años
el comportamiento humano,
of our language trying to explain it is.
el lenguaje que trata de explicarlo.
explain some of the thinking behind it
escucharle explicar sus ideas
something like this.
against humanity."
contra la humanidad."
version of the fantasy ends
de Medalla de Honor de la fantasía,
once I allow myself.
una vez puesto.
un instrumento puntiagudo.
Cortarle la lengua.
un respirador artificial,
or move or see or hear, just to feel,
o moverse o ver o oír, solo sentir,
with something cancerous
is screaming in agony,
gritara agónicamente,
feels like an eternity in hell.
como una eternidad en el infierno
mi corazón se agita.
wicked soul in history.
más malvada de la historia.
in souls or evil,
en el almas o en el mal,
I would like to see killed,
que me gustaría ver muerta,
el control estricto de armas.
I was at a laser tag place,
en un sitio del juego "Laser tag"
hiding in a corner shooting at people.
en una esquina disparando a la gente.
confused human when it comes to violence.
confundido en cuanto a la violencia.
have problems with violence.
tenemos problemas de violencia.
airplanes as weapons,
aviones como armas,
como estrategia militar.
miserablemente violenta.
our champions of it.
unimos a sus defensores.
being this miserably violent species,
miserablemente violenta,
altruistic, compassionate one.
altruistas, compasivos.
of the biology of our best behaviors,
de nuestro mejor comportamiento
ambiguously in between?
las ambigüedades entre ambos?
the motoric aspects of the behavior.
las partes motores de nuestra conducta.
tells your muscles
tu médula espinal, a tus músculos
the meaning of the behavior,
es el significado del comportamiento,
pulling a trigger is an appalling act;
apretar el gatillo es un acto terrible;
self-sacrificial.
one someone else's
darle la mano a otro es
of our behaviors,
is you're not going to get anywhere
es que no se llega a nada
the brain region or the hormone
una región cerebral u hormona
that explains everything.
que explique todo.
has multiple levels of causality.
tiene niveles múltiples de causalidad.
in an agitated state --
y en un estado agitado--
is frightened, threatening, angry --
es de miedo, amenazadora, furiosa--
that kind of looks like a handgun.
que parece una pistola.
that thing in this person's hand
en la mano de la persona
esta pregunta biológica:
that caused this behavior?
one second before you pulled that trigger?
apretar el gatillo?
una región cerebral llamada amígdala.
of a brain region called the amygdala.
central to violence, central to fear,
central en la violencia,
inicia descargas en cascada
apretar el gatillo.
en tu amígdala un segundo antes?
in your amygdala one second before?
tenemos. que retroceder un poquito.
we have to step back a little bit.
segundos minutos antes
seconds to minutes before
the sounds of the rioting,
los sonidos de tumultuo,
a cell phone for a handgun
un celular con una pistola
si estás agotado,
is not going to work as well,
no va a funcionar tan bien,
to get to the amygdala in time
que llegar a la amígdala a tiempo
that's a gun there?"
"Estás seguro de que es una pistola?
at hours to days before,
las horas o días anteriores,
the realm of hormones.
testosterone levels in your blood,
en la sangre están elevados,
a face with a neutral expression
que una cara con expresión neutra
elevated levels of stress hormones,
niveles altos de hormonas del estrés,
is going to be more active
will be more sluggish.
weeks to months before,
semanas a meses antes,
can change in response to experience,
cambiar como resultado de experiencias
have been filled with stress and trauma,
llenos de estrés y traumas,
more excitable,
se ha atrofiado,
in that one second.
lo que pasa en ese segundo.
años atrás,
of the adolescent brain
del cerebro adolescente
until you're around 25.
hasta tener más o menos 25.
and experience sculpt your frontal cortex
y la experiencia moldean tu córtex frontal
as an adult in that critical moment.
en ese momento crítico.
to childhood and fetal life
that that could come in.
que podrían existir.
that your brain is being constructed,
en que tu cerebro se está formando,
experience during those times
la experiencia en esos momentos
epigenetic changes,
cambios epigenéticos,
certain genes, turning off others.
ciertos genes, apagando otros.
of stress hormones through your mother,
hormonas del estrés a través de la madre,
your amygdala in adulthood
que la amígdala adulta
elevated stress hormone levels.
de hormonas del estrés.
was a collection of genes.
important to all of this,
muy importantes para todo esto,
determine anything,
los genes no determinan nada,
in different environments.
diferentemente en ambientes diferentes.
que se llama MAO-A
to commit antisocial violence
de cometer violencia antisocial
you were abused as a child.
before you pull that trigger
antes de apretar el gatillo
of those gene-environment interactions.
entre esos genes y el ambiente.
we've got to push even further back now,
tenemos que retroceder aún más,
they were nomadic pastoralists,
desierto o las llanuras
camellos, vacas, cabras,
what's called a culture of honor
hubieran inventado una cultura de honor,
venganzas de clan,
the values with which you were raised.
con los que te educaron.
about the evolution of genes.
de la evolución de los genes.
especies de primates.
for extremely low levels of aggression,
muy bajos de agresión,
in the opposite direction,
en la dirección opuesta,
by every measure are humans,
por dónde se mire, están los humanos.
barely defined species
y casi no definida
to go one way or the other.
de ir en una dirección u otra.
a wondrous one,
what happened a second before
lo que pasó desde un segundo antes
real careful, real cautious
mucha precaución,
you know what causes a behavior,
qué causa un comportamiento,
you're judging harshly.
que uno está juzgando duramente.
point about all of this
de todo esto
can change in different circumstances.
he mencionado aquí
circunstancias diferentes.
los ecosistemas cambian.
el Sahara era una pradera exuberante.
the Sahara was a lush grassland.
people in Europe were the Swedes,
en Europa era el sueco,
los militares suecos ahora.
military does now.
los cerebros cambian.
examples of human change.
of slavery from the British Empire
de la esclavitud del Imperio Británico
spent decades as a younger man
se pasa décadas de joven
in the thing that he's most famous for,
en lo que lo hace más famoso,
on the morning of December 6, 1941,
en la mañana del 6 de diciembre de 1941,
bombers to attack Pearl Harbor.
de bombarderos a atacar Pearl Harbor.
50 years later to the day
the attack on the ground.
of Pearl Harbor survivors
a un grupo de supervivientes
for what he had done as a young man.
disculpas por lo que había hecho de joven.
could happen in just hours.
pueden pasar en solo horas.
Christmas truce of 1914.
de la 1ª Guerra Mundial en 1914.
had negotiated a brief truce
negociaron una corta tregua
in between the trench lines.
entre las trincheras.
británicos y alemanes
a cargar muertos,
dig graves in the frozen ground,
escavar tumbas en la tierra congelada,
and exchanging gifts,
intercambiando regalos.
they were playing soccer together
jugando fútbol juntos
so they could meet after the war.
para encontrarse tras la guerra.
until the officers had to arrive
hasta que los oficiales llegaron
si no regresan a pelear entre Uds.."
to trying to kill each other."
a completely new category of "us,"
una nueva categoría de "nosotros",
those faceless powers behind the lines
son poderes anónimos tras las lineas
change can occur in seconds.
in the Vietnam War
más horroroso de la guerra en Vietnam
village full of civilians
lleno de civiles
because the government denied it,
porque el gobierno lo negó,
did nothing more than a slap on the wrist,
no hizo más que frotarse las manos,
was not a singular event.
no fue el único caso.
who stopped the My Lai Massacre.
el hombre que paró la masacre de My Lai.
un helicóptero de combate,
disparando a bebes
his lifetime of conditioning
and American soldiers
y los soldados estadounidenses
on his fellow Americans,
hacia sus compañeros estadounidenses,
I will mow you down."
los voy a acribillar."
are no more special than any of us.
que ninguno de nosotros.
los mismos neuroquímicos,
is this inevitable cliche:
el cliché inevitable:
están destinados a repetirla."
are destined to repeat it."
of extraordinary human change,
de cambios humanos extraordinarios,
of what can transform us
de lo que nos puede transformar
mejores acciones,
are destined not to be able
están destinados a no poder
magnificent moments.
incandescentes, magníficos.
a new mental model about something,
un modelo mental sobre algo,
Buena suerte con el libro.
Good luck with the book.
en persona algún año.
to come here in person one year.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Robert Sapolsky - Neuroscientist, primatologist, writerRobert Sapolsky is one of the leading neuroscientists in the world, studying stress in primates (including humans).
Why you should listen
We all have some measure of stress, and Robert Sapolsky explores its causes as well as its effects on our bodies (his lab was among the first to document the damage that stress can do to our hippocampus). In his research, he follows a population of wild baboons in Kenya, who experience stress very similarly to the way humans do. By measuring hormone levels and stress-related diseases in each primate, he determines their relative stress, looking for patterns in personality and social behavior that might contribute. These exercises have given Sapolsky amazing insight into all primate social behavior, including our own.
He has been called "one of the best scientist-writers of our time" by Oliver Sacks. Sapolsky has produced, in addition to numerous scientific papers, books for broader audiences, including A Primate’s Memoir: A Neuroscientist’s Unconventional Life Among the Baboons, Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: Stress Disease and Coping, and The Trouble with Testosterone.
His latest book, Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst, examines human behavior in search of an answer to the question: Why do we do the things we do?
Robert Sapolsky | Speaker | TED.com