Robert Sapolsky: The biology of our best and worst selves
Роберт Сапольски: Биологическая природа наших лучших и худших сторон
Robert Sapolsky is one of the leading neuroscientists in the world, studying stress in primates (including humans). Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
spent the last few years
человеческого поведения
of our language trying to explain it is.
это поведение объяснить.
explain some of the thinking behind it
как он впервые объяснит широкой публике
по этому поводу.
something like this.
с неизменным сценарием:
against humanity."
против человечества».
version of the fantasy ends
о медали «За отвагу» заканчивается,
once I allow myself.
это легко представить.
перепонки, отрезал язык,
дыхательный аппарат и трубка для питания,
or move or see or hear, just to feel,
или видеть; лишь чувствовать.
with something cancerous
что-то канцерогенное,
is screaming in agony,
кричали бы в агонии до тех пор,
feels like an eternity in hell.
не превратится в кромешный ад.
у меня ещё в детстве,
wicked soul in history.
грешной души в истории.
in souls or evil,
в существование души или зла.
I would like to see killed,
I was at a laser tag place,
hiding in a corner shooting at people.
прячась за углом и стреляя в людей.
confused human when it comes to violence.
я отношусь крайне неоднозначно.
have problems with violence.
очевидные проблемы с насилием.
чтобы распылить газ,
airplanes as weapons,
превращаем самолёты в оружие,
our champions of it.
и поддерживаем их.
being this miserably violent species,
к невероятной жестокости,
altruistic, compassionate one.
чрезвычайный альтруизм и сострадание.
of the biology of our best behaviors,
от образцового до самого ужасного?
ambiguously in between?
the motoric aspects of the behavior.
tells your muscles
спинному мозгу и мышцам
the meaning of the behavior,
pulling a trigger is an appalling act;
от обстоятельств, спуск курка
либо героическим самопожертвованием.
self-sacrificial.
положив свою руку на чью-то,
one someone else's
of our behaviors,
is you're not going to get anywhere
the brain region or the hormone
части мозга, конкретному гормону,
that explains everything.
has multiple levels of causality.
есть несколько уровней причинных связей.
in an agitated state --
is frightened, threatening, angry --
зол или опасен, —
that kind of looks like a handgun.
похожее на пистолет.
that thing in this person's hand
that caused this behavior?
стало причиной данного поведения?
one second before you pulled that trigger?
за секунду до спуска курка?
of a brain region called the amygdala.
под названием миндалина.
central to violence, central to fear,
за насилие и страх,
in your amygdala one second before?
ваша миндалина за секунду до того?
we have to step back a little bit.
небольшой шаг назад.
seconds to minutes before
за секунды, минуты до выстрела,
the sounds of the rioting,
a cell phone for a handgun
примете телефон за пистолет,
принадлежащим другой расе.
is not going to work as well,
которая должна вовремя
to get to the amygdala in time
«Ты точно уверена, что у него пистолет?» —
that's a gun there?"
at hours to days before,
the realm of hormones.
testosterone levels in your blood,
a face with a neutral expression
ошибочно воспримите
elevated levels of stress hormones,
и гормонов стресса
is going to be more active
will be more sluggish.
weeks to months before,
can change in response to experience,
жизненных переживаний.
have been filled with stress and trauma,
испытывали стресс и потрясения,
more excitable,
in that one second.
что произойдёт в ту самую секунду.
of the adolescent brain
until you're around 25.
примерно к 25 годам.
и ранней зрелости
and experience sculpt your frontal cortex
и жизненного опыта лобная доля
as an adult in that critical moment.
взрослого в тот критический момент.
to childhood and fetal life
that that could come in.
that your brain is being constructed,
происходит формирование мозга;
experience during those times
что мы пережили в этот период,
epigenetic changes,
эпигенетические изменения,
certain genes, turning off others.
одни гены и отключают другие.
of stress hormones through your mother,
постоянно испытывала стресс,
your amygdala in adulthood
elevated stress hormone levels.
was a collection of genes.
important to all of this,
determine anything,
in different environments.
зависит от окружающей среды.
to commit antisocial violence
насилия в обществе,
you were abused as a child.
что в детстве они стали жертвой насилия.
before you pull that trigger
of those gene-environment interactions.
генов и окружающей среды.
we've got to push even further back now,
they were nomadic pastoralists,
what's called a culture of honor
так называемую культуру чести,
the values with which you were raised.
лежащие в основе нашего воспитания.
about the evolution of genes.
for extremely low levels of aggression,
к проявлению агрессии,
in the opposite direction,
by every measure are humans,
между этими крайностями,
barely defined species
to go one way or the other.
сделать шаг в одну из этих сторон.
a wondrous one,
ужасное оно, образцовое
what happened a second before
real careful, real cautious
you know what causes a behavior,
о движущих силах поведения,
you're judging harshly.
сурово судим за это поведение.
point about all of this
can change in different circumstances.
может меняться в разных условиях.
the Sahara was a lush grassland.
people in Europe were the Swedes,
народом Европы были шведы,
military does now.
занимаются сейчас.
examples of human change.
подвергается поразительным изменениям.
of slavery from the British Empire
в отмене рабства в Британской империи
spent decades as a younger man
in the thing that he's most famous for,
on the morning of December 6, 1941,
утром 6 декабря 1941 года
bombers to attack Pearl Harbor.
эскадрилью при бомбардировке Перл-Харбора.
50 years later to the day
the attack on the ground.
в той бомбардировке.
of Pearl Harbor survivors
for what he had done as a young man.
за содеянное им в молодости.
could happen in just hours.
могут произойти всего за несколько часов.
Christmas truce of 1914.
1914 года в Первой мировой войне.
had negotiated a brief truce
о временном перемирии,
in between the trench lines.
между линиями траншей.
dig graves in the frozen ground,
and exchanging gifts,
и обменивались подарками,
they were playing soccer together
so they could meet after the war.
чтобы встретиться после войны.
until the officers had to arrive
офицеры и не сказали:
to trying to kill each other."
снова убивать друг друга».
a completely new category of "us,"
без какой-либо причины,
those faceless powers behind the lines
безликой силы за линией фронта,
change can occur in seconds.
достаточно нескольких секунд.
in the Vietnam War
событием Вьетнамской войны
village full of civilians
населённую мирными гражданами.
массовому изнасилованию,
because the government denied it,
отрицало произошедшее,
did nothing more than a slap on the wrist,
ограничились выговором
was not a singular event.
повторялось не раз.
who stopped the My Lai Massacre.
остановил резню в Сонгми.
his lifetime of conditioning
на всю оставшуюся жизнь определил,
and American soldiers
и американскими солдатами,
on his fellow Americans,
I will mow you down."
иначе я прикончу вас всех».
are no more special than any of us.
is this inevitable cliche:
неизменную фразу:
are destined to repeat it."
обречён её повторять».
диаметрально противоположная.
of extraordinary human change,
значимых изменений человека,
of what can transform us
are destined not to be able
не могут повторить
magnificent moments.
a new mental model about something,
новую ментальную модель чего-либо, —
Good luck with the book.
Удачи с книгой.
to come here in person one year.
вы к нам приехали.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Robert Sapolsky - Neuroscientist, primatologist, writerRobert Sapolsky is one of the leading neuroscientists in the world, studying stress in primates (including humans).
Why you should listen
We all have some measure of stress, and Robert Sapolsky explores its causes as well as its effects on our bodies (his lab was among the first to document the damage that stress can do to our hippocampus). In his research, he follows a population of wild baboons in Kenya, who experience stress very similarly to the way humans do. By measuring hormone levels and stress-related diseases in each primate, he determines their relative stress, looking for patterns in personality and social behavior that might contribute. These exercises have given Sapolsky amazing insight into all primate social behavior, including our own.
He has been called "one of the best scientist-writers of our time" by Oliver Sacks. Sapolsky has produced, in addition to numerous scientific papers, books for broader audiences, including A Primate’s Memoir: A Neuroscientist’s Unconventional Life Among the Baboons, Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: Stress Disease and Coping, and The Trouble with Testosterone.
His latest book, Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst, examines human behavior in search of an answer to the question: Why do we do the things we do?
Robert Sapolsky | Speaker | TED.com