TEDGlobal 2013
Peter Doolittle: How your "working memory" makes sense of the world
Peter Doolittle: Laneko memoriak munduari zentzua nola ematen dion
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"Bizitza oso azkar dator guregana. Egin behar duguna da hartu esperientzia-jario amorfo hori eta nolabait hortik esanahiren bat atera" Hitzaldi dibertigarri eta esanguratsu honetan, Peter Doolittle psikopedagogoak gure "laneko memoria"ren garrantzia - eta mugak- zehazten ditu. Burmuinaren atal honi esker aurki dezakegu orain bertan gertatzen ari denaren zentzua.
Peter Doolittle - Educational psychology professor
Peter Doolittle is striving to understand the processes of human learning. Full bio
Peter Doolittle is striving to understand the processes of human learning. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
So yesterday, I was out in the street
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Atzo kalean nengoen
00:14
in front of this building,
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eraikin honen aurrean,
00:17
and I was walking down the sidewalk,
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espaloitik nenbilen
00:20
and I had company, several of us,
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beste hainbat lagunekin.
00:22
and we were all abiding by the rules
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Denek jarraitzen genituen
00:23
of walking down sidewalks.
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espaloitik ibiltzeko arauak.
00:26
We're not talking each other. We're facing forward.
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Ez genuen inorekin hitz egiten.
Aurrera begiratzen genuen.
Aurrera begiratzen genuen.
00:28
We're moving.
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Ibiltzen ari ginen.
00:29
When the person in front of me slows down.
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Bat-batean aurrean doana
astiro joaten hasten da.
astiro joaten hasten da.
00:33
And so I'm watching him, and he slows down,
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Ni berari begira nago:
astiroago doa
astiroago doa
00:35
and finally he stops.
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eta azkenean gelditu egiten da.
00:36
Well, that wasn't fast enough for me,
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Hori ez zen niretzako
abiadura nahikoa.
abiadura nahikoa.
00:38
so I put on my turn signal, and I walked around him,
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Beraz, seinale egin
eta bera inguratu nuen,
00:42
and as I walked, I looked to see what he was doing,
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eta aurrera nindoala
zertan zebilen begiratu nuen.
zertan zebilen begiratu nuen.
00:45
and he was doing this.
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Hau zegoen egiten.
00:47
He was texting,
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Mezuak bidaltzen ari zen,
00:49
and he couldn't text and walk at the same time.
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eta ezin zituen gauza biak
aldi batera egin.
aldi batera egin.
00:51
Now we could approach this
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Hau azter dezakegu
00:53
from a working memory perspective
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laneko memoriaren
edo multiatazaren ikuspegitik.
edo multiatazaren ikuspegitik.
00:55
or from a multitasking perspective.
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00:57
We're going to do working memory today.
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Gaur laneko memoriarena
aztertuko dugu.
aztertuko dugu.
01:00
Now, working memory
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Laneko memoria da
01:02
is that part of our consciousness that we are
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egunean zehar jarraian
jakitun garen kontzientzia-atal hura.
jakitun garen kontzientzia-atal hura.
01:05
aware of at any given time of day.
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01:07
You're going it right now.
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Orain bertan
horretan ari zarete.
horretan ari zarete.
01:09
It's not something we can turn off.
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Ez da itzali dezakegun zerbait.
01:11
If you turn it off, that's called a coma, okay?
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Itzaliz gero, koma deritzo hori.
(Barreak)
01:14
So right now, you're doing just fine.
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Oraintxe bertan osasun ona duzue.
01:17
Now working memory has four basic components.
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Laneko memoriak
lau oinarrizko osagai ditu.
lau oinarrizko osagai ditu.
01:19
It allows us to store some immediate experiences
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Berehalako esperientziak
biltegiratzea uzten digu
biltegiratzea uzten digu
01:22
and a little bit of knowledge.
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eta ezagutza pixka bat ere.
01:24
It allows us to reach back
into our long-term memory
into our long-term memory
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Epe luzeko memorian
atzera egiten uzten digu
atzera egiten uzten digu
01:27
and pull some of that in as we need it,
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eta behar dugunean zerbait ateratzen,
01:29
mixes it, processes it
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nahastu, prozesatu,
01:31
in light of whatever our current goal is.
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momentuko gure helburuaren arabera.
01:33
Now the current goal isn't something like,
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Momentuko gure helburura ez da:
01:35
I want to be president or the best surfer in the world.
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Presidentea izan nahi dut
edo surflaririk onena.
edo surflaririk onena.
01:37
It's more mundane. I'd like that cookie,
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Arruntagoa da: galleta hura nahi dut,
01:40
or I need to figure out how to get into my hotel room.
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hoteleko gelara
nola sartu asmatu behar dut.
nola sartu asmatu behar dut.
01:43
Now working memory capacity
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Laneko memoriaren ahalmena da
01:45
is our ability to leverage that,
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hortaz baliatzeko dugun gaitasuna,
01:47
our ability to take what we know
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dakiguna hartu,
01:50
and what we can hang onto
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zeri eutsi ahal diogun,
01:51
and leverage it in ways that allow us to satisfy
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eta hortaz baliatzea
momentuko gure helburua lortzeko.
momentuko gure helburua lortzeko.
01:55
our current goal.
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01:57
Now working memory capacity
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Laneko memoriaren ahalmenak
01:59
has a fairly long history,
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historia luze samarra du.
02:01
and it's associated with a lot of positive effects.
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Ondorio positiboekin lotuta dago.
02:03
People with high working memory capacity
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Laneko memoriarako
gaitasun handia dutenek
gaitasun handia dutenek
02:05
tend to be good storytellers.
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kontalari onak izaten dira.
02:07
They tend to solve and do well
on standardized tests,
on standardized tests,
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Test estandarizatuak
erraz ebazten dituzte,
erraz ebazten dituzte,
02:11
however important that is.
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hori garrantzitsua bada.
02:14
They're able to have high levels of writing ability.
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Idaz-maila ona izan dezakete.
02:18
They're also able to reason at high levels.
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Arrazoitzeko gaitasun handia dute ere.
02:20
So what we're going to do here
is play a little bit with some of that.
is play a little bit with some of that.
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Beraz, orain horrekin
jolastuko gara.
jolastuko gara.
02:23
So I'm going to ask you to perform a couple tasks,
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Zenbait zeregin
burutu beharko dituzue,
burutu beharko dituzue,
02:26
and we're going to take your
working memory out for a ride.
working memory out for a ride.
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zuen lanerako memoria
paseatzera aterako dugu.
paseatzera aterako dugu.
02:29
You up for that? Okay.
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Ados? Ondo da.
02:32
I'm going to give you five words,
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Bost hitz emango dizkizuet
02:34
and I just want you to hang on to them.
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eta eurak gogoratzea nahi dut.
02:36
Don't write them down. Just hang on to them.
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Ez itzazue idatzi, gorde buruan.
02:37
Five words.
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Bost hitz.
02:39
While you're hanging on to them,
I'm going to ask you to answer three questions.
I'm going to ask you to answer three questions.
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Bitartean, hiru galdera
egingo dizkizuet.
egingo dizkizuet.
Jakin nahi dut hitz horiekin
zer gertatzen den.
zer gertatzen den.
02:42
I want to see what happens with those words.
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02:44
So here's the words:
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Hona hemen hitzok:
02:46
tree,
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zuhaitz,
02:49
highway,
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autobide,
02:52
mirror,
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ispilu,
02:54
Saturn
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Saturno
02:57
and electrode.
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eta elektrodo.
02:59
So far so good?
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Oraingoz ondo?
03:01
Okay. What I want you to do
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Gustatuko litzaidake
03:02
is I want you to tell me what the answer is
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honen erantzuna ematea:
03:06
to 23 times eight.
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8 bider 23
03:08
Just shout it out.
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Esan ozenki.
03:12
(Mumbling) (Laughter)
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(Murmur) (Barreak)
03:16
In fact it's -- (Mumbling) -- exactly. (Laughter)
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Erantzuna da -- (Murmur) -- zehazki.
03:18
All right. I want you to take out your left hand
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(Barreak)
Ezkerreko eskua altxa, mesedez,
03:22
and I want you to go, "One, two, three, four, five,
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eta kontatu: "Bat, bi,
hiru, lau, bost,
hiru, lau, bost,
03:24
six, seven, eight, nine, 10."
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sei, zazpi, zortzi,
9, 10".
9, 10".
03:26
It's a neurological test,
just in case you were wondering.
just in case you were wondering.
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Test neurologikoa da,
jakin nahi baduzue.
jakin nahi baduzue.
03:29
All right, now what I want you to do
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Orain nahi dudana da
03:31
is to recite the last five letters
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ingelesezko alfabetoaren
azkenengo bost letrak
azkenengo bost letrak
03:33
of the English alphabet backwards.
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atzetik aurrera esatea.
03:38
You should have started with Z.
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Z-taz hasi behar izan duzue.
03:40
(Laughter)
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(Barreak)
03:43
All right. How many people here are still pretty sure
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Zuetariko zenbaitek
gogoratzen dituzue bost hitzak?
gogoratzen dituzue bost hitzak?
03:45
you've got all five words?
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03:48
Okay. Typically we end up with about less than half,
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Normalean, erdiak baino gutxiagok
gogoratzen ditu.
gogoratzen ditu.
03:51
right, which is normal. There will be a range.
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Eskala bat dago.
03:53
Some people can hang on to five.
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Batzuek 5 hitz
gogoratzen dituzte,
gogoratzen dituzte,
03:55
Some people can hang on to 10.
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beste batzuek 10.
03:56
Some will be down to two or three.
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Batzuek 2 edo 3.
03:58
What we know is this is really important
to the way we function, right?
to the way we function, right?
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Dakiguna da gure funtzionamenduan
hau garrantzitsua dela.
hau garrantzitsua dela.
04:02
And it's going to be really important here at TED
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Eta TEDen oso garrantzitsua izango da
04:04
because you're going to be exposed
to so many different ideas.
to so many different ideas.
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ideia ugarien aurrean
aurkituko zaretelako.
aurkituko zaretelako.
04:07
Now the problem that we have
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Arazoa da
04:09
is that life comes at us,
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bizitza guregana datorkigula
04:11
and it comes at us very quickly,
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oso abiadura bizian,
04:13
and what we need to do is to take that amorphous
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eta egin behar duguna da
esperientzien jario amorfo hori harrapatu
04:17
flow of experience and somehow
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eta hortik esanahi bat atera,
nolabait
nolabait
04:18
extract meaning from it
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04:20
with a working memory
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laneko memoria bat erabiliz
04:21
that's about the size of a pea.
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ilar baten tamaina duena.
04:23
Now don't get me wrong,
working memory is awesome.
working memory is awesome.
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Ondo ulertu esaten dudana,
laneko memoria zoragarria da.
laneko memoria zoragarria da.
04:26
Working memory allows us
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Laneko memoriari esker
04:28
to investigate our current experience
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momentuko esperientzia
ikertu dezakegu
ikertu dezakegu
04:30
as we move forward.
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aurrera goazen bitartean.
Inguratzen gaituen munduari
zentzua aurkitzea ahalbidetzen digu.
zentzua aurkitzea ahalbidetzen digu.
04:32
It allows us to make sense of the world around us.
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04:35
But it does have certain limits.
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Baina baditu mugak ere.
04:37
Now working memory is great
for allowing us to communicate.
for allowing us to communicate.
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Laneko memoria oso ona da
komunikatzeko gaitzen gaituelako.
komunikatzeko gaitzen gaituelako.
04:41
We can have a conversation,
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Elkarrizketa bat izan dezakegu
04:42
and I can build a narrative around that
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eta horren inguruan
narrazio bat sortu.
narrazio bat sortu.
04:45
so I know where we've been and where we're going
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Badakit nondik gatozen
eta nora goazen,
eta nora goazen,
04:47
and how to contribute to this conversation.
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eta elkarrizketan nola hartu parte.
Gai gara arazoak ebazteko,
pentsamendu kritikoa izateko.
pentsamendu kritikoa izateko.
04:49
It allows us to problem-solve, critical think.
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04:51
We can be in the middle of a meeting,
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Bilera baten erdian egon gaitezke,
04:53
listen to somebody's presentation, evaluate it,
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norbaiten aurkezpena entzun,
bera ebaluatu,
bera ebaluatu,
04:55
decide whether or not we like it,
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gustatzen zaigun erabaki,
04:57
ask follow-up questions.
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galdera osagarriak egin.
04:58
All of that occurs within working memory.
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Hau dena laneko memorian
gertatzen da.
gertatzen da.
05:02
It also allows us to go to the store
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Berari esker ere
dendara joan gaitezke,
dendara joan gaitezke,
05:04
and allows us to get milk and eggs and cheese
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esnea, arrautzak eta gazta hartu
nahiz eta benetan bilatzen ari garena
05:07
when what we're really looking for
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05:09
is Red Bull and bacon. (Laughter)
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Red Bull eta urdaiazpikoa izan.
05:12
Gotta make sure we're getting what we're looking for.
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Egiaztatu behar dugu
benetan nahi duguna hartzen dugula.
benetan nahi duguna hartzen dugula.
05:15
Now, a central issue with working memory
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Laneko memoriaren
funtsezko arazo bat da
funtsezko arazo bat da
05:18
is that it's limited.
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mugatua dela.
05:19
It's limited in capacity, limited in duration,
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Edukiari, iraupenari
dagokienez mugatua,
dagokienez mugatua,
05:21
limited in focus.
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zehaztasunari dagokionez.
05:23
We tend to remember about four things.
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Lau gauza baino ez
gogoratzeko joera dugu.
gogoratzeko joera dugu.
05:26
Okay? It used to be seven,
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Lehen 7 zirela esaten genuen,
05:28
but with functional MRIs, apparently it's four,
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baina MRI funtzionalak dioenez
4 omen dira,
4 omen dira,
05:30
and we were overachieving.
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gorantz jotzen genuen.
05:32
Now we can remember those four things
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Lau gauza horiek
gogoratu ditzakegu
gogoratu ditzakegu
05:34
for about 10 to 20 seconds
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10, 20 segundoz inguru
05:36
unless we do something with it,
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horiekin zerbait egin ezean.
05:38
unless we process it,
unless we apply it to something,
unless we apply it to something,
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Horiek prozesatu,
zerbaitetan aplikatu ezean,
zerbaitetan aplikatu ezean,
05:40
unless we talk to somebody about it.
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beraiei buruz hitz egin ezean.
05:44
When we think about working memory,
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Laneko memoriari buruz ari garenean
05:47
we have to realize that this limited capacity
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kontuan izan behar dugu
edukiera mugatu honek
edukiera mugatu honek
05:51
has lots of different impacts on us.
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gugan eragin ugari dituela.
05:53
Have you ever walked from one room to another
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Inoiz joan al zarete
gela batetik bestera
gela batetik bestera
05:56
and then forgotten why you're there?
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eta gero ahaztu
zergatik zauden han?
zergatik zauden han?
(Barreak)
05:59
You do know the solution to that, right?
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Badakizue hori nola konpondu, ezta?
06:01
You go back to that original room. (Laughter)
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Aurreko gelara itzultzen zara.
06:04
Have you ever forgotten your keys?
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(Barreak)
Inoiz ahaztu al dituzu giltzak?
06:08
You ever forgotten your car?
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Inoiz ahaztu al duzu kotxea?
06:10
You ever forgotten your kids?
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Inoiz ahaztu al dituzu umeak?
06:13
Have you ever been involved in a conversation,
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Inoiz egon al zara
elkarrizketa baten
elkarrizketa baten
06:15
and you realize that the conversation to your left
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eta nabaritu
zure ezkerraldeko elkarrizketa
zure ezkerraldeko elkarrizketa
06:17
is actually more interesting? (Laughter)
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askoz ere interesgarriagoa dela?
06:20
So you're nodding and you're smiling,
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Baietz esan eta barre egiten duzu,
06:22
but you're really paying attention
to this one over here,
to this one over here,
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baina beste elkarrizketari adi
zaude benetan,
zaude benetan,
06:24
until you hear that last word go up,
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zera entzun arte,
gorantz doan hitz hura,
gorantz doan hitz hura,
06:26
and you realize,
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eta orduan konturatzen zara
galdera bat egin dizutela.
galdera bat egin dizutela.
06:28
you've been asked a question. (Laughter)
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(Barreak)
06:31
And you're really hoping the answer is no,
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Eta bihotzez espero duzu
erantzuna "ez" izatea,
erantzuna "ez" izatea,
06:33
because that's what you're about to say.
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hori baita esatera zoazena.
06:36
All of that talks about working memory,
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Guzti horrek laneko memoriarekin
du zerikusia,
du zerikusia,
06:39
what we can do and what we can't do.
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egin ahal duguna
eta ezin duguna egin.
eta ezin duguna egin.
06:41
We need to realize that working memory
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Kontuan izan behar dugu
laneko memoriak
laneko memoriak
06:42
has a limited capacity,
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ahalmen mugatua duela,
06:44
and that working memory capacity itself
is how we negotiate that.
is how we negotiate that.
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eta hura kudeatzeko modua
dela laneko memoriaren ahalmena.
dela laneko memoriaren ahalmena.
06:47
We negotiate that through strategies.
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Hura estrategien bidez
kudeatzen dugu.
kudeatzen dugu.
06:49
So what I want to do is talk a little bit
about a couple of strategies here,
about a couple of strategies here,
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Estrategia pare bati buruz
hitz egin nahi nuke.
hitz egin nahi nuke.
06:52
and these will be really important
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Hauek garrantzitsuak dira
06:53
because you are now in an
information target-rich environment
information target-rich environment
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informazio ugari duen giro batean
06:57
for the next several days.
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egongo zaretelako egun batzuetan.
06:59
Now the first part of this that we need to think about
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Lehenik pentsatu behar dugu
gure bizitza prozesatu behar dugula
07:02
and we need to process our existence, our life,
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07:05
immediately and repeatedly.
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berehala, behin eta berriz.
07:06
We need to process what's going on
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Gertatzen ari dena prozesatu behar dugu
07:09
the moment it happens, not 10 minutes later,
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gertatzen den momentuan,
ez 10 minutu geroago,
ez 10 minutu geroago,
07:12
not a week later, at the moment.
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hurrengo astean, momentuan.
07:14
So we need to think about, well,
do I agree with him?
do I agree with him?
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Beraz pentsatu behar dugu:
Berarekin ados al nago?
Berarekin ados al nago?
07:18
What's missing? What would I like to know?
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Zer falta da?
Zer nahiko nuke jakin?
Zer nahiko nuke jakin?
07:20
Do I agree with the assumptions?
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Bat nator ideia horiekin?
07:23
How can I apply this in my life?
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Nola erabili dezaket hau nire bizitzan?
07:24
It's a way of processing what's going on
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Gertatzen ari dena
prozesatzeko modu bat da,
prozesatzeko modu bat da,
07:26
so that we can use it later.
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geroago erabili ahal izateko.
07:28
Now we also need to repeat it. We need to practice.
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Errepikatu behar dut hura ere.
Praktikatu behar dugu.
Praktikatu behar dugu.
07:31
So we need to think about it here.
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Horri buruz
hausnartu behar dugu hemen.
hausnartu behar dugu hemen.
07:34
In between, we want to talk to people about it.
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Bitartean, besteekin
hitz egin nahi dugu honi buruz.
hitz egin nahi dugu honi buruz.
07:36
We're going to write it down,
and when you get home,
and when you get home,
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Idatzi egingo dugu,
eta etxera bueltatzean
eta etxera bueltatzean
07:39
pull out those notes and think about them
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apunteak atera, horiei buruz pentsatu
07:41
and end up practicing over time.
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eta denborarekin praktikatzen hasi.
07:43
Practice for some reason
became a very negative thing.
became a very negative thing.
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Praktikatzea gauza txarra bihurtu zen
nolabait.
nolabait.
07:46
It's very positive.
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Oso ona da.
07:47
The next thing is, we need to think elaboratively
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Hurrengo gauza da
lantzen pentsatu behar dugula,
lantzen pentsatu behar dugula,
07:50
and we need to think illustratively.
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irudikatzen pentsatu behar dugula.
07:52
Oftentimes, we think that we have to relate
new knowledge to prior knowledge.
new knowledge to prior knowledge.
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Sarri uste dugu jakintza berria
aurrekoarekin lotu behar dugula.
aurrekoarekin lotu behar dugula.
07:56
What we want to do is spin that around.
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Horren inguruan
biraka ibili nahi dugu.
biraka ibili nahi dugu.
07:58
We want to take all of our existence
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Gure existentzia osoa hartu
07:59
and wrap it around that new knowledge
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eta jakintza horren inguruan bildu,
08:01
and make all of these connections
and it becomes more meaningful.
and it becomes more meaningful.
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konexio guzti hauek egin
eta esanguratsuago bihurtu.
eta esanguratsuago bihurtu.
08:05
We also want to use imagery.
We are built for images.
We are built for images.
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Irudiak ere erabili nahi ditugu.
Irudientzako gaude eginda.
Irudientzako gaude eginda.
08:08
We need to take advantage of that.
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Hortaz baliatu behar dugu.
08:10
Think about things in images,
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Irudietan pentsatu,
08:12
write things down that way.
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irudietan idatzi.
08:14
If you read a book, pull things up.
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Liburu bat irakurtzean, zerbait atera.
08:16
I just got through reading "The Great Gatsby,"
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Amaitu berri dut "Gatsby handia",
08:18
and I have a perfect idea of what he looks like
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eta oso ideia argia daukat buruan
08:21
in my head, so my own version.
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bere itxurari buruz, nire bertsioa beraz.
08:24
The last one is organization and support.
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Azkena da antolaketa eta sostengua.
08:26
We are meaning-making machines. It's what we do.
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Esangura-makinak gara.
Hori da egiten duguna.
Hori da egiten duguna.
08:28
We try to make meaning out of
everything that happens to us.
everything that happens to us.
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Gertatzen zaigun guztiari
esangura bilatzen saiatzen gara.
esangura bilatzen saiatzen gara.
08:32
Organization helps, so we need to structure
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Antolaketa lagungarria da.
Egiten duguna
egituratu behar dugu
egituratu behar dugu
08:34
what we're doing in ways that make sense.
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esanahia izateko.
08:36
If we are providing knowledge and experience,
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Jakintza eta esperientzia sortzen badugu,
08:38
we need to structure that.
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hori egituratu behar dugu.
08:40
And the last one is support.
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Azkena da horri eustea.
08:42
We all started as novices.
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Hasi ginenean, denak ginen berriak.
08:44
Everything we do is an
approximation of sophistication.
approximation of sophistication.
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Egiten dugun guztia
sofistikaziora hurbilketa da.
sofistikaziora hurbilketa da.
08:47
We should expect it to change over time.
We have to support that.
We have to support that.
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Denborarekin aldatzea espero dugu.
Berari eutsi behar diogu.
Berari eutsi behar diogu.
08:50
The support may come in asking people questions,
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Euskarria lor dezakegu
besteei galderak egiten,
besteei galderak egiten,
08:52
giving them a sheet of paper that has
an organizational chart on it
an organizational chart on it
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orri bat ematen
antolaketa-grafiko bat duena
antolaketa-grafiko bat duena
08:56
or has some guiding images,
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edo gida-irudiak.
08:58
but we need to support it.
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Baina sostengatu hau behar dugu.
09:00
Now, the final piece of this, the take-home message
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Azkenik, gorde beharreko mezua
09:06
from a working memory capacity standpoint is this:
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laneko memoriaren
ahalmenari dagokionez hau da:
ahalmenari dagokionez hau da:
09:09
what we process, we learn.
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prozesatzen duguna da ikasten duguna.
09:12
If we're not processing life, we're not living it.
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Bizitza ez badugu prozesatzen,
ez gara bera bizitzen ari.
ez gara bera bizitzen ari.
09:16
Live life. Thank you.
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Bizi bizitza. Eskerrik asko.
09:18
(Applause)
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(Txaloak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Peter Doolittle - Educational psychology professorPeter Doolittle is striving to understand the processes of human learning.
Why you should listen
Peter Doolittle is a professor of educational psychology in the School of Education at Virginia Tech, where he is also the executive director of the Center for Instructional Development and Educational Research. He teaches classes such as Cognition and Instruction, Constructivism and Education, Multimedia Cognition and College Teaching, but his research mainly focuses on learning in multimedia environments and the role of "working memory."
Doolittle has taught educational psychology around the world. He is the executive editor of the International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education and the co-executive editor of the International Journal of ePortfolio.
Peter Doolittle | Speaker | TED.com