TEDGlobal 2011
Neil MacGregor: 2600 years of history in one object
Neil MacGregor: 2600 godina povijesti u jednom predmetu
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Kirov cilindar, oštećeni i slomljeni glineni cilindar prekriven akadskim klinastim pismom, snažan je simbol vjerske tolerancije i multikulturalilzma. U ovom očaravajućem govoru Neil MacGregor, direktor Britanskog muzeja, prati 2600 godina povijesti Bliskog istoka kroz jedan jedini predmet.
Neil MacGregor - Director of The British Museum
The writer and presenter of the BBC Radio 4 series "A History of the World in 100 Objects" and the accompanying book. Full bio
The writer and presenter of the BBC Radio 4 series "A History of the World in 100 Objects" and the accompanying book. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
The things we make
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Predmeti koje stvaramo
00:17
have one supreme quality --
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imaju jednu ključnu osobinu:
00:20
they live longer than us.
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žive dulje nego mi.
00:22
We perish, they survive;
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Mi umiremo, oni nas nadživljuju;
00:24
we have one life, they have many lives,
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mi imamo jedan život, oni ih imaju mnogo,
00:27
and in each life they can mean different things.
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a u svakom od tih života mogu poprimati različita značenja.
00:30
Which means that, while we all have one biography,
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Dakle, dok mi imamo po jednu biografiju,
00:33
they have many.
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oni ih imaju mnogo.
00:35
I want this morning to talk
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Jutros vam želim ispričati
00:37
about the story, the biography -- or rather the biographies --
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priču, biografiju -- točnije, biografije --
00:40
of one particular object,
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jednog predmeta.
00:43
one remarkable thing.
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Jedne izuzetne stvari.
00:45
It doesn't, I agree,
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Ta stvar, slažem se,
00:47
look very much.
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na prvi pogled nije ništa posebno.
00:49
It's about the size of a rugby ball.
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Otprilike je veličine lopte za ragbi.
00:52
It's made of clay,
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Izrađena je od gline
00:54
and it's been fashioned
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i oblikovana
00:56
into a cylinder shape,
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u cilindrični oblik.
00:59
covered with close writing
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Gusto je ispisana
01:01
and then baked dry in the sun.
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i potom osušena na suncu.
01:04
And as you can see,
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Kao što vidite,
01:06
it's been knocked about a bit,
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svašta je prošla,
01:08
which is not surprising
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a nije ni čudo
01:10
because it was made two and a half thousand years ago
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uzmemo li u obzir da je napranjena prije dvije i pol tisuće godina,
01:13
and was dug up
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a otkrivena u arheološkim iskapanjima
01:15
in 1879.
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1879. godine.
01:17
But today,
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No danas je,
01:19
this thing is, I believe,
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po mom mišljenju, ta stvar,
01:21
a major player
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važan čimbenik
01:23
in the politics of the Middle East.
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u bliskoistočnoj politici.
01:25
And it's an object
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Riječ je o predmetu
01:27
with fascinating stories
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uz koji su vezane fascinantne priče
01:29
and stories that are by no means over yet.
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koje nisu ni blizu završene.
01:33
The story begins
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Naša priča počinje
01:35
in the Iran-Iraq war
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za iransko-iračkog rata,
01:39
and that series of events
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odnosno onog niza događaja
01:41
that culminated
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koji je kulminirao
01:43
in the invasion of Iraq
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invazijom na Irak
01:45
by foreign forces,
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od strane stranih sila,
01:47
the removal of a despotic ruler
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svrgavanjem despota
01:49
and instant regime change.
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i naglom promjenom režima.
01:52
And I want to begin
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Želio bih započeti
01:54
with one episode from that sequence of events
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s jednom epizodom iz tog niza događaja
01:56
that most of you would be very familiar with,
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koja će većini vas biti poznata.
01:59
Belshazzar's feast --
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Radi se o Baltazarovoj gozbi,
02:01
because we're talking about the Iran-Iraq war
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jer u priči se radi o iračko-iranskom ratu
02:03
of 539 BC.
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iz 539. godine pr.n.e.
02:06
And the parallels
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Podudarnosti između
02:08
between the events
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događaja koji su se zbili
02:10
of 539 BC and 2003 and in between
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539.pr.n.e.. i onih 2003. godine naše ere, te između,
02:13
are startling.
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zapanjujuće su.
02:15
What you're looking at is Rembrandt's painting,
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Gledate Rembrandtovu sliku, danas izloženu
02:17
now in the National Gallery in London,
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u londonskoj Nacionalnoj galeriji,
02:19
illustrating the text from the prophet Daniel
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koja prikazuje tekst iz knjige proroka Daniela
02:21
in the Hebrew scriptures.
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iz hebrejskog Svetog Pisma
02:24
And you all know roughly the story.
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Mislim da otprilike znate priču
02:26
Belshazzar, the son of Nebuchadnezzar,
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Baltazar, sin Nabukodonozora,
02:29
Nebuchadnezzar who'd conquered Israel, sacked Jerusalem
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onoga koji je pokorio Izrael, opljačkao Jeruzalem
02:32
and captured the people
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i porobio narod
02:34
and taken the Jews back to Babylon.
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te odveo Židove natrag u Babilon.
02:36
Not only the Jews, he'd taken the temple vessels.
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Također je uzeo hramsko posuđe.
02:39
He'd ransacked, desecrated the temple.
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Opljačkao je i oskvrnuo Hram,
02:42
And the great gold vessels of the temple in Jerusalem
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a to veliko zlatno posuđe iz jeruzalemskog Hrama
02:45
had been taken to Babylon.
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bilo je odneseno u Babilon.
02:48
Belshazzar, his son,
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Njegov sin Baltazar
02:50
decides to have a feast.
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odluči prirediti gozbu,
02:52
And in order to make it even more exciting,
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a da bi ona bila još uzbudljivija,
02:54
he added a bit of sacrilege to the rest of the fun,
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odlučio ju je začiniti s malo svetogrđa,
02:57
and he brings out the temple vessels.
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pa je iznio hramsko posuđe.
03:00
He's already at war with the Iranians,
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U tom trenutku već je bio u ratu s Irancima,
03:03
with the king of Persia.
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s perzijskim kraljem.
03:05
And that night, Daniel tells us,
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Te noći, govori nam Daniel,
03:08
at the height of the festivities
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na vrhuncu gozbe
03:10
a hand appeared and wrote on the wall,
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ukazala se ruka i napisala na zidu:
03:13
"You are weighed in the balance and found wanting,
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"Odvagnut si na tezulji i nađen si prelagan;
03:16
and your kingdom is handed over
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razdijeljeno je tvoje kraljevstvo
03:18
to the Medes and the Persians."
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i predano Medijcima i Perzijancima." (Dn:27-28)
03:20
And that very night
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Iste te noći,
03:22
Cyrus, king of the Persians, entered Babylon
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Kir, kralj perzijski, ušao je u Babilon
03:26
and the whole regime of Belshazzar fell.
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i Baltazarov je režim pao.
03:31
It is, of course, a great moment
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To je, naravno, velik trenutak
03:33
in the history
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u povijesti
03:35
of the Jewish people.
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židovskog naroda.
03:37
It's a great story. It's story we all know.
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Sjajna je to priča. Priča koju svi znamo.
03:39
"The writing on the wall"
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Priča o ruci koja piše po zidu
03:41
is part of our everyday language.
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dio je našeg svakodnevnog jezika.
03:44
What happened next
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Ono što se zatim dogodilo
03:46
was remarkable,
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bilo je nešto izuzetno
03:48
and it's where our cylinder
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i tu naš cilindar
03:50
enters the story.
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ulazi u priču.
03:52
Cyrus, king of the Persians,
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Kir, kralj Perzijanaca
03:54
has entered Babylon without a fight --
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ulazi u Babilon bez otpora.
03:56
the great empire of Babylon,
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To veliko babilonsko carstvo
03:58
which ran from central southern Iraq
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koje se protezalo od središnjeg južnog Iraka
04:00
to the Mediterranean,
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do Mediterana
04:02
falls to Cyrus.
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pada Kiru u ruke
04:04
And Cyrus makes a declaration.
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i on piše proglas.
04:08
And that is what this cylinder is,
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Upravo je to ovaj cilindar:
04:11
the declaration made by the ruler guided by God
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proglas vladara kojeg vodi Bog,
04:14
who had toppled the Iraqi despot
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te koji je svrgnuo iračkog despota
04:18
and was going to bring freedom to the people.
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i donio slobodu narodu.
04:20
In ringing Babylonian --
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Na zvonkom babilonskom --
04:22
it was written in Babylonian --
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proglas je napisan na babilonskom jeziku --
04:24
he says, "I am Cyrus, king of all the universe,
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on piše: "Ja sam Kir, kralj sveg svemira,
04:27
the great king, the powerful king,
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kralj veliki i moćni
04:29
king of Babylon, king of the four quarters of the world."
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kralj Babilona, vladar sve četiri strane svijeta."
04:33
They're not shy of hyperbole as you can see.
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Kao što vidite, nisu se libili preuveličavati.
04:36
This is probably
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Ovo je vjerojatno
04:38
the first real press release
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prva prava izjava za medije
04:40
by a victorious army
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koju je dala pobjednička vojska
04:42
that we've got.
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u povijesti.
04:44
And it's written, as we'll see in due course,
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A napisali su je, uskoro ćete vidjeti,
04:46
by very skilled P.R. consultants.
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vrlo vješti stručnjaci za odnose s javnošću.
04:49
So the hyperbole is not actually surprising.
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Tako da preuveličavanje zapravo ne iznenađuje.
04:52
And what is the great king, the powerful king,
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I, što je to taj veliki i moćni kralj,
04:54
the king of the four quarters of the world going to do?
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vladar sve četiri strane svijeta, odlučio učiniti?
04:57
He goes on to say that, having conquered Babylon,
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Pokorivši Babilon, nastavlja on,
05:00
he will at once let all the peoples
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smjesta će osloboditi sve narode
05:03
that the Babylonians -- Nebuchadnezzar and Belshazzar --
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koje su Babilonci - Nabukodonozor i Baltazar -
05:05
have captured and enslaved
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oteli i odveli u ropstvo
05:07
go free.
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i pustiti ih da se vrate kućama.
05:09
He'll let them return to their countries.
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Pustit će ih da se vrate u svoje zemlje.
05:11
And more important,
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I ne samo to,
05:13
he will let them all recover
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svima će im vratiti
05:15
the gods, the statues,
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njihove bogove, idole,
05:17
the temple vessels
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hramsko posuđe
05:19
that had been confiscated.
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koje je bilo zaplijenjeno.
05:21
All the peoples that the Babylonians had repressed and removed
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Svi narodi koje su Babilonci potisnuli i prognali,
05:24
will go home,
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moći će se vratiti kućama
05:26
and they'll take with them their gods.
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i ponijeti sa sobom svoje bogove.
05:29
And they'll be able to restore their altars
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Bit će im dozvoljeno obnoviti oltare i žrtvenike
05:32
and to worship their gods
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i štovati svoje bogove,
05:34
in their own way, in their own place.
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na svoj način, na svojim odabranim mjestima.
05:37
This is the decree,
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Ovo je taj proglas,
05:39
this object is the evidence
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ovaj je predmet dokaz
05:42
for the fact that the Jews,
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da je Židovima
05:44
after the exile in Babylon,
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nakon babilonskog sužanjstva
05:46
the years they'd spent sitting by the waters of Babylon,
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nakon tih godina za kojih su sjedili na babilonskim obalama
05:49
weeping when they remembered Jerusalem,
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i plakali sjećajući se Jeruzalema,
05:52
those Jews were allowed to go home.
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tim je Židovima bilo dozvoljeno da se vrate kući.
05:55
They were allowed to return to Jerusalem
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Mogli su se vratit u Jeruzalem
05:57
and to rebuild the temple.
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i ponovno sagraditi Hram.
05:59
It's a central document
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To je središnji dokument
06:01
in Jewish history.
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židovske povijesti.
06:03
And the Book of Chronicles, the Book of Ezra in the Hebrew scriptures
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A Knjiga Ljetopisa, Knjiga Ezrina u hebrejskom Pismu
06:07
reported in ringing terms.
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izvijestila je o tome zvučnim izrazima.
06:09
This is the Jewish version
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Ovo je židovska verzija
06:11
of the same story.
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iste priče:
06:13
"Thus said Cyrus, king of Persia,
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"Ovako veli perzijski kralj Kir:
06:15
'All the kingdoms of the earth have the Lord God of heaven given thee,
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'Sva zemaljska kraljevstva dade mi Jahve, Bog nebeski.
06:18
and he has charged me
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On mi naloži
06:20
to build him a house in Jerusalem.
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da mu sagradim Dom u Jeruzalemu.
06:22
Who is there among you of his people?
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Tko je god među vama od svega njegova naroda,
06:24
The Lord God be with him,
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Bog njegov bio s njim
06:26
and let him go up.'"
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pa neka ide onamo." (2 Ljet 36: 23)
06:29
"Go up" -- aaleh.
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Ide onamo: "ide gore" - aaleh.
06:31
The central element, still,
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Središnja je tema ipak
06:34
of the notion of return,
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ideja povratka,
06:36
a central part
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središnji dio
06:38
of the life of Judaism.
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života židovstva.
06:40
As you all know, that return from exile,
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Kao što znate, taj povratak iz progonstva
06:42
the second temple,
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i izgradnja drugog hrama,
06:44
reshaped Judaism.
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promijenili su židovstvo iz temelja.
06:46
And that change,
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Tu je promjenu
06:48
that great historic moment,
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taj veliki povijesni trenutak
06:50
was made possible by Cyrus, the king of Persia,
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omogućio Kir, kralj Perzije,
06:54
reported for us in Hebrew in scripture
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a zabilježen je na hebrejskom u pismu
06:57
and in Babylonian in clay.
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i na babilonskom u glini.
07:00
Two great texts,
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Dva izuzetno važna teksta...
07:02
what about the politics?
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no što je s politikom?
07:04
What was going on
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Ti su događaji
07:06
was the fundamental shift in Middle Eastern history.
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označili temeljni pomak u povijesti Bliskog istoka.
07:09
The empire of Iran, the Medes and the Persians,
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Iransko carstvo, odnosno Medijci i Perzijanci,
07:12
united under Cyrus,
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ujedinjeni pod Kirom,
07:14
became the first great world empire.
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postali su prvo veliko svjetsko carstvo.
07:18
Cyrus begins in the 530s BC.
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Kir ga je utemeljio 530-ih godina pr.n.e.,
07:21
And by the time of his son Darius,
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a do vremena vladavine njegovog sina Darija
07:25
the whole of the eastern Mediterranean
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cjelokupno istočno Sredozemlje
07:28
is under Persian control.
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kontrolirali su Perzijanci.
07:30
This empire is, in fact,
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To carstvo zapravo i jest
07:32
the Middle East as we now know it,
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Bliski istok kakav danas poznajemo
07:34
and it's what shapes the Middle East as we now know it.
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i ono je oblikovali Bliski istok kakav danas poznajemo.
07:37
It was the largest empire the world had known until then.
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Bilo je to najveće carstvo koje je svijet do tad vidio.
07:39
Much more important,
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K tome,
07:41
it was the first
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bila je to prva
07:43
multicultural, multifaith state
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multikulturna, vjerski raznovrsna država
07:45
on a huge scale.
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većih razmjera
07:47
And it had to be run in a quite new way.
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i moralo se njime vladati na posve nov način.
07:49
It had to be run in different languages.
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Moralo se njime vladati na više različitih jezika.
07:51
The fact that this decree is in Babylonian says one thing.
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Sama činjenica da je proglas napisan na babilonskom nešto nam govori.
07:54
And it had to recognize their different habits,
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Carstvo je moralo uzeti u obzir različite običaje,
07:56
different peoples, different religions, different faiths.
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različite narode, religije i uvjerenja.
07:59
All of those are respected by Cyrus.
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Kir sve to poštuje.
08:02
Cyrus sets up a model
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On nam postavlja model
08:04
of how you run
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upravljanja
08:06
a great multinational, multifaith, multicultural society.
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velikim multinacionalnim, multikonfesionalnim, multikulturalnim društvom.
08:11
And the result of that
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Kao rezultat nastalo je
08:13
was an empire that included the areas you see on the screen,
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carstvo koje je uključivalo sve zemlje koje vidite na zaslonu,
08:16
and which survived for 200 years of stability
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carstvo koje je preživjelo 200 godina u stabilnosti
08:19
until it was shattered by Alexander.
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dok ga nije uništio Aleksandar Veliki.
08:22
It left a dream of the Middle East as a unit,
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Za sobom je u naslijeđe ostavilo san o ujedinjenom Bliskom istoku
08:24
and a unit where people of different faiths
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u kojem ljudi različitih vjera
08:26
could live together.
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mogu živjeti zajedno.
08:28
The Greek invasions ended that.
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Grčke invazije dokrajčile su taj san.
08:30
And of course, Alexander couldn't sustain a government
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Naravno, Aleksandar nije mogao održati vlast
08:33
and it fragmented.
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i carstvo se raspalo.
08:35
But what Cyrus represented
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No, ono što je Kir predstavljao
08:37
remained absolutely central.
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bilo je apsolutno ključno.
08:39
The Greek historian Xenophon
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Grčki historičar Ksenofont
08:42
wrote his book "Cyropaedia"
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napisao je svoje djelo "Kiropedija"
08:44
promoting Cyrus as the great ruler.
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u čast Kiru kao velikom vladaru.
08:46
And throughout European culture afterward,
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Otada je u europskoj kulturi
08:49
Cyrus remained the model.
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Kir predstavljao uzor.
08:52
This is a 16th century image
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Ovo je slika iz 16. stoljeća
08:54
to show you how widespread
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koja pokazuje koliko je rašireno
08:56
his veneration actually was.
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bilo štovanje Kira.
08:59
And Xenophon's book on Cyrus
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Ksenofontova knjiga o Kiru,
09:01
on how you ran a diverse society
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o tome kako voditi raznoliko društvo,
09:04
was one of the great textbooks
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bila je jedna od knjiga
09:06
that inspired the Founding Fathers
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koje su inspirirale utemeljitelje
09:08
of the American Revolution.
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američke revolucije.
09:10
Jefferson was a great admirer --
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Jefferson ga je silno poštovao.
09:12
the ideals of Cyrus
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Kirovi ideali
09:14
obviously speaking to those 18th century ideals
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bili su u skladu s idealima 18. stoljeća,
09:16
of how you create religious tolerance
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o stvaranju vjerske tolerancije
09:18
in a new state.
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u novoj državi.
09:23
Meanwhile, back in Babylon,
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No, vratimo se Babilonu,
09:25
things had not been going well.
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gdje nisu baš cvjetale ruže.
09:27
After Alexander, the other empires,
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Za Aleksandrom su slijedila druga carstva.
09:30
Babylon declines, falls into ruins,
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Babilon propada, pretvara se u ruševine
09:33
and all the traces of the great Babylonian empire are lost --
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i gube se svi tragovi velikoga babilonskog carstva,
09:37
until 1879
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sve do 1879. godine,
09:39
when the cylinder is discovered
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kad je otkriven ovaj cilindar.
09:42
by a British Museum exhibition digging in Babylon.
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Otkrila ga je ekspedicija Britanskog muzeja koja je vršila iskapanja u Babilonu.
09:45
And it enters now another story.
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To nas vodi do nove priče.
09:48
It enters that great debate
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Kirov cilindar postaje dijelom velike rasprave
09:50
in the middle of the 19th century:
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koja je plamtjela sredinom 19. stoljeća.
09:52
Are the scriptures reliable? Can we trust them?
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Jesu li pisma pouzdana? Možemo li se osloniti na njih?
09:55
We only knew
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Znali smo
09:57
about the return of the Jews and the decree of Cyrus
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za povratak Židova i Kirov dekret
09:59
from the Hebrew scriptures.
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samo preko hebrejskog Pisma.
10:01
No other evidence.
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Nije bilo drugih dokaza.
10:03
Suddenly, this appeared.
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Iznenada, pojavilo se ovo.
10:05
And great excitement
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Zavladalo je veliko uzbuđenje
10:07
to a world where those who believed in the scriptures
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u svijetu u kojem je onima koji su vjerovali u Pisma
10:09
had had their faith in creation shaken
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vjera u Stvoritelja bila poljuljana
10:11
by evolution, by geology,
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otkrićem evolucije i geološkim otkrićima.
10:13
here was evidence
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Ovo je predstavljalo dokaz
10:15
that the scriptures were historically true.
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da su pisma povijesno vjerodostojna.
10:17
It's a great 19th century moment.
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Bio je to važan trenutak 19. stoljeća.
10:20
But -- and this, of course, is where it becomes complicated --
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Međutim, tu su se stvari zakomplicirale.
10:25
the facts were true,
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Osnovne činjenice pokazale su se istinitima.
10:27
hurrah for archeology,
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Bravo za arheologiju!
10:30
but the interpretation was rather more complicated.
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No, interpretacija tih činjenica nije bila tako jednostavna.
10:33
Because the cylinder account and the Hebrew Bible account
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Jer, iskaz na cilindru i biblijski iskaz
10:36
differ in one key respect.
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razlikuju se u jednom ključnom segmentu.
10:38
The Babylonian cylinder
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Babilonski cilindar
10:40
is written by the priests
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napisali su svećenici
10:42
of the great god of Bablyon, Marduk.
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babilonskog vrhovnog boga, Marduka.
10:44
And, not surprisingly,
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Dakle, ne iznenađuje to što
10:46
they tell you that all this was done by Marduk.
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oni cijelu stvar pripisuju Marduku.
10:48
"Marduk, we hold, called Cyrus by his name."
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"I gle, Marduk zazva Kira po imenu"
10:51
Marduk takes Cyrus by the hand,
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Marduk je taj koji uzima Kira za ruku
10:54
calls him to shepherd his people
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i poziva ga da bude pastir njegovim ljudima
10:56
and gives him the rule of Babylon.
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i predaje mu vlast nad Babilonom.
10:59
Marduk tells Cyrus
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Marduk je taj koji nalaže Kiru
11:01
that he will do these great, generous things
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da učini ta velika, velikodušna djela,
11:03
of setting the people free.
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da oslobodi narod.
11:05
And this is why we should all be grateful to
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Iz toga proizlazi da bismo svi trebali
11:07
and worship Marduk.
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biti zahvalni Marduku i štovati njega.
11:09
The Hebrew writers
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Hebrejski pisci
11:11
in the Old Testament,
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u Starom zavjetu,
11:13
you will not be surprised to learn,
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nećete se iznenaditi,
11:16
take a rather different view of this.
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imaju malo drukčije gledište.
11:18
For them, of course, it can't possibly by Marduk
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U njihovim očima, naravno, nema šanse da je Marduk
11:20
that made all this happen.
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taj po kome se sve to dogodilo.
11:22
It can only be Jehovah.
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Mora se raditi o Jahvi.
11:24
And so in Isaiah,
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Tako u Izaiji
11:26
we have the wonderful texts
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imamo prekrasne tekstove
11:28
giving all the credit of this,
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u kojima se za to zahvaljuje
11:30
not to Marduk
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ne Marduku
11:31
but to the Lord God of Israel --
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nego Bogu Izraelovom --
11:34
the Lord God of Israel
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Bogu Izraelovom,
11:36
who also called Cyrus by name,
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koji je također pozvao Kira po imenu,
11:38
also takes Cyrus by the hand
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također ga uzeo za ruku
11:41
and talks of him shepherding his people.
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i pozvao ga da bude pastir njegovom narodu.
11:43
It's a remarkable example
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Sjajan je to primjer
11:45
of two different priestly appropriations of the same event,
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kako dvije različite vjerske tradicije tumače isti događaj,
11:49
two different religious takeovers
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prisvajaju i usvajaju
11:51
of a political fact.
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političke činjenice.
11:53
God, we know,
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Kao što znamo, Bog je
11:55
is usually on the side of the big battalions.
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obično na strani pobjedničkih četa.
11:57
The question is, which god was it?
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Pitanje je samo, koji je bog u pitanju?
12:00
And the debate unsettles
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Ta debata zaokuplja
12:02
everybody in the 19th century
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društvo devetnaestog stoljeća,
12:04
to realize that the Hebrew scriptures
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koje spoznaje da su hebrejska pisma
12:06
are part of a much wider world of religion.
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dio mnogo šireg vjerskog kontinuuma.
12:09
And it's quite clear
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Također je nedvojbeno
12:11
the cylinder is older than the text of Isaiah,
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da je cilindar stariji od Izaijinog teksta,
12:14
and yet, Jehovah is speaking
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a ipak, Jahve progovara
12:16
in words very similar
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riječima veoma sličnim
12:18
to those used by Marduk.
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Mardukovima.
12:20
And there's a slight sense that Isaiah knows this,
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Stječe se dojam da je Izaija sam toga svjestan
12:23
because he says,
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jer kaže --
12:25
this is God speaking, of course,
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ovdje je naravno govornik Bog --
12:28
"I have called thee by thy name
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"Po imenu ja te pozvah,
12:30
though thou hast not known me."
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imenovah te premda me znao nisi." (Iz 45:4)
12:32
I think it's recognized
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Mislim da se priznaje
12:34
that Cyrus doesn't realize
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kako Kir nije svjestan
12:36
that he's acting under orders from Jehovah.
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da djeluje po Jahvinim naredbama
12:39
And equally, he'd have been surprised that he was acting under orders from Marduk.
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No, Kira bi isto tako iznenadilo i da je znao da djeluje po Mardukovim nalozima.
12:42
Because interestingly, of course,
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Jer, naravno,
12:44
Cyrus is a good Iranian
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Kir je dobar Perzijanac
12:46
with a totally different set of gods
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s potpuno drugim skupom božanstava
12:48
who are not mentioned in any of these texts.
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koja se ne spominju ni u jednom od ova dva teksta.
12:50
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
12:52
That's 1879.
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To je bilo 1879. godine.
12:54
40 years on
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Četrdeset godina kasnije,
12:56
and we're in 1917,
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eto nas u 1917. godini,
12:59
and the cylinder enters a different world.
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kada cilindar ulazi u sasvim novi svijet.
13:01
This time, the real politics
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Ovaj put, svijet stvarne politike
13:03
of the contemporary world --
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suvremenog svijeta.
13:05
the year of the Balfour Declaration,
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Godina je Balfourove deklaracije,
13:08
the year when the new imperial power in the Middle East, Britain,
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godina kad nova imperijalna sila na Bliskom istoku, Britanija,
13:11
decides that it will declare
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odlučuje da će objaviti
13:13
a Jewish national home,
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da je područje tadašnje Palestine dom židovskog naroda
13:15
it will allow
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i da će dozvolliti
13:17
the Jews to return.
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Židovima povratak na to područje.
13:19
And the response to this
328
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Odgovor na ovo
13:21
by the Jewish population in Eastern Europe is rhapsodic.
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kod židovske populacije Istočne Europe ekstatičan je.
13:24
And across Eastern Europe,
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Diljem Istočne Europe
13:26
Jews display pictures of Cyrus
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Židovi vješaju Kirove slike
13:28
and of George V
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i slike Georgea V.
13:30
side by side --
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jednu uz drugu.
13:32
the two great rulers
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To su dva velika vladara
13:34
who have allowed the return to Jerusalem.
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koja su dozvolila povratak u Jeruzalem.
13:37
And the Cyrus cylinder comes back into public view
336
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Kirov cilindar tako se opet vraća u žižu javnog interesa,
13:40
and the text of this
337
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a tekst koji je na njemu napisan
13:42
as a demonstration of why what is going to happen
338
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uzima se kao dokaz da je ono što će uslijediti
13:45
after the war is over in 1918
339
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nakon završetka rata 1918. godine
13:48
is part of a divine plan.
340
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dio božanskog plana.
13:51
You all know what happened.
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Svi znate što se zatim dogodilo.
13:53
The state of Israel is setup,
342
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Udareni su temelji države Izrael,
13:56
and 50 years later, in the late 60s,
343
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a pedeset godina nakon toga, krajem 60-ih,
13:59
it's clear that Britain's role as the imperial power is over.
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postaje jasno da je uloga Britanije kao imperijalne sile gotova.
14:02
And another story of the cylinder begins.
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Tako počinje još jedna priča o Kirovom cilindru.
14:05
The region, the U.K. and the U.S. decide,
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SAD i Britanija odlučuju da se bliskoistočnu regiju
14:07
has to be kept safe from communism,
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mora biti sačuvati od komunizma
14:10
and the superpower that will be created to do this
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pa stvaraju novu supersilu da to postignu.
14:13
would be Iran, the Shah.
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Ta će sila biti Iran, odnosno šah.
14:15
And so the Shah invents an Iranian history,
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Šah će tako izmisliti iransku povijest,
14:18
or a return to Iranian history,
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odnosno povratak iranskoj povijesti
14:20
that puts him in the center of a great tradition
352
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koja njega stavlja u središte jedne velike tradicije.
14:23
and produces coins
353
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Dat će iskovati novčiće
14:25
showing himself
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na kojima je prikazan
14:27
with the Cyrus cylinder.
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s Kirovim cilindrom.
14:29
When he has his great celebrations in Persepolis,
356
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Organizirat će veliku proslavu u Perzepolisu
14:32
he summons the cylinder
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i za nju će zatražiti Kirov cilindar,
14:34
and the cylinder is lent by the British Museum, goes to Tehran,
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koji će biti posuđen iz Britanskog muzeja i poslan u Teheran,
14:37
and is part of those great celebrations
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gdje će postati dio velikih manifestacija,
14:39
of the Pahlavi dynasty.
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slavlja dinastije Pahlavi.
14:42
Cyrus cylinder: guarantor of the Shah.
361
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Kirov cilindar - šahovo jamstvo.
14:45
10 years later, another story:
362
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Deset godina kasnije, nova priča:
14:48
Iranian Revolution, 1979.
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iranska revolucija 1979. godine,
14:50
Islamic revolution, no more Cyrus;
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islamska revolucija, nema više Kira;
14:52
we're not interested in that history,
365
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ta nas povijest ne zanima,
14:54
we're interested in Islamic Iran --
366
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zanima nas islamski Iran
14:57
until Iraq,
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sve dok Irak,
14:59
the new superpower that we've all decided should be in the region,
368
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nova supersila koju smo postavili u regiji
15:02
attacks.
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ne napadne.
15:04
Then another Iran-Iraq war.
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Slijedi još jedan iransko-irački rat,
15:06
And it becomes critical for the Iranians
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a za Irance postaje nužnost
15:08
to remember their great past,
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sjećati se svoje slavne prošlosti
15:11
their great past
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slavne prošlosti u kojoj su se
15:13
when they fought Iraq and won.
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Iranci borili protiv Iraka i pobijedili.
15:16
It becomes critical to find a symbol
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Postaje im neophodno pronaći simbol
15:18
that will pull together all Iranians --
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koji će ujediniti Irance,
15:21
Muslims and non-Muslims,
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muslimane kao i nemuslimane,
15:23
Christians, Zoroastrians, Jews living in Iran,
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kršćane, zoroastrijance, Židove koji žive u Iranu,
15:26
people who are devout, not devout.
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vjernike, kao i one koji to nisu.
15:28
And the obvious emblem is Cyrus.
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Očiti simbol je Kir.
15:31
So when the British Museum and Tehran National Musuem
381
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Tako, kad su Britanski muzej i Nacionalni muzej u Teheranu
15:34
cooperate and work together, as we've been doing,
382
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započeli suradnju,
15:36
the Iranians ask for one thing only
383
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Iranci su zatražili samo jednu stvar
15:38
as a loan.
384
923000
2000
na posudbu
15:40
It's the only object they want.
385
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Jedini predmet koji su željeli na posudbu
15:42
They want to borrow the Cyrus cylinder.
386
927000
2000
bio je upravo Kirov cilindar.
15:44
And last year,
387
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2000
Tako se prošle godine
15:46
the Cyrus cylinder went to Tehran
388
931000
4000
Kirov cilindar vratio u Teheran
15:50
for the second time.
389
935000
3000
drugi put u svojoj povijesti.
15:53
It's shown being presented here, put into its case
390
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Na ovoj slici vidimo kako ga u vitrinu polaže
15:56
by the director of the National Museum of Tehran,
391
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3000
ravnateljica Nacionalnog muzeja u Teheranu,
15:59
one of the many women in Iran in very senior positions,
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jedna od mnogih žena u Iranu koje drže rukovodeće pozicije,
16:02
Mrs. Ardakani.
393
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gđa Ardakani.
16:04
It was a huge event.
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Bio je to događaj od iznimne važnosti.
16:06
This is the other side of that same picture.
395
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Ovo je slika istog tog događaja, ali s druge strane.
16:09
It's seen in Tehran
396
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U Teheranu je cilindar obišlo
16:12
by between one and two million people
397
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između milijun i dva milijuna ljudi
16:14
in the space of a few months.
398
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u razdoblju od nekoliko mjeseci.
16:16
This is beyond any blockbuster exhibition
399
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S time se ne mogu mjeriti ni najposjećenije izložbe
16:18
in the West.
400
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na Zapadu.
16:20
And it's the subject of a huge debate
401
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Povele su se mnoge rasprave
16:23
about what this cylinder means, what Cyrus means,
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o značaju tog cilindra, o Kirovom značaju
16:26
but above all, Cyrus as articulated through this cylinder --
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no najviše od svega, o Kiru kakav je opisan na ovom cilindru:
16:29
Cyrus as the defender of the homeland,
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Kiru, branitelju domovine
16:32
the champion, of course, of Iranian identity
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Kiru, prvaku iranskog identiteta
16:34
and of the Iranian peoples,
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i iranskih naroda,
16:36
tolerant of all faiths.
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Kiru koji je tolerirao sve vjere.
16:38
And in the current Iran,
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U suvremenom Iranu
16:40
Zoroastrians and Christians have guaranteed places
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zoroastrijancima i kršćanima zajamčena su mjesta
16:43
in the Iranian parliament, something to be very, very proud of.
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u iranskom parlamentu, što je izvor silnog ponosa.
16:46
To see this object in Tehran,
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Samo da bi vidjeli ovaj predmet,
16:49
thousands of Jews living in Iran
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tisuće iranskih Židova
16:51
came to Tehran to see it.
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dolazile su u Teheran.
16:53
It became a great emblem,
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Postao je snažan simbol,
16:55
a great subject of debate
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predmet rasprave
16:57
about what Iran is at home and abroad.
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o tome što Iran predstavlja u domovini i svijetu.
17:00
Is Iran still to be the defender of the oppressed?
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Treba li Iran i dalje biti branitelj potlačenih?
17:03
Will Iran set free the people
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Hoće li Iran osloboditi narode koje su
17:05
that the tyrants have enslaved and expropriated?
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tirani porobili i prognali?
17:08
This is heady national rhetoric,
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To je opojna nacionalna retorika
17:11
and it was all put together
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koja je stvorena
17:13
in a great pageant
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u sklopu parade
17:15
launching the return.
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povodom povratka Kirovog cilindra u domovinu.
17:17
Here you see this out-sized Cyrus cylinder on the stage
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Ovdje vidite uvećanu repliku Kirovog cilindra na pozornici
17:20
with great figures from Iranian history
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s velikim ličnostima iz iranske povijesti
17:23
gathering to take their place
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okupljenima kako bi zauzele svoje mjesto
17:25
in the heritage of Iran.
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u iranskoj baštini.
17:28
It was a narrative presented
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Taj je narativ predstavio
17:30
by the president himself.
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sam iranski predsjednik
17:33
And for me,
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Za mene je prilika
17:35
to take this object to Iran,
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da odnesem ovaj predmet u Iran,
17:37
to be allowed to take this object to Iran
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da mi bude dozvoljeno da ga onamo odnesem
17:39
was to be allowed to be part
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značila priliku da sudjelujem
17:41
of an extraordinary debate
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u jednoj izuzetnoj raspravi
17:43
led at the highest levels
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koja je vođena na najvišim razinama
17:45
about what Iran is,
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o tome što Iran jest,
17:47
what different Irans there are
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koje sve "verzije" Irana postoje
17:50
and how the different histories of Iran
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i na koji način različite povijesti Irana
17:52
might shape the world today.
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mogu oblikovati današnji svijet.
17:55
It's a debate that's still continuing,
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Ta rasprava još uvijek traje,
17:58
and it will continue to rumble,
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a nastavit će se i dalje
18:00
because this object
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jer ovaj predmet
18:02
is one of the great declarations
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predstavlja jedan od velikih izraza
18:04
of a human aspiration.
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ljudskih nastojanja.
18:06
It stands with the American constitution.
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Stoji uz bok američkom ustavu,
18:10
It certainly says far more about real freedoms
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a svakako govori više o stvarnim slobodama
18:13
than Magna Carta.
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nego Magna Carta.
18:15
It is a document that can mean so many things,
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Radi se o dokumentu koji može značiti toliko toga
18:18
for Iran and for the region.
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za Iran i za cijelu regiju.
18:21
A replica of this
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Replika ovog predmeta
18:23
is at the United Nations.
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nalazi se u Ujedinjenim narodima.
18:25
In New York this autumn, it will be present
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Bit će ondje, u New Yorku, ove jeseni
18:28
when the great debates
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kad se budu vodile velike rasprave
18:30
about the future of the Middle East take place.
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o budućnosti Bliskog istoka.
18:33
And I want to finish by asking you
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Želio bih završiti s pitanjem
18:35
what the next story will be
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koja će biti sljedeća priča
18:37
in which this object figures.
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u kojoj će ovaj predmet odigrati ulogu?
18:39
It will appear, certainly,
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Zasigurno će se pojaviti
18:41
in many more Middle Eastern stories.
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u središtu još mnogih priča o Bliskom istoku.
18:43
And what story of the Middle East,
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Koju to priču o Bliskom istoku,
18:45
what story of the world,
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koju to priču o svijetu
18:47
do you want to see
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želite vidjeti
18:49
reflecting what is said,
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kako odražava ono što je napisano
18:51
what is expressed in this cylinder?
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i izraženo na ovom cilindru?
18:53
The right of peoples
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Prava naroda
18:55
to live together in the same state,
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na suživot u istoj državi,
18:57
worshiping differently, freely --
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na slobodno prakticiranje različitih vjeroispovijesti,
18:59
a Middle East, a world,
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jedan Bliski istok, a i svijet
19:01
in which religion is not the subject of division
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u kojem religija nije uzrok podjela
19:03
or of debate.
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ni predmet rasprave?
19:06
In the world of the Middle East at the moment,
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U svijetu Bliskog istoka danas
19:09
the debates are, as you know, shrill.
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kao što znate, rasprave su oštre,
19:12
But I think it's possible
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No, vjerujem da je moguće
19:14
that the most powerful and the wisest voice of all of them
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da je najmoćniji i najmudriji glas koji se u njima čuje
19:18
may well be the voice
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možda upravo glas
19:20
of this mute thing,
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ovog nijemog predmeta,
19:22
the Cyrus cylinder.
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Kirovog cilindra.
19:24
Thank you.
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Hvala.
19:26
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Neil MacGregor - Director of The British MuseumThe writer and presenter of the BBC Radio 4 series "A History of the World in 100 Objects" and the accompanying book.
Why you should listen
Established by Act of Parliament in 1753 as a museum for the world (and free to enter, down to this day), the British Museum has built a near-encyclopedic collection of art and artifacts representing the sweep of human history across 2 million years. In his 2010 radio series A History of the World in 100 Objects (accompanied by a splendid book with the same title), director Neil MacGregor showed how the artifacts and items we collect are a powerful tool for sharing our shared human narrative.
MacGregor has long been fascinated with the way museums can tell the world's story. At the British Museum, he's negotiated his way to mounting shows full of Chinese and Persian treasures, helping sometimes-prickly governments to share his mission of cultural togetherness. He was named Briton of the Year in 2008 by the Sunday Times, who said, "He is a committed idealist who, in a world in which culture is increasingly presented as the acceptable face of politics, has pioneered a broader, more open, more peaceable way forward."
He says: "That’s what the museum is about: giving people their place in things.”
Neil MacGregor | Speaker | TED.com