TEDGlobal 2011
Neil MacGregor: 2600 years of history in one object
Nil Mekgregor (Neil MacGregor): 2600 godina istorije u jednom predmetu
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Glineni cilindar prekriven Akadskim klinastim pismom, oštećen i slomljen; Kirov valjak je moćan simbol verske tolerancije i multikulturalizma. U svom očaravajućem predavanju Nil Mekgregor (Neil MacGregor), direktor Britanskog muzeja, vodi nas kroz 2600 godina istorije Bliskog istoka sabranih u jednom predmetu.
Neil MacGregor - Director of The British Museum
The writer and presenter of the BBC Radio 4 series "A History of the World in 100 Objects" and the accompanying book. Full bio
The writer and presenter of the BBC Radio 4 series "A History of the World in 100 Objects" and the accompanying book. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
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The things we make
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Stvari koje pravimo
00:17
have one supreme quality --
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savršenije su od nas;
00:20
they live longer than us.
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žive duže od nas.
00:22
We perish, they survive;
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Mi nestajemo, one opstaju;
00:24
we have one life, they have many lives,
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mi imamo jedan život, one više njih,
00:27
and in each life they can mean different things.
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i u svakoj inkarnaciji mogu imati drugačiji značaj.
00:30
Which means that, while we all have one biography,
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Dakle, dok mi imamo jednu biografiju,
00:33
they have many.
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one ih imaju više.
00:35
I want this morning to talk
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Želeo bih ovog jutra da vam
00:37
about the story, the biography -- or rather the biographies --
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ispričam priču, biografiju, odnosno biografije,
00:40
of one particular object,
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jednog posebnog objekta,
00:43
one remarkable thing.
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jedne izvanredne stvari.
00:45
It doesn't, I agree,
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Složićemo se,
00:47
look very much.
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ne liči baš na nešto.
00:49
It's about the size of a rugby ball.
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Veličine je lopte za ragbi.
00:52
It's made of clay,
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Napravljen je od gline,
00:54
and it's been fashioned
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Izvajan je
00:56
into a cylinder shape,
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kao valjak,
00:59
covered with close writing
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ispisan je gustim tekstom
01:01
and then baked dry in the sun.
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i onda ispečen na suncu.
01:04
And as you can see,
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I kao što možete videti,
01:06
it's been knocked about a bit,
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prilično se ofucao,
01:08
which is not surprising
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što baš i ne iznenađuje
01:10
because it was made two and a half thousand years ago
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obzirom da je napravljen pre 2500 godina
01:13
and was dug up
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i iskopan
01:15
in 1879.
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1879. godine
01:17
But today,
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Ali danas je,
01:19
this thing is, I believe,
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ova stvar, verujem,
01:21
a major player
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važan činilac
01:23
in the politics of the Middle East.
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u politici Bliskog istoka.
01:25
And it's an object
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I taj predmet je
01:27
with fascinating stories
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pun očaravajućih priča
01:29
and stories that are by no means over yet.
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kojima se još ne nazire kraj.
01:33
The story begins
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Priča počinje
01:35
in the Iran-Iraq war
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Iransko- iračkim ratom,
01:39
and that series of events
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sledom događaja
01:41
that culminated
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koji kulminiraju
01:43
in the invasion of Iraq
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napadom na Irak
01:45
by foreign forces,
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od strane stranih vojski
01:47
the removal of a despotic ruler
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uklanjanjem despota
01:49
and instant regime change.
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i promenom režima preko noći.
01:52
And I want to begin
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Želeo bih da počnem
01:54
with one episode from that sequence of events
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jednom epizodom iz tog sleda
01:56
that most of you would be very familiar with,
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koja vam je većini poznata,
01:59
Belshazzar's feast --
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Baltazarovom gozbom;
02:01
because we're talking about the Iran-Iraq war
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jer pričamo o
02:03
of 539 BC.
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Iransko-iračkom ratu iz 539. pre Hrista
02:06
And the parallels
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A paralele
02:08
between the events
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između događaja
02:10
of 539 BC and 2003 and in between
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iz 539. pre Hrista i 2003.
02:13
are startling.
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su zapanjujuće.
02:15
What you're looking at is Rembrandt's painting,
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Vidite Rembrantovo platno,
02:17
now in the National Gallery in London,
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iz Nacionalne galerije u Londonu,
02:19
illustrating the text from the prophet Daniel
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koje prikazuje priču
02:21
in the Hebrew scriptures.
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iz Knjige proroka Danila iz Starog zaveta.
02:24
And you all know roughly the story.
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U grubim crtama, znate priču.
02:26
Belshazzar, the son of Nebuchadnezzar,
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Baltazar, sin Nabukodonosora,
02:29
Nebuchadnezzar who'd conquered Israel, sacked Jerusalem
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onog što je pokorio Judeju,
02:32
and captured the people
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opljačkao Jerusalim, porobio narod
02:34
and taken the Jews back to Babylon.
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i odveo Jevreje u vavilonsko ropstvo.
02:36
Not only the Jews, he'd taken the temple vessels.
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I ne samo ljude, već i posude iz hrama.
02:39
He'd ransacked, desecrated the temple.
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Opljačkao je i oskrnavio hram.
02:42
And the great gold vessels of the temple in Jerusalem
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I velike zlatne posude iz jerusalimskog hrama
02:45
had been taken to Babylon.
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su odnesene u Vavilon.
02:48
Belshazzar, his son,
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Baltazar, njegov sin,
02:50
decides to have a feast.
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reši da napravi gozbu.
02:52
And in order to make it even more exciting,
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I da bi je učinio uzbudljivijom,
02:54
he added a bit of sacrilege to the rest of the fun,
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dodao je malo blasfemije
02:57
and he brings out the temple vessels.
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iznoseći gostima hramske posude.
03:00
He's already at war with the Iranians,
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Već traje rat sa Iranom,
03:03
with the king of Persia.
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sa persijskim carem.
03:05
And that night, Daniel tells us,
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I te noći, priča nam Danilo,
03:08
at the height of the festivities
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na vrhuncu zabave
03:10
a hand appeared and wrote on the wall,
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pojavljuje se ruka koja na zidu ispisuje:
03:13
"You are weighed in the balance and found wanting,
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˝ Izmeren si na merila, i našao si se lak,
03:16
and your kingdom is handed over
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razdeljeno je carstvo tvoje,
03:18
to the Medes and the Persians."
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i dano Midijanima i Persijanima.˝
03:20
And that very night
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Iste noći
03:22
Cyrus, king of the Persians, entered Babylon
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Kir, persijski car, ulazi u Vavilon
03:26
and the whole regime of Belshazzar fell.
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i Baltazarov režim se ruši.
03:31
It is, of course, a great moment
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To je, naravno,
03:33
in the history
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važan trenutak u istoriji
03:35
of the Jewish people.
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Jevrejskog naroda.
03:37
It's a great story. It's story we all know.
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Sjajna priča. Priča koju svi znamo.
03:39
"The writing on the wall"
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˝Tako nam je zapisano˝
03:41
is part of our everyday language.
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je svakodnevna fraza.
03:44
What happened next
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Šta biva dalje
03:46
was remarkable,
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je značajno,
03:48
and it's where our cylinder
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i tu naš valjak
03:50
enters the story.
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ulazi u priču.
03:52
Cyrus, king of the Persians,
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Kir, persijski car,
03:54
has entered Babylon without a fight --
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osvojio je Vavilon bez borbe,
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the great empire of Babylon,
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veliko vavilonsko carstvo,
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which ran from central southern Iraq
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koje se protezalo od južnog Iraka
04:00
to the Mediterranean,
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do Mediterana,
04:02
falls to Cyrus.
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pada pred Kirom.
04:04
And Cyrus makes a declaration.
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I Kir izdaje proglas.
04:08
And that is what this cylinder is,
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To je u stvari valjak,
04:11
the declaration made by the ruler guided by God
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proglas vladara, vođenog božijom rukom
04:14
who had toppled the Iraqi despot
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koji je srušio iračkog despota
04:18
and was going to bring freedom to the people.
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i doneo slobodu narodu.
04:20
In ringing Babylonian --
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Na pompeznom vavilonskom,
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it was written in Babylonian --
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napisan je na vavilonskom,
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he says, "I am Cyrus, king of all the universe,
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kaže: ˝Ja sam Kir, gospodar vaseljene,
04:27
the great king, the powerful king,
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veliki i moćan kralj,
04:29
king of Babylon, king of the four quarters of the world."
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kralj Vavilona, vladar četiri strane sveta.˝
04:33
They're not shy of hyperbole as you can see.
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Preterivanje im nije bilo strano, kao što vidite.
04:36
This is probably
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Ovo je verovatno
04:38
the first real press release
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prva prava izjava za štampu
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by a victorious army
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pobedničke vojske
04:42
that we've got.
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koju posedujemo.
04:44
And it's written, as we'll see in due course,
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I napisali su je, kao što ćemo videti,
04:46
by very skilled P.R. consultants.
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vrlo talentovani stručnjaci za marketing.
04:49
So the hyperbole is not actually surprising.
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Tako da preterivanje i ne treba da iznenadi.
04:52
And what is the great king, the powerful king,
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I šta će to veliki, moćni kralj,
04:54
the king of the four quarters of the world going to do?
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vladar četiri strane sveta da uradi?
04:57
He goes on to say that, having conquered Babylon,
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Objavljuje da će, pokorivši Vavilon,
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he will at once let all the peoples
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smesta, svi narodi koje su vavilonci,
05:03
that the Babylonians -- Nebuchadnezzar and Belshazzar --
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Nabukodonosor i Baltazar,
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have captured and enslaved
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pokorili i porobili
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go free.
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postati slobodni.
05:09
He'll let them return to their countries.
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Dozvoliće im povratak u domovinu.
05:11
And more important,
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I još važnije,
05:13
he will let them all recover
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dozvoliće im da preuzmu
05:15
the gods, the statues,
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bogove, statue,
05:17
the temple vessels
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hramske posude
05:19
that had been confiscated.
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koje su im bile oduzete.
05:21
All the peoples that the Babylonians had repressed and removed
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Svi narodi koje su vavilonci tlačili
05:24
will go home,
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i preseljavali, se vraćaju kući,
05:26
and they'll take with them their gods.
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i nose sa sobom svoje bogove.
05:29
And they'll be able to restore their altars
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Moći će da obnove svoje oltare
05:32
and to worship their gods
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da se mole svojim bogovima
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in their own way, in their own place.
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na svoj način, u svojim hramovima.
05:37
This is the decree,
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Ovo je onaj dekret,
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this object is the evidence
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ovo je taj dokaz
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for the fact that the Jews,
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za to da su Jevreji,
05:44
after the exile in Babylon,
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nakon vavilonskog ropstva,
05:46
the years they'd spent sitting by the waters of Babylon,
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godina provedenih pored vavilonskih reka
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weeping when they remembered Jerusalem,
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lijući suze za Jerusalimom,
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those Jews were allowed to go home.
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ti Jevreji su pušteni da se vrate kući.
05:55
They were allowed to return to Jerusalem
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Dozvoljeno im je da se vrate u Jerusalim
05:57
and to rebuild the temple.
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i obnove hram.
05:59
It's a central document
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To je ključni dokument
06:01
in Jewish history.
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jevrejske istorije.
06:03
And the Book of Chronicles, the Book of Ezra in the Hebrew scriptures
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I Knjige dnevnika i Jezdra u Starom zavetu
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reported in ringing terms.
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su nas izvestile o njemu.
06:09
This is the Jewish version
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Ovo je jevrejska verzija
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of the same story.
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iste priče.
06:13
"Thus said Cyrus, king of Persia,
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˝Ovako veli Kir, car persijski:
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'All the kingdoms of the earth have the Lord God of heaven given thee,
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Sva carstva zemaljska dao mi je Gospod Bog nebeski,
06:18
and he has charged me
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On mi je zapovedio
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to build him a house in Jerusalem.
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da Mu sazidam dom u Jerusalimu u Judeji.
06:22
Who is there among you of his people?
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Ko je između vas od svega naroda Njegovog?
06:24
The Lord God be with him,
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Bog nebeski neka bude s njim,
06:26
and let him go up.'"
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pa nek ide (gore) u Jerusalim u Judeji.˝
06:29
"Go up" -- aaleh.
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˝...nek ide gore...˝ -- aaleh
06:31
The central element, still,
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Još uvek središnja tema
06:34
of the notion of return,
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predstave o povratku,
06:36
a central part
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centralni deo
06:38
of the life of Judaism.
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života Judaizma.
06:40
As you all know, that return from exile,
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Kao što znate, povratak iz izgnanstva,
06:42
the second temple,
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drugi hram,
06:44
reshaped Judaism.
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preoblikuje veru.
06:46
And that change,
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Tu promenu,
06:48
that great historic moment,
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taj važan istorijski trenutak,
06:50
was made possible by Cyrus, the king of Persia,
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je učinio Kir, persijski car,
06:54
reported for us in Hebrew in scripture
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što nas izveštavaju svete knjige na hebrejskom
06:57
and in Babylonian in clay.
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i ispis na vavilonskom u glini.
07:00
Two great texts,
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Dva značajna teksta,
07:02
what about the politics?
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a šta sa politikom?
07:04
What was going on
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Šta se događalo je da je
07:06
was the fundamental shift in Middle Eastern history.
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to bio korenit pomak u istoriji Bliskog istoka.
07:09
The empire of Iran, the Medes and the Persians,
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Imperije na teritoriji Irana,
07:12
united under Cyrus,
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Medija i Persija, ujedinjene pod Kirom,
07:14
became the first great world empire.
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postaju prva velika svetska imperija.
07:18
Cyrus begins in the 530s BC.
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Kir započinje, 530-ih pre Hrista
07:21
And by the time of his son Darius,
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da bi za vladavine njegovog sina Darija,
07:25
the whole of the eastern Mediterranean
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ceo istočni Mediteran
07:28
is under Persian control.
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bio pod persijskom vlašću.
07:30
This empire is, in fact,
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Imperija je, de fakto,
07:32
the Middle East as we now know it,
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Bliski istok kakvim ga danas znamo,
07:34
and it's what shapes the Middle East as we now know it.
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i ona mu daje današnji oblik.
07:37
It was the largest empire the world had known until then.
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To je bila najveća imperija
07:39
Much more important,
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koju je svet do tada video, i važnije,
07:41
it was the first
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to je prva
07:43
multicultural, multifaith state
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multikulturalna i multiverska država
07:45
on a huge scale.
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velikih razmera.
07:47
And it had to be run in a quite new way.
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I moralo se upravljati na novi način.
07:49
It had to be run in different languages.
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Moralo se upravljati na više jezika.
07:51
The fact that this decree is in Babylonian says one thing.
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To što je ovaj dekret na vavilonskom nam dosta govori.
07:54
And it had to recognize their different habits,
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Morale su se priznati drugačije navike,
07:56
different peoples, different religions, different faiths.
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drugačiji narodi, religije, drugačija verovanja.
07:59
All of those are respected by Cyrus.
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Sve njih Kir poštuje.
08:02
Cyrus sets up a model
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Kir postavlja model
08:04
of how you run
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kako upravljati
08:06
a great multinational, multifaith, multicultural society.
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velikim multinacionalnim, verskim i kulturalnim društvom.
08:11
And the result of that
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Rezutat toga beše imperija
08:13
was an empire that included the areas you see on the screen,
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koja je obuhvatala regije koje vidite na ekranu,
08:16
and which survived for 200 years of stability
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koja se održala 200 stabilnih godina
08:19
until it was shattered by Alexander.
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dok ju nije razbio Aleksandar Makedonski.
08:22
It left a dream of the Middle East as a unit,
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Ostavila je san o Bliskom istoku,
08:24
and a unit where people of different faiths
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kao celini gde ljudi
08:26
could live together.
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različitih vera mogu živeti zajedno.
08:28
The Greek invasions ended that.
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Grčka invazija je to okončala.
08:30
And of course, Alexander couldn't sustain a government
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Naravno, Aleksandar nije mogao da održi vlast
08:33
and it fragmented.
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i imperija se raspala.
08:35
But what Cyrus represented
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Ali ono što je Kir predstavljao
08:37
remained absolutely central.
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ostaje jako bitno.
08:39
The Greek historian Xenophon
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Grčki istoričar Ksenofont
08:42
wrote his book "Cyropaedia"
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je napisao knjigu ˝Kirovo vaspitanje˝
08:44
promoting Cyrus as the great ruler.
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gde prikazuje Kira kao velikog vladara.
08:46
And throughout European culture afterward,
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I kasnije kroz istoriju evropske kulture,
08:49
Cyrus remained the model.
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Kir ostaje primer.
08:52
This is a 16th century image
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Ovo je slika iz 16-og veka
08:54
to show you how widespread
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samo da vam pokažem
08:56
his veneration actually was.
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koliko je bio poštovan.
08:59
And Xenophon's book on Cyrus
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Ksenofontova knjiga
09:01
on how you ran a diverse society
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o tome kako upravljati raznolim društvom
09:04
was one of the great textbooks
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bila je odličan udžbenik
09:06
that inspired the Founding Fathers
219
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osnivačima nacije
09:08
of the American Revolution.
220
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u američkoj revoluciji.
09:10
Jefferson was a great admirer --
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Džeferson je bio veliki poštovalac,
09:12
the ideals of Cyrus
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Kirovi ideali
09:14
obviously speaking to those 18th century ideals
223
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utiču na ideale 18-og veka
09:16
of how you create religious tolerance
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o uspostavljanju
09:18
in a new state.
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verske tolerancije u novoj državi.
09:23
Meanwhile, back in Babylon,
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Za to vreme, u Vavilonu,
09:25
things had not been going well.
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stvari ne idu baš dobro.
09:27
After Alexander, the other empires,
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Nakon Aleksandra, i sledećih imperija,
09:30
Babylon declines, falls into ruins,
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Vavilon slabi, urušava se,
09:33
and all the traces of the great Babylonian empire are lost --
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i svi tragovi velikog vavilonskog carstva se gube,
09:37
until 1879
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do 1879.
09:39
when the cylinder is discovered
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kada valjak otkriva
09:42
by a British Museum exhibition digging in Babylon.
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ekspedicija Britanskog muzeja kopajući u Vavilonu.
09:45
And it enters now another story.
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Tad počinje svoju sledeću priču.
09:48
It enters that great debate
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Upada u sred rasprave
09:50
in the middle of the 19th century:
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iz sredine 19-og veka:
09:52
Are the scriptures reliable? Can we trust them?
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Da li je Biblija pouzdana? Može li joj se verovati?
09:55
We only knew
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Bilo nam je poznato samo
09:57
about the return of the Jews and the decree of Cyrus
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ono o povratku iz ropstva,
09:59
from the Hebrew scriptures.
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što piše u Starom zavetu.
10:01
No other evidence.
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Nije bilo drugih dokaza.
10:03
Suddenly, this appeared.
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Odjednom, ovo.
10:05
And great excitement
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Nastaje veliko uzbuđenje
10:07
to a world where those who believed in the scriptures
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među ljudima
10:09
had had their faith in creation shaken
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kojima je vera uzdrmana
10:11
by evolution, by geology,
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teorijom evolucije, geologijom;
10:13
here was evidence
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pojavljuje se dokaz
10:15
that the scriptures were historically true.
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da je Biblija istorijski tačna.
10:17
It's a great 19th century moment.
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Značajan trenutak 19-og veka.
10:20
But -- and this, of course, is where it becomes complicated --
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Ali, sad postaje komplikovano,
10:25
the facts were true,
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činjenice su tačne,
10:27
hurrah for archeology,
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ura! za arheologiju,
10:30
but the interpretation was rather more complicated.
253
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tumačenje se ispostavlja složenije.
10:33
Because the cylinder account and the Hebrew Bible account
254
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Jer se priča sa valjka i priča iz Biblje
10:36
differ in one key respect.
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razlikuju u jednoj bitnoj stvari.
10:38
The Babylonian cylinder
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Vavilonski cilindar
10:40
is written by the priests
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ispisan rukom sveštenika
10:42
of the great god of Bablyon, Marduk.
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velikog boga Vavilona, Marduka.
10:44
And, not surprisingly,
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I, ništa čudno,
10:46
they tell you that all this was done by Marduk.
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kažu nam da je sve Mardukovo delo.
10:48
"Marduk, we hold, called Cyrus by his name."
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˝Marduk, pozva Kira po imenu˝
10:51
Marduk takes Cyrus by the hand,
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Marduk uzima Kira pod ruku,
10:54
calls him to shepherd his people
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poziva ga da bude pastir svom narodu
10:56
and gives him the rule of Babylon.
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i daje mu vlast nad Vavilonom.
10:59
Marduk tells Cyrus
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Marduk govori Kiru
11:01
that he will do these great, generous things
266
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da će činiti velika, plemenita dela
11:03
of setting the people free.
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oslobađajući narode.
11:05
And this is why we should all be grateful to
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I zbog toga svi moramo biti
11:07
and worship Marduk.
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zahvalni i obožavati Marduka.
11:09
The Hebrew writers
270
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Jevrejski pisci
11:11
in the Old Testament,
271
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Starog zaveta,
11:13
you will not be surprised to learn,
272
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opet ništa čudno,
11:16
take a rather different view of this.
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gledaju na stvari malo drugačije.
11:18
For them, of course, it can't possibly by Marduk
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Za njih, naravno,
11:20
that made all this happen.
275
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to nikako ne biva Mardukovo delo.
11:22
It can only be Jehovah.
276
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To može biti samo Jehova.
11:24
And so in Isaiah,
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I tako u Isaiji,
11:26
we have the wonderful texts
278
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imamo divne pasaže
11:28
giving all the credit of this,
279
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gde se sve zasluge pripisuju,
11:30
not to Marduk
280
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1000
ne Marduku
11:31
but to the Lord God of Israel --
281
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3000
već Gospodu bogu Izrailja,
11:34
the Lord God of Israel
282
679000
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bogu Izrailja koji
11:36
who also called Cyrus by name,
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takođe proziva Kira,
11:38
also takes Cyrus by the hand
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takođe hvata Kira pod ruku
11:41
and talks of him shepherding his people.
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i govori mu o vođstvu.
11:43
It's a remarkable example
286
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Ovo je odličan primer
11:45
of two different priestly appropriations of the same event,
287
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kako dva sveštenstva prisvajaju isti događaj,
11:49
two different religious takeovers
288
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dva različita verska
11:51
of a political fact.
289
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preuzimanja političkih zasluga.
11:53
God, we know,
290
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Bog je, znamo,
11:55
is usually on the side of the big battalions.
291
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obično na strani jačeg.
11:57
The question is, which god was it?
292
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Pitanje je, koji je bog to bio?
12:00
And the debate unsettles
293
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Ta rasprava onespokojava
12:02
everybody in the 19th century
294
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svakoga u 19-om veku
12:04
to realize that the Hebrew scriptures
295
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ko shvata da je Biblija
12:06
are part of a much wider world of religion.
296
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3000
samo deo mnogo šireg sveta duhovnosti.
12:09
And it's quite clear
297
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I prilično je jasno
12:11
the cylinder is older than the text of Isaiah,
298
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da je valjak stariji od teksta Isaije,
12:14
and yet, Jehovah is speaking
299
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a opet, Jehova govori
12:16
in words very similar
300
721000
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rečima jako sličnim
12:18
to those used by Marduk.
301
723000
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onima koje je koristio Marduk.
12:20
And there's a slight sense that Isaiah knows this,
302
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Postoji naznaka da je ovo poznato Isaiji,
12:23
because he says,
303
728000
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jer kaže,
12:25
this is God speaking, of course,
304
730000
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ovo bog govori, naravno:
12:28
"I have called thee by thy name
305
733000
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˝...prozvah te imenom tvojim i prezimenom,
12:30
though thou hast not known me."
306
735000
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premda me ne znaš.˝
12:32
I think it's recognized
307
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2000
Mislim da priznaje
12:34
that Cyrus doesn't realize
308
739000
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da Kir ne shvata
12:36
that he's acting under orders from Jehovah.
309
741000
3000
da mu naređuje Jehova.
12:39
And equally, he'd have been surprised that he was acting under orders from Marduk.
310
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3000
Iznenadio bi se i da mu naređuje Marduk.
12:42
Because interestingly, of course,
311
747000
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Jer, interesantno,
12:44
Cyrus is a good Iranian
312
749000
2000
Kir je bio Iranac
12:46
with a totally different set of gods
313
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sa potpuno drugačijim panteonom bogova
12:48
who are not mentioned in any of these texts.
314
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koji se nigde ne pominju.
12:50
(Laughter)
315
755000
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(Smeh)
12:52
That's 1879.
316
757000
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To je 1879.
12:54
40 years on
317
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40 godina kasnije
12:56
and we're in 1917,
318
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nalazimo se u 1917.
12:59
and the cylinder enters a different world.
319
764000
2000
i naš cilindar izranja u drugačiji svet.
13:01
This time, the real politics
320
766000
2000
Real-politika
13:03
of the contemporary world --
321
768000
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tadašnjeg sveta,
13:05
the year of the Balfour Declaration,
322
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3000
godina Balfurove deklaracije,
13:08
the year when the new imperial power in the Middle East, Britain,
323
773000
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godina kada nova imperijalna sila na Bliskom istoku,
13:11
decides that it will declare
324
776000
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Britanija, odlučuje da proglasi
13:13
a Jewish national home,
325
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2000
domovinu za Jevreje,
13:15
it will allow
326
780000
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i dozvoli im
13:17
the Jews to return.
327
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povratak.
13:19
And the response to this
328
784000
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Jevrejsko stanovništvo
13:21
by the Jewish population in Eastern Europe is rhapsodic.
329
786000
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širom istočne Evrope je ushićeno.
13:24
And across Eastern Europe,
330
789000
2000
Širom istočne Evrope,
13:26
Jews display pictures of Cyrus
331
791000
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Jevreji ističu slike Kira
13:28
and of George V
332
793000
2000
i Džordža Petog
13:30
side by side --
333
795000
2000
jednog uz drugog;
13:32
the two great rulers
334
797000
2000
dva velika vladara
13:34
who have allowed the return to Jerusalem.
335
799000
3000
koja su im dozvolila povratak u Jerusalim.
13:37
And the Cyrus cylinder comes back into public view
336
802000
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Kirov valjak se vraća u žižu javnosti
13:40
and the text of this
337
805000
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i njegov tekst
13:42
as a demonstration of why what is going to happen
338
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predstavlja dokaz da ono
13:45
after the war is over in 1918
339
810000
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što se sprema posle okončanja rata 1918.
13:48
is part of a divine plan.
340
813000
3000
predstavlja deo božijeg plana.
13:51
You all know what happened.
341
816000
2000
Znate šta se desilo.
13:53
The state of Israel is setup,
342
818000
3000
Postavlja se temelj Izraela,
13:56
and 50 years later, in the late 60s,
343
821000
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i 50 godina kasnije, kasnih 60-ih,
13:59
it's clear that Britain's role as the imperial power is over.
344
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jasno je da je britanska imperijalna moć gotova.
14:02
And another story of the cylinder begins.
345
827000
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I nova priča počinje.
14:05
The region, the U.K. and the U.S. decide,
346
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Britanija i SAD odlučuju da se
14:07
has to be kept safe from communism,
347
832000
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region mora osigurati od komunizma,
14:10
and the superpower that will be created to do this
348
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i supersila koju kreiraju za taj zadatak
14:13
would be Iran, the Shah.
349
838000
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postaje Iran, šah.
14:15
And so the Shah invents an Iranian history,
350
840000
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I tako šah izmišlja iransku istoriju,
14:18
or a return to Iranian history,
351
843000
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odnosno, povratak istoriji,
14:20
that puts him in the center of a great tradition
352
845000
3000
postavlja sebe u središte velike tradicije
14:23
and produces coins
353
848000
2000
kuje novac
14:25
showing himself
354
850000
2000
prikazujući sebe
14:27
with the Cyrus cylinder.
355
852000
2000
sa Kirovim valjkom.
14:29
When he has his great celebrations in Persepolis,
356
854000
3000
Kada pravi veliko slavlje u Persepolisu,
14:32
he summons the cylinder
357
857000
2000
traži Kirov valjak
14:34
and the cylinder is lent by the British Museum, goes to Tehran,
358
859000
3000
i Britanski muzej ga pozajmljuje, dospeva u Teheran,
14:37
and is part of those great celebrations
359
862000
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i biva deo veličanja
14:39
of the Pahlavi dynasty.
360
864000
3000
dinastije Pahlavi.
14:42
Cyrus cylinder: guarantor of the Shah.
361
867000
3000
Kirov valjak garantuje za šaha.
14:45
10 years later, another story:
362
870000
3000
10 godina kasnije, druga priča:
14:48
Iranian Revolution, 1979.
363
873000
2000
Iranska revolucija, 1979.
14:50
Islamic revolution, no more Cyrus;
364
875000
2000
Islamska revolucija, nema više Kira;
14:52
we're not interested in that history,
365
877000
2000
ne interesuje nas više ta istorija,
14:54
we're interested in Islamic Iran --
366
879000
3000
interesuje nas islamski Iran;
14:57
until Iraq,
367
882000
2000
dok Irak,
14:59
the new superpower that we've all decided should be in the region,
368
884000
3000
nova supersila koju smo postavili u region,
15:02
attacks.
369
887000
2000
napada.
15:04
Then another Iran-Iraq war.
370
889000
2000
A onda novi Iransko-irački rat.
15:06
And it becomes critical for the Iranians
371
891000
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Irancima postaje presudno
15:08
to remember their great past,
372
893000
3000
da obnove sećanje na svoju veliku prošlost,
15:11
their great past
373
896000
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svoju prošlost
15:13
when they fought Iraq and won.
374
898000
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kada su se borili sa Irakom i pobedili.
15:16
It becomes critical to find a symbol
375
901000
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Postaje presudno da se pronađe simbol
15:18
that will pull together all Iranians --
376
903000
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koji će okupiti sve Irance;
15:21
Muslims and non-Muslims,
377
906000
2000
Muslimane i one koji to nisu,
15:23
Christians, Zoroastrians, Jews living in Iran,
378
908000
3000
Hrišćane, Zoroastrijance, iranske Jevreje,
15:26
people who are devout, not devout.
379
911000
2000
vernike i nevernike.
15:28
And the obvious emblem is Cyrus.
380
913000
3000
Očigledan simbol je Kir.
15:31
So when the British Museum and Tehran National Musuem
381
916000
3000
I tako, kad Britanski muzej
15:34
cooperate and work together, as we've been doing,
382
919000
2000
i teheranski Nacionalni muzej sarađuju,
15:36
the Iranians ask for one thing only
383
921000
2000
Iranci traže
15:38
as a loan.
384
923000
2000
samo jednu stvar na zajam.
15:40
It's the only object they want.
385
925000
2000
To je jedini predmet koji žele.
15:42
They want to borrow the Cyrus cylinder.
386
927000
2000
Traže na zajam Kirov valjak.
15:44
And last year,
387
929000
2000
Prošle godine,
15:46
the Cyrus cylinder went to Tehran
388
931000
4000
Kirov valjak odlazi u Teheran
15:50
for the second time.
389
935000
3000
po drugi put.
15:53
It's shown being presented here, put into its case
390
938000
3000
Vidimo kako ga postavlja na mesto
15:56
by the director of the National Museum of Tehran,
391
941000
3000
direktor Nacionalnog muzeja,
15:59
one of the many women in Iran in very senior positions,
392
944000
3000
jedna od mnogih Iranki na važnim položajima,
16:02
Mrs. Ardakani.
393
947000
2000
gospođa Ardakani.
16:04
It was a huge event.
394
949000
2000
Bio je to ogroman događaj.
16:06
This is the other side of that same picture.
395
951000
3000
Ovo je druga strana iste slike.
16:09
It's seen in Tehran
396
954000
3000
U Teheranu ga je videlo
16:12
by between one and two million people
397
957000
2000
nešto manje od 2 miliona ljudi
16:14
in the space of a few months.
398
959000
2000
u razmaku od nekoliko meseci.
16:16
This is beyond any blockbuster exhibition
399
961000
2000
Ovo nadmašuje
16:18
in the West.
400
963000
2000
bilo koju hit izložbu na zapadu.
16:20
And it's the subject of a huge debate
401
965000
3000
Predmet je velike rasprave
16:23
about what this cylinder means, what Cyrus means,
402
968000
3000
o značaju valjka i samog Kira,
16:26
but above all, Cyrus as articulated through this cylinder --
403
971000
3000
o Kiru kakvog nam opisuje valjak,
16:29
Cyrus as the defender of the homeland,
404
974000
3000
Kiru kao braniocu domovine,
16:32
the champion, of course, of Iranian identity
405
977000
2000
predstavniku iranskog identiteta
16:34
and of the Iranian peoples,
406
979000
2000
i iranskih naroda,
16:36
tolerant of all faiths.
407
981000
2000
tolerantnom prema svim verovanjima.
16:38
And in the current Iran,
408
983000
2000
U današnjem Iranu,
16:40
Zoroastrians and Christians have guaranteed places
409
985000
3000
Zoroastrijanci i Hrišćani imaju garantovana mesta
16:43
in the Iranian parliament, something to be very, very proud of.
410
988000
3000
u iranskom parlamentu, na šta su veoma ponosni.
16:46
To see this object in Tehran,
411
991000
3000
Da bi videli ovaj predmet,
16:49
thousands of Jews living in Iran
412
994000
2000
hiljade iranskih Jevreja
16:51
came to Tehran to see it.
413
996000
2000
došlo je u Teheran.
16:53
It became a great emblem,
414
998000
2000
Postao je veliki simbol,
16:55
a great subject of debate
415
1000000
2000
predmet debate
16:57
about what Iran is at home and abroad.
416
1002000
3000
o tome šta je Iran danas.
17:00
Is Iran still to be the defender of the oppressed?
417
1005000
3000
Da li je Iran još uvek branilac potlačenih?
17:03
Will Iran set free the people
418
1008000
2000
Hoće li Iran osloboditi narode
17:05
that the tyrants have enslaved and expropriated?
419
1010000
3000
koje su tirani porobili i opljačkali?
17:08
This is heady national rhetoric,
420
1013000
3000
Ovo je opojna nacionalistička retorika,
17:11
and it was all put together
421
1016000
2000
i prikazana je
17:13
in a great pageant
422
1018000
2000
u velikoj predstavi
17:15
launching the return.
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u čast povratka valjka.
17:17
Here you see this out-sized Cyrus cylinder on the stage
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Vidite ovaj preveliki Kirov valjak na sceni
17:20
with great figures from Iranian history
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sa značajnim ličnostima iz iranske istorije
17:23
gathering to take their place
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okupljenim da zauzmu svoja mesta
17:25
in the heritage of Iran.
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u iranskoj tradiciji.
17:28
It was a narrative presented
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Taj narativ gura
17:30
by the president himself.
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sam predsednik.
17:33
And for me,
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Za mene,
17:35
to take this object to Iran,
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da odnesem ovaj predmet u Iran,
17:37
to be allowed to take this object to Iran
432
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prilika da to učinim
17:39
was to be allowed to be part
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znači da sam postao deo
17:41
of an extraordinary debate
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izvanredne rasprave
17:43
led at the highest levels
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vođene na najvišim nivoima
17:45
about what Iran is,
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o biću Irana,
17:47
what different Irans there are
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o različitostima Irana,
17:50
and how the different histories of Iran
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i kako različite iranske istorije
17:52
might shape the world today.
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mogu oblikovati svet danas.
17:55
It's a debate that's still continuing,
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Debata još traje,
17:58
and it will continue to rumble,
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i nastaviće da bruji,
18:00
because this object
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jer ovaj predmet
18:02
is one of the great declarations
443
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predstavlja jednu od velikih
18:04
of a human aspiration.
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objava čovekovih stremljenja.
18:06
It stands with the American constitution.
445
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Rame uz rame stoji sa američkim ustavom.
18:10
It certainly says far more about real freedoms
446
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Zaista govori daleko više o pravim slobodama
18:13
than Magna Carta.
447
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od Magna Karte.
18:15
It is a document that can mean so many things,
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To je dokument koji može značiti toliko mnogo stvari
18:18
for Iran and for the region.
449
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za Iran i region.
18:21
A replica of this
450
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Replika se nalazi
18:23
is at the United Nations.
451
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u Ujedinjenim nacijama.
18:25
In New York this autumn, it will be present
452
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Biće prisutan ove jeseni u Njujorku
18:28
when the great debates
453
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kad započnu rasprave
18:30
about the future of the Middle East take place.
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o budućnosti Bliskog istoka.
18:33
And I want to finish by asking you
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Želeo bih da završim upitavši vas
18:35
what the next story will be
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koja je sledeća priča
18:37
in which this object figures.
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u kojoj će se pojaviti ovaj valjak.
18:39
It will appear, certainly,
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Pojaviće se, sigurno,
18:41
in many more Middle Eastern stories.
459
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u još mnogo bliskoistočnih priča.
18:43
And what story of the Middle East,
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I koju priču o Bliskom istoku
18:45
what story of the world,
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koju priču o svetu
18:47
do you want to see
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biste želeli
18:49
reflecting what is said,
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da odrazi ono što je rečeno,
18:51
what is expressed in this cylinder?
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što je zapisano na valjku?
18:53
The right of peoples
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Pravo naroda
18:55
to live together in the same state,
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na suživot u istoj zemlji,
18:57
worshiping differently, freely --
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različito verujući, slobodno.
18:59
a Middle East, a world,
468
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Bliski istok, svet,
19:01
in which religion is not the subject of division
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u kome vera nije predmet podele
19:03
or of debate.
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ili rasprave.
19:06
In the world of the Middle East at the moment,
471
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Na Bliskom istoku su trenutno,
19:09
the debates are, as you know, shrill.
472
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rasprave zaglušujuće.
19:12
But I think it's possible
473
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Ali moguće je
19:14
that the most powerful and the wisest voice of all of them
474
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da je najmoćniji i najmudriji glas od svih
19:18
may well be the voice
475
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ipak glas
19:20
of this mute thing,
476
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ove neme stvari.
19:22
the Cyrus cylinder.
477
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Kirovog valjka.
19:24
Thank you.
478
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Hvala vam.
19:26
(Applause)
479
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Neil MacGregor - Director of The British MuseumThe writer and presenter of the BBC Radio 4 series "A History of the World in 100 Objects" and the accompanying book.
Why you should listen
Established by Act of Parliament in 1753 as a museum for the world (and free to enter, down to this day), the British Museum has built a near-encyclopedic collection of art and artifacts representing the sweep of human history across 2 million years. In his 2010 radio series A History of the World in 100 Objects (accompanied by a splendid book with the same title), director Neil MacGregor showed how the artifacts and items we collect are a powerful tool for sharing our shared human narrative.
MacGregor has long been fascinated with the way museums can tell the world's story. At the British Museum, he's negotiated his way to mounting shows full of Chinese and Persian treasures, helping sometimes-prickly governments to share his mission of cultural togetherness. He was named Briton of the Year in 2008 by the Sunday Times, who said, "He is a committed idealist who, in a world in which culture is increasingly presented as the acceptable face of politics, has pioneered a broader, more open, more peaceable way forward."
He says: "That’s what the museum is about: giving people their place in things.”
Neil MacGregor | Speaker | TED.com