TED2009
Barry Schwartz: Our loss of wisdom
Barry Schwartz o našem gubitku mudrosti
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Barry Schwartz strastveno poziva na "praktičnu mudrost" kao protuotrov društvu koje je poludjelo s birokracijom. Snažno argumentira kako nas pravila često iznevjeruju, poticaji nam se često obiju o glavu, dok praktična, svakodnevna mudrost može pomoći obnovi našeg svijeta.
Barry Schwartz - Psychologist
Barry Schwartz studies the link between economics and psychology, offering startling insights into modern life. Lately, working with Ken Sharpe, he's studying wisdom. Full bio
Barry Schwartz studies the link between economics and psychology, offering startling insights into modern life. Lately, working with Ken Sharpe, he's studying wisdom. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
In his inaugural address,
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U svojem inauguracijskom obraćanju,
00:14
Barack Obama appealed to each of us to give our best
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Barack Obama je apelirao na svakoga od nas da pružimo sve od sebe
00:18
as we try to extricate ourselves from this current financial crisis.
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dok se pokušavamo izvući iz trenutne financijske krize.
00:24
But what did he appeal to?
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Ali na što je apelirao?
00:26
He did not, happily, follow in the footsteps of his predecessor,
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Nije, srećom, slijedio primjer svog prethodnika,
00:30
and tell us to just go shopping.
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i rekao nam da samo idemo kupovati.
00:34
Nor did he tell us, "Trust us. Trust your country.
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Niti nam je kazao," Vjerujte nam. Vjerujte svojoj domovini.
00:38
Invest, invest, invest."
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Ulažite, ulažite, ulažite."
00:42
Instead, what he told us was to put aside childish things.
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Umjesto toga, rekao nam je da odbacimo djetinjaste stvari.
00:47
And he appealed to virtue.
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I pozvao se na vrlinu.
00:51
Virtue is an old-fashioned word.
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Vrlina je staromodna riječ.
00:55
It seems a little out of place in a cutting-edge environment like this one.
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Čini se kao da ne pripada u ovakvo ozračje napretka.
01:00
And besides, some of you might be wondering,
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I neki od vas mogu se pitati
01:03
what the hell does it mean?
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što uopće znači?
01:06
Let me begin with an example.
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Dopustite mi da započnem s primjerom.
01:09
This is the job description of a hospital janitor
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Ovo je opis posla bolničkog domara
01:12
that is scrolling up on the screen.
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koji se prikazuje na zaslonu.
01:15
And all of the items on it are unremarkable.
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I sve stavke na njemu nisu ni po čemu neobične.
01:20
They're the things you would expect:
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To su stvari koje biste i očekivali:
01:23
mop the floors, sweep them, empty the trash, restock the cabinets.
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operi podove, pometi ih, isprazni smeće, popuni ormariće.
01:28
It may be a little surprising how many things there are,
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Možda je pomalo iznenađujuće koliko mnogo ih ima,
01:31
but it's not surprising what they are.
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ali ne iznenađuje što jesu.
01:33
But the one thing I want you to notice about them is this:
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No, ono što želim da tu primijetite je sljedeće:
01:36
even though this is a very long list,
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iako je to vrlo dugačak popis,
01:39
there isn't a single thing on it that involves other human beings.
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na njemu nema niti jedne stavke koja uključuje druga ljudska bića.
01:44
Not one.
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Niti jedne.
01:47
The janitor's job could just as well be done in a mortuary as in a hospital.
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Posao domara se jednako može obavljati u mrtvačnici kao i u bolnici.
01:52
And yet, when some psychologists interviewed hospital janitors
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Ipak, kada su neki psiholozi razgovarali s bolničkim domarima,
01:57
to get a sense of what they thought their jobs were like,
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kako bi dobili dojam što oni misle o svom poslu,
02:00
they encountered Mike,
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susreli su Mikea,
02:03
who told them about how he stopped mopping the floor
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koji im je rekao kako je prestao prati pod,
02:06
because Mr. Jones was out of his bed getting a little exercise,
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jer se g. Jones ustao iz kreveta radi malo vježbe,
02:09
trying to build up his strength, walking slowly up and down the hall.
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pokušavajući se osnažiti, hodajući polako gore-dolje niz hodnik.
02:13
And Charlene told them about how she ignored her supervisor's admonition
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A Charlene im je rekla kako je zanemarila zahtjev svog nadzornika
02:19
and didn't vacuum the visitor's lounge
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i nije usisala sobu za posjetitelje,
02:22
because there were some family members who were there all day, every day
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jer su tamo bili neki članovi obitelji, koji su tamo boravili cijeli dan, svaki dan,
02:25
who, at this moment, happened to be taking a nap.
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i koji su baš u tom trenutku drijemali.
02:28
And then there was Luke,
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Imamo i Lukea,
02:30
who washed the floor in a comatose young man's room twice
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koji je oprao pod u sobi mladića u komi dva puta,
02:34
because the man's father, who had been keeping a vigil for six months,
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jer mladićev otac, koji je nad njime bdio šest mjeseci,
02:39
didn't see Luke do it the first time,
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nije vidio Lukea kako to radi prvi put,
02:42
and his father was angry.
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i taj je otac bio ljut.
02:44
And behavior like this from janitors, from technicians, from nurses
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Ovakvo ponašanje od strane domara, tehničara, medicinskih sestara
02:50
and, if we're lucky now and then, from doctors,
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i, ako imamo sreće tu i tamo, od doktora,
02:53
doesn't just make people feel a little better,
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ne samo da pomaže ljudima da se osjećaju malo bolje
02:56
it actually improves the quality of patient care
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već poboljšava kvalitetu njege pacijenata
02:59
and enables hospitals to run well.
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i omogućava bolnicama da dobro rade.
03:02
Now, not all janitors are like this, of course.
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Naravno, nisu svi domari ovakvi.
03:05
But the ones who are think that these sorts of human interactions
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No, oni koji jesu smatraju kako su ovakve ljudske interakcije,
03:11
involving kindness, care and empathy
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koje uključuju ljubaznost, brigu i empatiju,
03:14
are an essential part of the job.
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važan dio njihovog posla.
03:16
And yet their job description contains not one word about other human beings.
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A ipak, njihov opis posla ne sadrži niti jednu riječ o drugom ljudskom biću.
03:21
These janitors have the moral will to do right by other people.
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Ovi domari imaju moralnu volju da čine dobro drugim ljudima.
03:27
And beyond this, they have the moral skill to figure out what "doing right" means.
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I više od toga, imaju moralnu vještinu da shvate što „činiti dobro“ znači.
03:34
"Practical wisdom," Aristotle told us,
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"Praktična mudrost," rekao je Aristotel,
03:39
"is the combination of moral will and moral skill."
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"jest kombinacija moralne volje i moralne vještine."
03:42
A wise person knows when and how to make the exception to every rule,
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Mudra osoba zna kada i kako napraviti iznimku za svako pravilo,
03:49
as the janitors knew when to ignore the job duties in the service of other objectives.
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kao što su ovi domari znali kada zanemariti svoje poslovne obaveze u svrhu važnijih ciljeva.
03:55
A wise person knows how to improvise,
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Mudra osoba zna kako improvizirati,
03:59
as Luke did when he re-washed the floor.
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kao što je Luke ponovno oprao pod.
04:02
Real-world problems are often ambiguous and ill-defined
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Problemi stvarnog svijeta su često nejasni i nedovoljno određeni
04:05
and the context is always changing.
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a njihov se kontekst stalno mijenja.
04:08
A wise person is like a jazz musician --
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Mudra je osoba kao jazz glazbenik -
04:11
using the notes on the page, but dancing around them,
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ona koristi note na stranici, ali pleše oko njih,
04:14
inventing combinations that are appropriate for the situation and the people at hand.
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izmišljajući kombinacije koje su prikladne za situaciju i ljude u danom trenutku.
04:21
A wise person knows how to use these moral skills
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Mudra osoba zna kako upotrijebiti ove moralne vještine
04:24
in the service of the right aims.
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u službu pravih ciljeva.
04:27
To serve other people, not to manipulate other people.
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Kako bi služili drugim ljudima, a ne manipulirali drugim ljudima.
04:31
And finally, perhaps most important,
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I konačno, možda i najvažnije,
04:34
a wise person is made, not born.
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mudrom osobom se postaje, a ne rađa.
04:37
Wisdom depends on experience,
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Mudrost ovisi o iskustvu,
04:40
and not just any experience.
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i to ne bilo kakvom iskustvu.
04:43
You need the time to get to know the people that you're serving.
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Treba vam vremena da upoznate ljude kojima služite.
04:47
You need permission to be allowed to improvise,
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Treba vam dopuštenje da možete improvizirati,
04:50
try new things, occasionally to fail and to learn from your failures.
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isprobavati nove stvari, povremeno griješiti i učiti iz vlastitih pogrešaka.
04:55
And you need to be mentored by wise teachers.
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I trebate učiti od mudrih učitelja.
04:58
When you ask the janitors who behaved like the ones I described
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Kada upitate domare koji se ponašaju kao oni koje sam opisao
05:03
how hard it is to learn to do their job,
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je li teško naučiti raditi njihov posao,
05:06
they tell you that it takes lots of experience.
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oni će vam reći kako je potrebno mnogo iskustva.
05:09
And they don't mean it takes lots of experience to learn how to mop floors and empty trash cans.
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I pritom ne misle kako je potrebno mnogo iskustva da naučite prati podove i prazniti kante za smeće.
05:13
It takes lots of experience to learn how to care for people.
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Potrebno je mnogo iskustva da naučite kako se brinuti o ljudima.
05:19
At TED, brilliance is rampant.
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Na TED-u, nadarenost je neobuzdana.
05:23
It's scary.
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To je zastrašujuće.
05:25
The good news is you don't need to be brilliant to be wise.
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Dobra vijest je kako ne trebate biti nadareni da bi bili mudri.
05:30
The bad news is that without wisdom,
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Loša vijest je da bez mudrosti,
05:34
brilliance isn't enough.
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nadarenost nije dovoljna.
05:37
It's as likely to get you and other people into trouble as anything else.
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Ona može vas i druge ljude dovesti u nevolju, baš kao i sve ostalo.
05:43
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
05:46
Now, I hope that we all know this.
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Sad, nadam se da svi to znamo.
05:49
There's a sense in which it's obvious,
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Postoji neki dojam da je to očigledno,
05:52
and yet, let me tell you a little story.
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ali ipak, dopustite mi da vam ispričam kratku priču.
05:55
It's a story about lemonade.
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Ovo je priča o limunadi.
05:58
A dad and his seven-year-old son were watching a Detroit Tigers game at the ballpark.
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Jedan tata i njegov sedmogodišnji sin su gledali utakmicu Tigrova iz Detroita na stadionu.
06:04
His son asked him for some lemonade
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Njegov sin ga je zatražio limunadu
06:06
and Dad went to the concession stand to buy it.
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pa je tata otišao do štanda da ju kupi.
06:09
All they had was Mike's Hard Lemonade,
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Sve što su imali bila je Mike-ova Snažna Limunada,
06:12
which was five percent alcohol.
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koja sadrži pet posto alkohola.
06:15
Dad, being an academic, had no idea that Mike's Hard Lemonade contained alcohol.
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Tata, budući da je nastavnik, nije imao pojma kako Mike-ova Snažna Limunada sadrži alkohol.
06:21
So he brought it back.
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Pa ju je donio sinu.
06:24
And the kid was drinking it, and a security guard spotted it,
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I dok ju je dijete pilo, primijetio ga je zaštitar,
06:27
and called the police, who called an ambulance
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koji je pozvao policiju, koji su pozvali hitnu pomoć,
06:30
that rushed to the ballpark, whisked the kid to the hospital.
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koja je dojurila na stadion, i odjurila s djetetom u bolnicu.
06:33
The emergency room ascertained that the kid had no alcohol in his blood.
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Hitna služba je ustanovila kako dijete nema alkohola u krvi,
06:37
And they were ready to let the kid go.
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pa su bili spremni pustiti ga kući.
06:40
But not so fast.
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Ali ne tako brzo.
06:43
The Wayne County Child Welfare Protection Agency said no.
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Služba za zaštitu i dobrobit djece rekla je ne,
06:47
And the child was sent to a foster home for three days.
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pa je dijete poslano udomiteljima na tri dana.
06:51
At that point, can the child go home?
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Nakon svega toga, smije li dijete ići kući?
06:54
Well, a judge said yes, but only if the dad leaves the house and checks into a motel.
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Dakle, sudac je rekao da smije, ali samo ako tata ode od kuće i prijavi se u motel.
07:06
After two weeks, I'm happy to report,
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Nakon dva tjedna, drago mi je da vam to mogu priopćiti,
07:09
the family was reunited.
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obitelj je ponovno bila na okupu.
07:11
But the welfare workers and the ambulance people
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No, dječji pravobranitelji, službenici hitne pomoći
07:14
and the judge all said the same thing:
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i sudac su svi rekli isto:
07:17
"We hate to do it but we have to follow procedure."
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"Žao nam je što ovo radimo, ali moramo slijediti proceduru."
07:21
How do things like this happen?
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Kako se ovakve stvari dogode?
07:25
Scott Simon, who told this story on NPR,
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Scott Simon, koji nam je ispričao ovu priču na Nacionalnom javnom radiju,
07:29
said, "Rules and procedures may be dumb,
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je rekao, "Pravila i procedure mogu biti blesave,
07:33
but they spare you from thinking."
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ali zbog njih smo pošteđeni od razmišljanja."
07:36
And, to be fair, rules are often imposed
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I, da budemo pošteni, pravila su često nametnuta,
07:38
because previous officials have been lax
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jer su prijašnji dužnosnici bili nemarni
07:41
and they let a child go back to an abusive household.
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pa su puštali djecu natrag u domove zlostavljača.
07:44
Fair enough.
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To je pošteno.
07:45
When things go wrong, as of course they do,
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Kada stvari krenu po zlu, kao što često biva,
07:48
we reach for two tools to try to fix them.
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posežemo za dvoma sredstvima kako bi ih pokušali popraviti.
07:52
One tool we reach for is rules.
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Jedno sredstvo za kojim posežemo su pravila.
07:55
Better ones, more of them.
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Za boljim pravilima, za više njih.
07:58
The second tool we reach for is incentives.
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Drugo sredstvo su poticaji.
08:01
Better ones, more of them.
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Bolji poticaji i više njih.
08:04
What else, after all, is there?
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Naposljetku, što još imamo?
08:07
We can certainly see this in response to the current financial crisis.
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Svakako to možemo vidjeti u odgovoru na trenutnu financijsku krizu.
08:12
Regulate, regulate, regulate.
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Regulirajte, regulirajte, regulirajte.
08:15
Fix the incentives, fix the incentives, fix the incentives ...
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Poboljšajte poticaje, poboljšajte poticaje, poboljšajte poticaje ...
08:18
The truth is that neither rules nor incentives
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Istina je da niti pravila ni poticaji
08:21
are enough to do the job.
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nisu dovoljni da srede stvari.
08:23
How could you even write a rule that got the janitors to do what they did?
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Kako uostalom možete napisati pravilo koje kaže domarima da rade ono što su učinili?
08:27
And would you pay them a bonus for being empathic?
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I biste li im platili bonus za njihovu empatiju?
08:30
It's preposterous on its face.
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Na prvi pogled to je besmisleno.
08:34
And what happens is that as we turn increasingly to rules,
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Ono što se događa je da kako se sve više okrećemo pravilima,
08:39
rules and incentives may make things better in the short run,
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pravila i poticaji mogu donijeti poboljšanje na kratke staze,
08:43
but they create a downward spiral
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ali stvaraju silaznu spiralu
08:46
that makes them worse in the long run.
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što ih čini lošijima na duge staze.
08:48
Moral skill is chipped away by an over-reliance on rules
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Moralna vještina je oslabljena pretjeranim oslanjanjem na pravila
08:53
that deprives us of the opportunity
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što nas lišava mogućnosti
08:55
to improvise and learn from our improvisations.
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da improviziramo i učimo iz naših improvizacija.
08:58
And moral will is undermined
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Moralna je volja potkopana
09:01
by an incessant appeal to incentives
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zbog stalne potrebe za poticajima
09:04
that destroy our desire to do the right thing.
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koji uništavaju našu želju da učinimo pravu stvar.
09:07
And without intending it,
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I tako nenamjerno,
09:09
by appealing to rules and incentives,
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oslanjanjem na pravila i poticaje
09:13
we are engaging in a war on wisdom.
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krećemo u rat protiv mudrosti.
09:15
Let me just give you a few examples,
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Dopustite da vam dam nekoliko primjera,
09:18
first of rules and the war on moral skill.
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prvo o pravilima i ratu protiv moralne vještine.
09:21
The lemonade story is one.
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Priča o limunadi je prva.
09:23
Second, no doubt more familiar to you,
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Druga, bez sumnje vama poznatija,
09:26
is the nature of modern American education:
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je priroda modernog obrazovanja u Americi:
09:29
scripted, lock-step curricula.
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propisana nastava, rigidni nastavni planovi.
09:32
Here's an example from Chicago kindergarten.
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Evo primjera iz jednog vrtića u Chicagu.
09:35
Reading and enjoying literature
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Čitanje i uživanje u literaturi
09:37
and words that begin with 'B.'
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i riječi koje počinju s "B".
09:39
"The Bath:" Assemble students on a rug
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Kupka (eng. bath): Okupite učenike na tepihu
09:42
and give students a warning about the dangers of hot water.
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i upozorite ih na opasnosti vruće vode.
09:44
Say 75 items in this script to teach a 25-page picture book.
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Izgovorite 75 stavaka u nastavnom planu kako biste ispredali slikovnicu od 25 stranica.
09:49
All over Chicago in every kindergarten class in the city,
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Po cijelom Chicagu u svakoj vrtićkoj skupini u gradu,
09:52
every teacher is saying the same words in the same way on the same day.
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svaki odgajatelj govori iste riječi na isti način u istome danu.
09:59
We know why these scripts are there.
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Znamo zašto su nastavni planovi propisani.
10:03
We don't trust the judgment of teachers enough
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Ne vjerujemo dovoljno prosudbi učitelja
10:06
to let them loose on their own.
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da im dopustimo odriješene ruke.
10:09
Scripts like these are insurance policies against disaster.
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Ovakvi nastavni planovi su osiguranje protiv katastrofe.
10:12
And they prevent disaster.
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I oni doista sprečavaju katastrofe.
10:15
But what they assure in its place is mediocrity.
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Ali na njenom mjestu osiguravaju mediokritet.
10:20
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
10:27
Don't get me wrong. We need rules!
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Nemojte me krivo shvatiti. Trebamo pravila!
10:29
Jazz musicians need some notes --
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Jazz glazbenici trebaju neke note --
10:31
most of them need some notes on the page.
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većina njih treba neke note na stranici.
10:33
We need more rules for the bankers, God knows.
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Trebamo više pravila za bankare. Sam Bog to zna.
10:35
But too many rules prevent accomplished jazz musicians
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Ali previše pravila sprječava usavršene jazz glazbenike
10:39
from improvising.
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da improviziraju.
10:41
And as a result, they lose their gifts,
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Kao rezultat toga, oni gube svoj dar,
10:44
or worse, they stop playing altogether.
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ili još gore, prestaju svirati uopće.
10:47
Now, how about incentives?
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Sad, što je s državnim poticajima?
10:50
They seem cleverer.
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Čine se pametnima.
10:52
If you have one reason for doing something
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Ako imate jedan razlog da nešto učinite
10:54
and I give you a second reason for doing the same thing,
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i ja vam dam drugi razlog da učinite to isto
10:57
it seems only logical that two reasons are better than one
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čini se logičnim kako su dva razloga bolja od jednoga
11:00
and you're more likely to do it.
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i veća je vjerojatnost da ćete to učiniti.
11:03
Right?
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Točno?
11:05
Well, not always.
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Pa, ne uvijek.
11:07
Sometimes two reasons to do the same thing seem to compete with one another
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Ponekad se čini kako dva razloga da učinimo istu stvar kompetiraju jedan s drugim
11:10
instead of complimenting,
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umjesto da se nadopunjuju
11:12
and they make people less likely to do it.
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i umanjuju vjerojatnost da će ljudi to učiniti.
11:15
I'll just give you one example because time is racing.
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Dat ću vam samo jedan primjer jer je vremena malo.
11:18
In Switzerland, back about 15 years ago,
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U Švicarskoj prije negdje 15 godina
11:21
they were trying to decide where to site nuclear waste dumps.
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pokušavali su odlučiti kamo smjestiti odlagalište nuklearnog otpada.
11:24
There was going to be a national referendum.
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Trebao je biti nacionalni referendum.
11:27
Some psychologists went around and polled citizens who were very well informed.
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Neki psiholozi su išli naokolo i anketirali građane, koji su bili dobro informirani.
11:30
And they said, "Would you be willing to have a nuclear waste dump in your community?"
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I pitali su, "Biste li bili voljni imati odlagalište nuklearnog otpada u vašem susjedstvu?"
11:33
Astonishingly, 50 percent of the citizens said yes.
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Iznenađujuće, 50 posto građana reklo je da.
11:38
They knew it was dangerous.
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Znali su da je to opasno.
11:40
They thought it would reduce their property values.
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Smatrali su kako će to smanjiti vrijednost njihovih zemljišta.
11:43
But it had to go somewhere
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Ali trebalo ga je negdje smjestiti
11:46
and they had responsibilities as citizens.
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pa su osjećali građansku odgovornost.
11:49
The psychologists asked other people a slightly different question.
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Psiholozi su pitali drugu skupinu nešto drugačije pitanje.
11:53
They said, "If we paid you six weeks' salary every year
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Išlo je, "Ako vam platimo šestotjednu plaću svake godine
11:56
would you be willing to have a nuclear waste dump in your community?"
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biste li bili voljni imati odlagalište nuklearnog otpada u vašem susjedstvu?"
12:00
Two reasons. It's my responsibility and I'm getting paid.
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Dva razloga. To je moja odgovornost i bit će mi plaćeno.
12:04
Instead of 50 percent saying yes,
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Umjesto da 50 posto građana kaže da,
12:07
25 percent said yes.
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25 posto reklo je da.
12:10
What happens is that
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Ono što se događa jest da
12:13
the second this introduction of incentive gets us
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nas uvođenje državnih poticaja dovede do toga da
12:17
so that instead of asking, "What is my responsibility?"
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umjesto da se pitamo, "Što je moja odgovornost?"
12:20
all we ask is, "What serves my interests?"
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pitamo samo, "Što služi mojim interesima?"
12:23
When incentives don't work,
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Kada poticaji ne funkcioniraju,
12:25
when CEOs ignore the long-term health of their companies
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kada direktori zanemaruju dugoročno zdravlje svojih tvrtki
12:28
in pursuit of short-term gains that will lead to massive bonuses,
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u svrhu kratkoročnih dobitaka koji će ih dovesti do obilnih bonusa
12:32
the response is always the same.
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odgovor je uvijek isti.
12:36
Get smarter incentives.
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Napravite pametnije poticaje.
12:40
The truth is that there are no incentives that you can devise
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Istina je da ne možete izmisliti takve poticaje
12:43
that are ever going to be smart enough.
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koji će ikada biti dovoljno pametni.
12:46
Any incentive system can be subverted by bad will.
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Svaki sustav poticaja se može iskvariti.
12:50
We need incentives. People have to make a living.
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Trebamo poticaje. Ljudi moraju od nečega živjeti.
12:54
But excessive reliance on incentives
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Ali pretjerano oslanjanje na poticaje
12:56
demoralizes professional activity
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demoralizira profesionalnu aktivnost
12:59
in two senses of that word.
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u oba smisla te riječi.
13:02
It causes people who engage in that activity to lose morale
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Uzrokuje da ljudi koji se upuste u tu aktivnost izgube moral
13:06
and it causes the activity itself to lose morality.
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i da sama aktivnost izgubi moralnost.
13:10
Barack Obama said, before he was inaugurated,
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Barrack Obama je rekao, prije inauguracije,
13:15
"We must ask not just 'Is it profitable?' but 'Is it right?'"
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"Moramo pitati ne samo ´Je li profitabilno?´ nego ´Je li ispravno?´"
13:19
And when professions are demoralized,
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I kada su zanimanja demoralizirana
13:22
everyone in them becomes dependent on -- addicted to -- incentives
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svi koji ih obavljaju postaju zavisno -- ovisni -- o poticajima
13:27
and they stop asking "Is it right?"
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i prestaju pitati "Je li ispravno?"
13:30
We see this in medicine.
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To možemo vidjeti u zdravstvu.
13:33
("Although it's nothing serious, let's keep an eye on it to make sure it doesn't turn into a major lawsuit.")
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("Iako nije ništa ozbiljno, pripazit ćemo na to kako bi bili sigurni da ne dođe do masne tužbe.")
13:37
And we certainly see it in the world of business.
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I sigurno to vidimo u poslovnom svijetu.
13:39
("In order to remain competitive in today's marketplace, I'm afraid we're going to have to replace you with a sleezeball.")
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("Kako bi ostali kompetitivni na današnjem tržištu, bojim se da ćemo te morati zamijeniti s ljigavcem.")
13:45
("I sold my soul for about a tenth of what the damn things are going for now.")
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("Prodao sam dušu za desetinu onoga za što se te proklete stvari danas prodaju.")
13:50
It is obvious that this is not the way people want to do their work.
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Očito je kako ovo nije način na koji ljudi žele raditi svoj posao.
13:53
So what can we do?
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Pa što možemo napraviti?
13:56
A few sources of hope:
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Evo nekoliko izvora nade:
13:59
we ought to try to re-moralize work.
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Trebamo pokušati re-moralizirati rad.
14:02
One way not to do it: teach more ethics courses.
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Jedan od pogrešnih načina za to: uvesti više etičkih tečaja.
14:08
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
14:11
There is no better way to show people that you're not serious
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Nema boljeg načina da pokažete ljudima kako niste ozbiljni
14:14
than to tie up everything you have to say about ethics
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nego da upakirate sve što imate za reći o etici
14:17
into a little package with a bow and consign it to the margins as an ethics course.
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u mali paket s mašnom i pošaljete ga na marginu kao etički tečaj.
14:22
What to do instead?
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Što napraviti umjesto toga?
14:24
One: Celebrate moral exemplars.
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Jedno: Slavite primjere moralnosti.
14:28
Acknowledge, when you go to law school,
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Priznajte, kada krenete na pravni fakultet,
14:31
that a little voice is whispering in your ear
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taj glasić koji vam šapće u uho
14:34
about Atticus Finch.
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o Atticusu Finchu.
14:37
No 10-year-old goes to law school to do mergers and acquisitions.
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Nijedan desetogodišnjak ne želi biti pravnik kako bi radio spajanja i akvizicije.
14:40
People are inspired by moral heroes.
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Ljude inspiriraju moralni heroji.
14:43
But we learn that with sophistication
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Ali učimo da, sa sofisticiranošću,
14:46
comes the understanding that you can't acknowledge that you have moral heroes.
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dolazi razumijevanje kako ne smijete priznati da imate moralne heroje.
14:50
Well, acknowledge them.
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Pa, priznajte ih.
14:52
Be proud that you have them.
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Budite ponosni što ih imate.
14:54
Celebrate them.
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Slavite ih.
14:56
And demand that the people who teach you acknowledge them and celebrate them too.
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I zahtijevajte da ljudi koji vas uče također priznaju te junake i slave ih.
14:59
That's one thing we can do.
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To je jedna stvar koju možemo učiniti.
15:02
I don't know how many of you remember this:
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Ne znam koliko vas se sjeća ovoga:
15:05
another moral hero, 15 years ago, Aaron Feuerstein,
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još jedan moralni junak, prije petnaest godna, Aaron Feuerstein,
15:09
who was the head of Malden Mills in Massachusetts --
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koji je bio čelnik Malden Millsa u Massachusssettsu --
15:12
they made Polartec --
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oni su napravili Polartec --
15:14
The factory burned down.
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Tvornica je izgorjela do temelja.
15:16
3,000 employees. He kept every one of them on the payroll.
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3000 zaposlenika. On im je svima i dalje isplaćivao plaće.
15:19
Why? Because it would have been a disaster for them
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Zašto? Zato što bi bilo katastrofalno za njih
15:22
and for the community if he had let them go.
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i za lokalnu zajednicu da ih je otpustio.
15:25
"Maybe on paper our company is worth less to Wall Street,
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"Možda je na papiru naša tvrtka manje vrijedna na Wall Streetu,
15:29
but I can tell you it's worth more. We're doing fine."
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ali mogu vam reći da ona vrijedi mnogo. Ide nam dobro."
15:33
Just at this TED we heard talks from several moral heroes.
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Samo na ovom TED-u smo čuli predavanja od nekoliko moralnih junaka.
15:37
Two were particularly inspiring to me.
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Dvojica su me osobito inspirirala.
15:40
One was Ray Anderson, who turned --
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Jedan je Ray Anderson, koji je pretvorio --
15:43
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
15:46
-- turned, you know, a part of the evil empire
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-- pretvorio, znate, dio zlog carstva
15:49
into a zero-footprint, or almost zero-footprint business.
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u minijaturni, ili skoro minijaturni posao.
15:52
Why? Because it was the right thing to do.
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Zašto? Jer je to bilo ispravno.
15:56
And a bonus he's discovering is
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I nagrada koju pritom otkriva jest
15:59
he's actually going to make even more money.
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da će on zaraditi još više novaca.
16:02
His employees are inspired by the effort.
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Njegovi zaposlenici su inspirirani njegovim trudom.
16:05
Why? Because there happy to be doing something that's the right thing to do.
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Zašto? Zato što su sretni da rade nešto što je ispravno.
16:09
Yesterday we heard Willie Smits talk about re-foresting in Indonesia.
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Jučer smo čuli Willie Smitsa kako govori o pošumljavanju u Indoneziji.
16:14
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
16:17
In many ways this is the perfect example.
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Na mnogo načina ovo je savršeni primjer.
16:20
Because it took the will to do the right thing.
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Jer je bila potrebna volja da se učini prava stvar.
16:23
God knows it took a huge amount of technical skill.
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Bog zna da je bilo potrebno mnogo tehničkog znanja.
16:26
I'm boggled at how much he and his associates needed to know
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Preneražen sam koliko su on i njegovi suradnici morali znati
16:29
in order to plot this out.
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kako bi sve to isplanirali.
16:32
But most important to make it work --
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Ali najvažnije da to proradi --
16:35
and he emphasized this --
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i ovo je naglasio --
16:37
is that it took knowing the people in the communities.
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jest da je trebalo upoznati ljude u lokalnim zajednicama.
16:40
Unless the people you're working with are behind you,
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Ako ljudi s kojima radite nisu uz vas
16:45
this will fail.
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posao će propasti.
16:47
And there isn't a formula to tell you how to get the people behind you,
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I ne postoji formula koja kaže kako učiniti da ljudi stanu uz vas
16:50
because different people in different communities
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jer različiti ljudi u različitim zajednicama
16:53
organize their lives in different ways.
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organiziraju svoje živote na različite načine.
16:56
So there's a lot here at TED, and at other places, to celebrate.
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Dakle, ima mnogo toga ovdje na TED-u, i na drugim mjestima, što treba slaviti.
16:59
And you don't have to be a mega-hero.
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I ne trebate biti super-heroj.
17:02
There are ordinary heroes.
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Postoje sasvim obični junaci.
17:04
Ordinary heroes like the janitors who are worth celebrating too.
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Obični junaci kao domari koji su vrijedni da ih slavimo.
17:07
As practitioners each and every one of us should strive
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Kao stručnjaci svi mi bi trebali težiti
17:10
to be ordinary, if not extraordinary heroes.
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da budemo obični, ako ne neobični junaci.
17:13
As heads of organizations,
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Kao čelnici organizacija,
17:15
we should strive to create environments
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trebali bi težiti stvaranju okoline
17:17
that encourage and nurture both moral skill and moral will.
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koja ohrabruje i njeguje i moralnu vještinu i moralnu volju.
17:22
Even the wisest and most well-meaning people
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Čak i najmudriji i dobronamjerni ljudi
17:25
will give up if they have to swim against the current
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će odustati ako moraju plivati protiv struje
17:28
in the organizations in which they work.
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u organizacijama u kojima rade.
17:31
If you run an organization, you should be sure
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Ako vodite organizaciju morate biti sigurni
17:34
that none of the jobs -- none of the jobs --
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da nijedan posao -- niti jedan posao --
17:37
have job descriptions like the job descriptions of the janitors.
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nema takav opis kao opis posla domara.
17:40
Because the truth is that
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Zato što je istina da
17:43
any work that you do that involves interaction with other people
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svaki posao koji uključuje interakciju s drugim ljudima
17:46
is moral work.
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je moralni posao.
17:49
And any moral work depends upon practical wisdom.
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A svaki moralni posao ovisi o praktičnoj mudrosti.
17:53
And, perhaps most important,
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I možda najvažnije,
17:56
as teachers, we should strive to be the ordinary heroes,
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kao učitelji, trebamo težiti da budemo obični junaci,
17:59
the moral exemplars, to the people we mentor.
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moralni primjeri, ljudima koje učimo.
18:03
And there are a few things that we have to remember as teachers.
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Postoji nekoliko stvari koje kao učitelji trebamo upamtiti.
18:06
One is that we are always teaching.
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Jedna je da uvijek učimo.
18:10
Someone is always watching.
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Netko nas uvijek promatra.
18:13
The camera is always on.
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Kamera je uvijek uključena.
18:15
Bill Gates talked about the importance of education
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Bill Gates je govorio o važnosti obrazovanja
18:18
and, in particular, the model that KIPP was providing:
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i, osobito, o modelu koji KIPP pruža.
18:21
"Knowledge is power."
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"Znanje je moć."
18:24
And he talked about a lot of the wonderful things
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I govorio je o mnogo divnih stvari
18:27
that KIPP is doing
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koje KIPP radi
18:29
to take inner-city kids and turn them in the direction of college.
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kako bi usmjerio djecu iz gradskih geta prema fakultetu.
18:33
I want to focus on one particular thing KIPP is doing
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Želim vam usmjeriti pažnju na jednu konkretnu stvar koju KIPP radi
18:36
that Bill didn't mention.
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a koju Bill nije spomenuo.
18:39
That is that they have come to the realization
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To je da su došli do spoznaje
18:42
that the single most important thing kids need to learn
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kako je najvažnija stvar koju djeca moraju naučiti
18:44
is character.
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karakter.
18:45
They need to learn to respect themselves.
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Moraju naučiti poštovati sebe.
18:48
They need to learn to respect their schoolmates.
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Moraju naučiti poštovati svoje školske kolege.
18:51
They need to learn to respect their teachers.
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Moraju naučiti poštovati svoje učitelje.
18:54
And, most important, they need to learn to respect learning.
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I najvažnije, moraju naučiti poštovati učenje.
18:57
That's the principle objective.
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To je glavni cilj.
18:59
If you do that, the rest is just pretty much a coast downhill.
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Ako to uspijete postići, ostalo je manje-više vožnja nizbrdo.
19:03
And the teachers: the way you teach these things to the kids
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A učitelji: način na koji ovo učite djecu
19:06
is by having the teachers and all the other staff embody it every minute of every day.
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jest da učitelji i ostali kadar utjelovljuju to svake minute svakoga dana.
19:13
Obama appealed to virtue.
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Obama se pozvao na vrlinu.
19:15
And I think he was right.
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I mislim da je bio u pravu.
19:17
And the virtue I think we need above all others is practical wisdom,
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A vrlina koju po mom mišljenju trebamo iznad svega je praktična mudrost,
19:21
because it's what allows other virtues -- honesty, kindness, courage and so on --
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jer ona omogućuje da se druge vrline -- iskrenost, ljubaznost, hrabost i tako dalje --
19:28
to be displayed at the right time and in the right way.
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pokažu u pravo vrijeme i na pravi način.
19:31
He also appealed to hope.
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Također, apelirao je na nadu.
19:34
Right again.
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Opet dobro.
19:36
I think there is reason for hope.
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Mislim kako ima razloga za nadu.
19:39
I think people want to be allowed to be virtuous.
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Mislim kako ljudi žele da im se omogući da budu puni vrlina.
19:42
In many ways, it's what TED is all about.
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Na mnogo načina, upravo o tome se ovdje na TED-u radi.
19:46
Wanting to do the right thing
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Želimo učiniti pravu stvar
19:49
in the right way
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na pravi način
19:51
for the right reasons.
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iz pravih razloga.
19:53
This kind of wisdom is within the grasp of each and every one of us
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Ovakva vrsta mudrosti je na dohvat ruke svakome od nas
19:56
if only we start paying attention.
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samo moramo početi obraćati pažnju.
19:59
Paying attention to what we do,
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Obratiti pažnju na ono što radimo,
20:02
to how we do it,
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kako to radimo,
20:04
and, perhaps most importantly,
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i možda najvažnije,
20:06
to the structure of the organizations within which we work,
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na strukturu organizacija u kojima radimo,
20:09
so as to make sure that it enables us and other people to develop wisdom
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kako bi osigurali da one omoguće nama i drugima da razvijemo mudrost
20:14
rather than having it suppressed.
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umjesto da je potiskuju.
20:17
Thank you very much.
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Mnogo vam hvala.
20:20
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
20:22
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
20:25
Chris Anderson: You have to go and stand out here a sec.
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Chris Anderson: Morate ići tamo i stajati gore još malo.
20:31
Barry Schwartz: Thank you very much.
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Barry Schwartz: Mnogo vam hvala.
20:33
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Barry Schwartz - PsychologistBarry Schwartz studies the link between economics and psychology, offering startling insights into modern life. Lately, working with Ken Sharpe, he's studying wisdom.
Why you should listen
In his 2004 book The Paradox of Choice, Barry Schwartz tackles one of the great mysteries of modern life: Why is it that societies of great abundance — where individuals are offered more freedom and choice (personal, professional, material) than ever before — are now witnessing a near-epidemic of depression? Conventional wisdom tells us that greater choice is for the greater good, but Schwartz argues the opposite: He makes a compelling case that the abundance of choice in today's western world is actually making us miserable.
Infinite choice is paralyzing, Schwartz argues, and exhausting to the human psyche. It leads us to set unreasonably high expectations, question our choices before we even make them and blame our failures entirely on ourselves. His relatable examples, from consumer products (jeans, TVs, salad dressings) to lifestyle choices (where to live, what job to take, who and when to marry), underscore this central point: Too much choice undermines happiness.
Schwartz's previous research has addressed morality, decision-making and the varied inter-relationships between science and society. Before Paradox he published The Costs of Living, which traces the impact of free-market thinking on the explosion of consumerism -- and the effect of the new capitalism on social and cultural institutions that once operated above the market, such as medicine, sports, and the law.
Both books level serious criticism of modern western society, illuminating the under-reported psychological plagues of our time. But they also offer concrete ideas on addressing the problems, from a personal and societal level.
Schwartz is the author of the TED Book, Why We Work.
Barry Schwartz | Speaker | TED.com