TED2009
Barry Schwartz: Our loss of wisdom
巴瑞.斯瓦兹-我们所遗失的智慧
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巴瑞.斯瓦兹激情的呼吁，用“实践的智慧”作为解药，来拯救这个被官僚愚弄的社会。他激烈的争辩说，规则条例常常让我们失望，很多动机也都事与愿违，而实际的日常生活的智慧却可以帮助我们重建我们的世界。
Barry Schwartz - Psychologist
Barry Schwartz studies the link between economics and psychology, offering startling insights into modern life. Lately, working with Ken Sharpe, he's studying wisdom. Full bio
Barry Schwartz studies the link between economics and psychology, offering startling insights into modern life. Lately, working with Ken Sharpe, he's studying wisdom. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
In his inaugural address,
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在他的就职演讲当中，
00:14
Barack Obama appealed to each of us to give our best
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奥巴马呼吁我们每个人都极尽所能
00:18
as we try to extricate ourselves from this current financial crisis.
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以摆脱当前的金融危机。
00:24
But what did he appeal to?
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但他呼吁什么？
00:26
He did not, happily, follow in the footsteps of his predecessor,
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很庆幸，他没有像前总统布什，
00:30
and tell us to just go shopping.
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就仅仅叫我们去购物而已，
00:34
Nor did he tell us, "Trust us. Trust your country.
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也没有告诉我们“相信我们，相信美国，
00:38
Invest, invest, invest."
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投资，投资，再投资”
00:42
Instead, what he told us was to put aside childish things.
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相反的，他告诉我们把幼稚的事情放在一边,
00:47
And he appealed to virtue.
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呼吁美德.
00:51
Virtue is an old-fashioned word.
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美德是一个过时的词。
00:55
It seems a little out of place in a cutting-edge environment like this one.
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这样的词在像这样的前沿环境里似乎并不合适，
01:00
And besides, some of you might be wondering,
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而且，有些人可能会想：
01:03
what the hell does it mean?
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到底什么是美德？”
01:06
Let me begin with an example.
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让我从一个例子开始。
01:09
This is the job description of a hospital janitor
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这是一所医院里的一个清洁工的工作说明，
01:12
that is scrolling up on the screen.
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在屏幕上滚动着。
01:15
And all of the items on it are unremarkable.
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这上面所写的东西都很平常。
01:20
They're the things you would expect:
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这都是一些你能预料得到的事情：
01:23
mop the floors, sweep them, empty the trash, restock the cabinets.
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扫地，清理垃圾，倒垃圾筒，进货机柜，等。
01:28
It may be a little surprising how many things there are,
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这些事的数量可能有点令人惊讶，
01:31
but it's not surprising what they are.
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但是这些事的内容却很平常。
01:33
But the one thing I want you to notice about them is this:
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但是在这里面，有个现象，我想让你们注意：
01:36
even though this is a very long list,
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尽管这个清单很长，
01:39
there isn't a single thing on it that involves other human beings.
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但是里面没有一条是涉及到其他人的。
01:44
Not one.
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一个都没有。
01:47
The janitor's job could just as well be done in a mortuary as in a hospital.
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该清洁工的工作也同样可以在一个医院的停尸间里进行。
01:52
And yet, when some psychologists interviewed hospital janitors
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然而，当一些心理学家去采访一些这样的清洁工，
01:57
to get a sense of what they thought their jobs were like,
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以了解这些人是怎么看待他们自己的工作的，
02:00
they encountered Mike,
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他们遇见了迈克
02:03
who told them about how he stopped mopping the floor
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迈克告诉他们他之所以没有继续拖地
02:06
because Mr. Jones was out of his bed getting a little exercise,
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因为琼斯先生起床做简单的运动，
02:09
trying to build up his strength, walking slowly up and down the hall.
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试着恢复他的元气，慢慢的在楼里上下走动。
02:13
And Charlene told them about how she ignored her supervisor's admonition
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而查丽告诉他们说，她之所以没有听从上司的警告，
02:19
and didn't vacuum the visitor's lounge
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没有用真空吸尘器打扫访客的休息室，
02:22
because there were some family members who were there all day, every day
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因为有一些家庭成员天天在那里。
02:25
who, at this moment, happened to be taking a nap.
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现在，有人正在里面休息呢。
02:28
And then there was Luke,
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接下来他们采访了鲁克，
02:30
who washed the floor in a comatose young man's room twice
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鲁克对一个昏迷病人的房间的地板洗刷了两次，
02:34
because the man's father, who had been keeping a vigil for six months,
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因为这个病人的父亲，他在这里守夜六个月，
02:39
didn't see Luke do it the first time,
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鲁克第一次打扫的时候，他并没有看见，
02:42
and his father was angry.
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所以这个病人的父亲生气了。
02:44
And behavior like this from janitors, from technicians, from nurses
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像这样的行为，不管是来自清洁工，技术人员，护士，
02:50
and, if we're lucky now and then, from doctors,
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有的时候我们幸运一点，还会是医生，
02:53
doesn't just make people feel a little better,
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不仅仅让人们感觉好点，
02:56
it actually improves the quality of patient care
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这些行为实际上改善了病人护理的质量
02:59
and enables hospitals to run well.
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并且让医院良好的运作。
03:02
Now, not all janitors are like this, of course.
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当然，现在的社会，不是每一个清洁工都这样。
03:05
But the ones who are think that these sorts of human interactions
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但是，这样做的人都认为这些人与人的交流，
03:11
involving kindness, care and empathy
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涉及到善良，关怀和体谅，
03:14
are an essential part of the job.
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正好是这项工作最核心的部分。
03:16
And yet their job description contains not one word about other human beings.
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然而，在工作说明里面没有包含一个与其他人相关的词汇。
03:21
These janitors have the moral will to do right by other people.
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这些清洁工有道德的意愿去正确的对待他人。
03:27
And beyond this, they have the moral skill to figure out what "doing right" means.
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除此之外，他们还具有道德的技能去判断到底什么是正确的做法。
03:34
"Practical wisdom," Aristotle told us,
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亚里士多德告诉我们，“实践的智慧”
03:39
"is the combination of moral will and moral skill."
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“就是道德的意愿和道德的技能的结合”。
03:42
A wise person knows when and how to make the exception to every rule,
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一个明智的人知道什么时候以及如何去对每一条规定做特殊的处理，
03:49
as the janitors knew when to ignore the job duties in the service of other objectives.
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就像这些清洁工知道在为他人服务的时候什么时候可以不用在意工作本身的职能要求。
03:55
A wise person knows how to improvise,
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一个明智的人知道如何随机应变，
03:59
as Luke did when he re-washed the floor.
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像鲁克就知道再去洗刷一次地板。
04:02
Real-world problems are often ambiguous and ill-defined
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现实世界的问题常常很暧昧和模糊，
04:05
and the context is always changing.
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而且问题的内容还常常变换。
04:08
A wise person is like a jazz musician --
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一个明智的人就像爵士乐手一样，
04:11
using the notes on the page, but dancing around them,
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看着歌谱演奏的时候并不会完全遵从，
04:14
inventing combinations that are appropriate for the situation and the people at hand.
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会即兴创作来与当时的情形和周围的人相适宜。
04:21
A wise person knows how to use these moral skills
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一个明智的人知道如何使用道德技能
04:24
in the service of the right aims.
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为一个正确的目的而工作。
04:27
To serve other people, not to manipulate other people.
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为他人服务，而不是应付他人。
04:31
And finally, perhaps most important,
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最后，也许也是最重要的，
04:34
a wise person is made, not born.
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一个明智的人不是天生的，而是后天形成的。
04:37
Wisdom depends on experience,
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智慧依赖于经验，
04:40
and not just any experience.
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但不是依赖于所有的经验。
04:43
You need the time to get to know the people that you're serving.
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你需要时间去了解你正在服务的人。
04:47
You need permission to be allowed to improvise,
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你需要得到许可去做一些临时的决定，
04:50
try new things, occasionally to fail and to learn from your failures.
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尝试新的事物，常常会失败，那就从失败中学习。
04:55
And you need to be mentored by wise teachers.
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你也需要一个明智的导师来指导你。
04:58
When you ask the janitors who behaved like the ones I described
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当你问那些刚才我所提到的清洁工，
05:03
how hard it is to learn to do their job,
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学会做他们那样的工作有多难，
05:06
they tell you that it takes lots of experience.
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他们会告诉你需要很多经验才行。
05:09
And they don't mean it takes lots of experience to learn how to mop floors and empty trash cans.
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他们的意思不是说学习擦地板倒垃圾需要花很多时间累积经验，
05:13
It takes lots of experience to learn how to care for people.
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而是说要学会关心护理人需要很多经验。
05:19
At TED, brilliance is rampant.
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在TED，才华无限制的蔓延着。
05:23
It's scary.
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有点可怕。
05:25
The good news is you don't need to be brilliant to be wise.
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好消息是，要想成为明智的人你不必聪明绝顶。
05:30
The bad news is that without wisdom,
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坏消息是如果没有智慧，
05:34
brilliance isn't enough.
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仅仅有才华是不够的。
05:37
It's as likely to get you and other people into trouble as anything else.
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这就好像其他很多让你和他人烦心的事一样。
05:43
(Applause)
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掌声
05:46
Now, I hope that we all know this.
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现在呢，我希望我们都清楚这一点。
05:49
There's a sense in which it's obvious,
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这是很显然的，
05:52
and yet, let me tell you a little story.
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不然，我再给你们讲一个小故事。
05:55
It's a story about lemonade.
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这是一个关于柠檬水的故事。
05:58
A dad and his seven-year-old son were watching a Detroit Tigers game at the ballpark.
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一个父亲和他七岁的儿子在棒球场看底特律虎队的比赛。
06:04
His son asked him for some lemonade
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儿子给他说想喝点柠檬水
06:06
and Dad went to the concession stand to buy it.
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这个父亲就去商店买。
06:09
All they had was Mike's Hard Lemonade,
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但是店里只有Mike‘s Hard柠檬水，
06:12
which was five percent alcohol.
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里面有5%的酒精含量。
06:15
Dad, being an academic, had no idea that Mike's Hard Lemonade contained alcohol.
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这个父亲完全不知道里面（理论上来说）含了酒精。
06:21
So he brought it back.
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所以他就买了回来。
06:24
And the kid was drinking it, and a security guard spotted it,
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这孩子就开始喝了，警卫发现了这一点，
06:27
and called the police, who called an ambulance
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就叫了警察，警察又叫了救护车
06:30
that rushed to the ballpark, whisked the kid to the hospital.
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冲到棒球场，迅速的把孩子带到了医院。
06:33
The emergency room ascertained that the kid had no alcohol in his blood.
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急诊室后来确定这孩子的血液里没有含酒精。
06:37
And they were ready to let the kid go.
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然后才可以让这孩子离开。
06:40
But not so fast.
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但是不会很快哦。
06:43
The Wayne County Child Welfare Protection Agency said no.
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韦恩县儿童福利保障局不允许孩子马上被带走。
06:47
And the child was sent to a foster home for three days.
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这孩子被送到了一个抚养孤儿的家庭，待了三天。
06:51
At that point, can the child go home?
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都这样了，这孩子能回家了吗？
06:54
Well, a judge said yes, but only if the dad leaves the house and checks into a motel.
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当然，法官说可以，但是条件是他的父亲离开住处到旅馆住。
07:06
After two weeks, I'm happy to report,
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两周以后，我很高兴向大家报告，
07:09
the family was reunited.
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这个家庭终于团聚了。
07:11
But the welfare workers and the ambulance people
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但是福利机构，救护人员，
07:14
and the judge all said the same thing:
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还有法官都说了同样的话：
07:17
"We hate to do it but we have to follow procedure."
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“我们也讨厌这么做，但是我们得按规章办事”
07:21
How do things like this happen?
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这样的事怎么可能发生呢？
07:25
Scott Simon, who told this story on NPR,
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司高特 赛门，在NPR里讲了这个故事。
07:29
said, "Rules and procedures may be dumb,
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他说：“规章制度可能悄无声息，
07:33
but they spare you from thinking."
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但是他们会让你不去思考。“
07:36
And, to be fair, rules are often imposed
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公平点说，规则常常都是强制性的
07:38
because previous officials have been lax
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因为以前的官员比较松懈
07:41
and they let a child go back to an abusive household.
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他们让一个孩子回到了一个充满漫骂和伤害的家庭。
07:44
Fair enough.
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理由够充分了。
07:45
When things go wrong, as of course they do,
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当事情确实做错了，
07:48
we reach for two tools to try to fix them.
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我们会用两类工具去弥补。
07:52
One tool we reach for is rules.
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一类工具就是规则条例。
07:55
Better ones, more of them.
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更多，更好的规则。
07:58
The second tool we reach for is incentives.
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我们会寻求的第二类工具就是激励制度。
08:01
Better ones, more of them.
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更多，更好的激励制度。
08:04
What else, after all, is there?
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究竟还有什么其他的东西呢？
08:07
We can certainly see this in response to the current financial crisis.
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我可以轻易的在对现在的经济危机的响应中发现。
08:12
Regulate, regulate, regulate.
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管制，管制再管制。
08:15
Fix the incentives, fix the incentives, fix the incentives ...
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改善激励制度，改善激励制度，还是改善激励制度...
08:18
The truth is that neither rules nor incentives
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真相是：不管是规章条例还是激励制度
08:21
are enough to do the job.
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都不足以完成这样的工作。
08:23
How could you even write a rule that got the janitors to do what they did?
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你要如何去写一条规定让刚才提到的那些清洁工去做他们之前做的那些事呢？
08:27
And would you pay them a bonus for being empathic?
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你会因为他们的同情心而给他们发奖金吗？
08:30
It's preposterous on its face.
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这看起来太荒谬了。
08:34
And what happens is that as we turn increasingly to rules,
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当我们更多的求助于条例制度的时候会发生什么事，
08:39
rules and incentives may make things better in the short run,
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规章条例和激励制度会在短期内让事情变好，
08:43
but they create a downward spiral
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但是这些制度和条例建立了向下的漩涡，
08:46
that makes them worse in the long run.
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会让事情在长期内变得更糟。
08:48
Moral skill is chipped away by an over-reliance on rules
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道德的技能已经被对规则的国度信赖粉碎了，
08:53
that deprives us of the opportunity
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这剥夺了我们的机会
08:55
to improvise and learn from our improvisations.
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去随机应变以及从临场反应中学习。
08:58
And moral will is undermined
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道德意愿也被埋没了
09:01
by an incessant appeal to incentives
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因为不断的寻求激励制度
09:04
that destroy our desire to do the right thing.
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破坏了我们本身对于做正确的事情的欲望。
09:07
And without intending it,
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不用去预想，
09:09
by appealing to rules and incentives,
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寻求规则和激励制度，
09:13
we are engaging in a war on wisdom.
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我们将会经历一场智慧的战争。
09:15
Let me just give you a few examples,
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让我来举几个例子，
09:18
first of rules and the war on moral skill.
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先是规则和道德技能的冲突。
09:21
The lemonade story is one.
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柠檬水的故事就是一个。
09:23
Second, no doubt more familiar to you,
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第二个，你们会更熟悉，
09:26
is the nature of modern American education:
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美国现在教育的现状：
09:29
scripted, lock-step curricula.
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照本宣科，因循守旧的课程。
09:32
Here's an example from Chicago kindergarten.
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这是一个芝加哥幼儿园的例子。
09:35
Reading and enjoying literature
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阅读并欣赏文章
09:37
and words that begin with 'B.'
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和以B开头的单词。
09:39
"The Bath:" Assemble students on a rug
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浴室：把学生们聚集在一个小垫子上，
09:42
and give students a warning about the dangers of hot water.
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警告学生们热水的危险性。
09:44
Say 75 items in this script to teach a 25-page picture book.
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在教案里说出75件物品来教一本25页的图画书。
09:49
All over Chicago in every kindergarten class in the city,
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整个芝加哥的幼儿园，
09:52
every teacher is saying the same words in the same way on the same day.
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每个老师在同一天以同样的方式说着同样的话。
09:59
We know why these scripts are there.
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我们清楚为什么会有这样的教案。
10:03
We don't trust the judgment of teachers enough
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我们无法充分的信任老师们的判断力
10:06
to let them loose on their own.
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让他们去自由发挥。
10:09
Scripts like these are insurance policies against disaster.
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像这样的教案就像是应对灾难的保险单一样。
10:12
And they prevent disaster.
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他们能预防灾难。
10:15
But what they assure in its place is mediocrity.
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但是他们身处教师的位置，能肯定的是，他们造就了平庸。
10:20
(Applause)
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掌声。
10:27
Don't get me wrong. We need rules!
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不要误解我的意思。我们是需要规则的！
10:29
Jazz musicians need some notes --
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爵士乐手也需要一些谱子，
10:31
most of them need some notes on the page.
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他们中大部分人还需要看着谱子演奏。
10:33
We need more rules for the bankers, God knows.
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我们需要更多的条款来约束银行家，上帝也知道。
10:35
But too many rules prevent accomplished jazz musicians
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但是太多的规则会让熟练的爵士乐手
10:39
from improvising.
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无法即兴创作。
10:41
And as a result, they lose their gifts,
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最终，他们会丢失他们的天赋，
10:44
or worse, they stop playing altogether.
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或者更坏，他们完全不再演出。
10:47
Now, how about incentives?
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那激励制度呢？
10:50
They seem cleverer.
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他们看起来更聪明些。
10:52
If you have one reason for doing something
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如果你有一个理由做某件事，
10:54
and I give you a second reason for doing the same thing,
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我会给你第二个理由做同样的事情
10:57
it seems only logical that two reasons are better than one
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仅仅从逻辑上来讲，两个理由似乎要比一个理由好
11:00
and you're more likely to do it.
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你就更有可能去做。
11:03
Right?
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对吧？
11:05
Well, not always.
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其实，不一定。
11:07
Sometimes two reasons to do the same thing seem to compete with one another
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有的时候，做同一件事的两个理由可能会相矛盾，
11:10
instead of complimenting,
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而不是相辅相成
11:12
and they make people less likely to do it.
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他们就会使人不那么愿意去做。
11:15
I'll just give you one example because time is racing.
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因为时间有限，我就只举一个例子。
11:18
In Switzerland, back about 15 years ago,
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大概在15年以前的瑞士，
11:21
they were trying to decide where to site nuclear waste dumps.
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人们试图决定要在哪里处置核废料。
11:24
There was going to be a national referendum.
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那时举行了全国性的公民投票。
11:27
Some psychologists went around and polled citizens who were very well informed.
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一些心理学家就四处游走，向一些知识丰富的公民拉票。
11:30
And they said, "Would you be willing to have a nuclear waste dump in your community?"
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他们就问：“你愿意在你的社区里放置核废料吗？”
11:33
Astonishingly, 50 percent of the citizens said yes.
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吃惊的是，50%的公民说愿意。
11:38
They knew it was dangerous.
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他们知道危险性。
11:40
They thought it would reduce their property values.
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他们也知道这将降低他们房产的价值。
11:43
But it had to go somewhere
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但是这些废料总要放到某个地方
11:46
and they had responsibilities as citizens.
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而且作为公民也有义务。
11:49
The psychologists asked other people a slightly different question.
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心理学家们稍微改了一下问题，又问了其他的人。
11:53
They said, "If we paid you six weeks' salary every year
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他们问：“如果我们每年付你六周的薪水，
11:56
would you be willing to have a nuclear waste dump in your community?"
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你愿意在你的社区里安置核废料吗？”
12:00
Two reasons. It's my responsibility and I'm getting paid.
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两个原因。这是我的义务而且我还拿钱。
12:04
Instead of 50 percent saying yes,
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不像之前的50%说愿意，
12:07
25 percent said yes.
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现在只有25%的人愿意这么做。
12:10
What happens is that
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第二个结果
12:13
the second this introduction of incentive gets us
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就是引进激励条件所造成的。
12:17
so that instead of asking, "What is my responsibility?"
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那么，不去问：“什么是我的职责义务？”
12:20
all we ask is, "What serves my interests?"
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我们问的是，“什么适合于我们的兴趣？”
12:23
When incentives don't work,
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当激励机制不奏效的时候，
12:25
when CEOs ignore the long-term health of their companies
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当首席执行官不顾公司的长期健康发展
12:28
in pursuit of short-term gains that will lead to massive bonuses,
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而去追寻可以得到大量红利的短期利益的时候，
12:32
the response is always the same.
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回应始终是一样的。
12:36
Get smarter incentives.
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建立更加巧妙的激励机制。
12:40
The truth is that there are no incentives that you can devise
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真相确是：你是不可能想出
12:43
that are ever going to be smart enough.
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足够巧妙的激励机制的。
12:46
Any incentive system can be subverted by bad will.
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任何激励机制都可以被恶意的意愿推翻的。
12:50
We need incentives. People have to make a living.
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我们是需要激励机制的。人们总是要生活的。
12:54
But excessive reliance on incentives
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但是对于激励机制过分的依赖
12:56
demoralizes professional activity
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会让专业的活跃性受挫
12:59
in two senses of that word.
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可以从两个方面来看。
13:02
It causes people who engage in that activity to lose morale
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他会让已经在这个活动里面的人丢失士气
13:06
and it causes the activity itself to lose morality.
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也会让活动本身丧失民心。
13:10
Barack Obama said, before he was inaugurated,
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在就职之前，巴拉克 奥巴马说，
13:15
"We must ask not just 'Is it profitable?' but 'Is it right?'"
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“我们一定不要仅仅问‘这个有利润吗？’还要问‘这是对的吗？’”
13:19
And when professions are demoralized,
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当职业士气受挫时，
13:22
everyone in them becomes dependent on -- addicted to -- incentives
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从事这个职业的人都会变得依赖甚至沉溺于激励机制
13:27
and they stop asking "Is it right?"
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而且他们也不会问“这是正确的吗？”
13:30
We see this in medicine.
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我们能在制药行业看到这些。
13:33
("Although it's nothing serious, let's keep an eye on it to make sure it doesn't turn into a major lawsuit.")
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“尽管不是那么严重，我们最好注意一下确保这不会变成严重的诉讼。”
13:37
And we certainly see it in the world of business.
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我当然也能在商业世界里看到这些。
13:39
("In order to remain competitive in today's marketplace, I'm afraid we're going to have to replace you with a sleezeball.")
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“为了在当今的市场保持竞争力，我们恐怕要用不靠谱的人来取代你的位置了。”
13:45
("I sold my soul for about a tenth of what the damn things are going for now.")
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“为了这些破事将来要达到的目标的十分之一，我现在就出卖了我的灵魂。”
13:50
It is obvious that this is not the way people want to do their work.
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很显然这并不是人们所期望的工作方式。
13:53
So what can we do?
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那我们可以做什么呢？
13:56
A few sources of hope:
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下面是一些希望的来源：
13:59
we ought to try to re-moralize work.
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我们应该尝试重新赋予工作道德的含义。
14:02
One way not to do it: teach more ethics courses.
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一个方法就是：不要教授过多的道德规范课程。
14:08
(Applause)
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掌声。
14:11
There is no better way to show people that you're not serious
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要向人们展示你并不那么严肃，最好的方法就是
14:14
than to tie up everything you have to say about ethics
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把你要说的那些关于道德规范的事包装
14:17
into a little package with a bow and consign it to the margins as an ethics course.
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到一个带有蝴蝶结的小包裹里，然后把他当成一节道德课交出来。
14:22
What to do instead?
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除此之外还可以做什么呢？
14:24
One: Celebrate moral exemplars.
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方法一：表扬道德榜样。
14:28
Acknowledge, when you go to law school,
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当你走进法学院的时候，会有
14:31
that a little voice is whispering in your ear
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一个很小的声音就会在你耳边耳语讲
14:34
about Atticus Finch.
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阿提卡斯 芬奇这个正义律师的故事。
14:37
No 10-year-old goes to law school to do mergers and acquisitions.
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不会有10岁的小孩去法学院做并购的。
14:40
People are inspired by moral heroes.
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人们会被道德英雄们激励。
14:43
But we learn that with sophistication
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但是我们知道，当诡辩强词夺理的时候，
14:46
comes the understanding that you can't acknowledge that you have moral heroes.
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你就会为不承认你有敬仰的道德英雄而找到借口。
14:50
Well, acknowledge them.
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还是承认他们吧。
14:52
Be proud that you have them.
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因为你有他们而自豪吧。
14:54
Celebrate them.
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赞美他们。
14:56
And demand that the people who teach you acknowledge them and celebrate them too.
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也需要那些教你承认并赞美道德英雄的人。
14:59
That's one thing we can do.
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这是我们可以做的一件事。
15:02
I don't know how many of you remember this:
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我不知道你们有多少人记得这件事：
15:05
another moral hero, 15 years ago, Aaron Feuerstein,
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十五年前，另一个道德英雄，艾伦 福尔斯丁，
15:09
who was the head of Malden Mills in Massachusetts --
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他是马萨诸塞州梅尔登 米尔斯的老板
15:12
they made Polartec --
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这公司是生产Plolartec（北极棉之类的材料）的。
15:14
The factory burned down.
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工厂烧毁了，
15:16
3,000 employees. He kept every one of them on the payroll.
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有3000个工人，他还是让每一个人都领到了工钱。
15:19
Why? Because it would have been a disaster for them
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为什么？因为如果让他们离开，对于他们来说，或者对于
15:22
and for the community if he had let them go.
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社区来说，这将是很不幸的灾难。
15:25
"Maybe on paper our company is worth less to Wall Street,
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“可能名义上，我们并没有华尔街的公司值钱。”
15:29
but I can tell you it's worth more. We're doing fine."
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但是我可以告诉你们，它比想象的更有价值，我们做的很好！“
15:33
Just at this TED we heard talks from several moral heroes.
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就在TED，我们就听到了好几个道德英雄的演讲。
15:37
Two were particularly inspiring to me.
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有两个特别激励我。
15:40
One was Ray Anderson, who turned --
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一个是雷 安德森，他-
15:43
(Applause)
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掌声。
15:46
-- turned, you know, a part of the evil empire
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你们也知道，他把邪恶帝国的一部分变成了
15:49
into a zero-footprint, or almost zero-footprint business.
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一个零排放，或者说零排放的生意。
15:52
Why? Because it was the right thing to do.
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为什么呢？因为这是正确的事。
15:56
And a bonus he's discovering is
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他发现的一个额外的奖励是：
15:59
he's actually going to make even more money.
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他实际上将会赚更多的钱。
16:02
His employees are inspired by the effort.
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他的员工被他的作为所激励。
16:05
Why? Because there happy to be doing something that's the right thing to do.
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为什么？因为他们很乐意去做那些正确的事。
16:09
Yesterday we heard Willie Smits talk about re-foresting in Indonesia.
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昨天，我们听了威力 斯密特 关于重建印尼森林的演讲。
16:14
(Applause)
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掌声。
16:17
In many ways this is the perfect example.
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从很多方面来讲，这是一个完美的例子。
16:20
Because it took the will to do the right thing.
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因为，它利用了意愿来做正确的事。
16:23
God knows it took a huge amount of technical skill.
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上帝也知道这会用到很多很多的专业技术。
16:26
I'm boggled at how much he and his associates needed to know
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我非常吃惊，他和他的组织到底需要知道多少事情
16:29
in order to plot this out.
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才能把事情规划出来。
16:32
But most important to make it work --
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但是，最重要的是让它运作起来，
16:35
and he emphasized this --
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而且他强调这
16:37
is that it took knowing the people in the communities.
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是用来让很多团体的人们了解的那一部分。
16:40
Unless the people you're working with are behind you,
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除非和你一起工作的人们在身后支持你，
16:45
this will fail.
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这将会失败。
16:47
And there isn't a formula to tell you how to get the people behind you,
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没有一个公式，告诉你如何让人们支持你。
16:50
because different people in different communities
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因为在不同的团体不同的人
16:53
organize their lives in different ways.
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会用各种不同的方式来进行生活
16:56
So there's a lot here at TED, and at other places, to celebrate.
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在TED和其他很多地方都有很多事值得称赞。
16:59
And you don't have to be a mega-hero.
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你也不必非要去当个超级英雄。
17:02
There are ordinary heroes.
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有很多平凡的英雄。
17:04
Ordinary heroes like the janitors who are worth celebrating too.
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像之前提到的清洁工人就是值得赞扬的平凡英雄。
17:07
As practitioners each and every one of us should strive
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作为从业者，我们每一个人都应该努力
17:10
to be ordinary, if not extraordinary heroes.
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如果成不了非凡的英雄也要成为一个平凡的英雄。
17:13
As heads of organizations,
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作为公司的老板，
17:15
we should strive to create environments
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我们应该努力的创造环境
17:17
that encourage and nurture both moral skill and moral will.
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来鼓励和培养道德技能和道德意愿。
17:22
Even the wisest and most well-meaning people
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即使最聪明善意的人
17:25
will give up if they have to swim against the current
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也会放弃，如果要他们去逆流而行
17:28
in the organizations in which they work.
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和他们工作的的单位抗争的话。
17:31
If you run an organization, you should be sure
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如果你要开公司，你要确保
17:34
that none of the jobs -- none of the jobs --
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没有一个工作--没有一个工作
17:37
have job descriptions like the job descriptions of the janitors.
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的工作说明会像之前的清洁工工作说明一样。
17:40
Because the truth is that
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因为，真相是
17:43
any work that you do that involves interaction with other people
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你做的任何一个与人打交道的工作
17:46
is moral work.
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都是道德的工作。
17:49
And any moral work depends upon practical wisdom.
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任何一个道德的工作都会依赖于实践的智慧。
17:53
And, perhaps most important,
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然后，可能最重要的是，
17:56
as teachers, we should strive to be the ordinary heroes,
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作为老师，我们应该努力成为平凡的英雄，
17:59
the moral exemplars, to the people we mentor.
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成我们做教导的人的道德模范。
18:03
And there are a few things that we have to remember as teachers.
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作为老师有一些东西我们应该记住。
18:06
One is that we are always teaching.
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一是我们一直都在教导。
18:10
Someone is always watching.
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而有人会一直在观察。
18:13
The camera is always on.
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镜头永远是开着的。
18:15
Bill Gates talked about the importance of education
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比尔盖茨谈过教育的重要性，
18:18
and, in particular, the model that KIPP was providing:
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还特别提供了KIPP规范。
18:21
"Knowledge is power."
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“知识就是力量。”
18:24
And he talked about a lot of the wonderful things
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他也谈到了很多美好的事情
18:27
that KIPP is doing
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KIPP正在
18:29
to take inner-city kids and turn them in the direction of college.
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让市中心的孩子走向大学的道路。
18:33
I want to focus on one particular thing KIPP is doing
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我想把重点放在KIPP正在做的一件事情上
18:36
that Bill didn't mention.
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比尔盖茨没有提过。
18:39
That is that they have come to the realization
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他们发现这样一个事实
18:42
that the single most important thing kids need to learn
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就是孩子需要学的的最重要的一件事
18:44
is character.
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就是人格。
18:45
They need to learn to respect themselves.
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他们需要学习尊重自己。
18:48
They need to learn to respect their schoolmates.
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他们需要学习尊重他们的同学。
18:51
They need to learn to respect their teachers.
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他们需要学习尊重他们的老师。
18:54
And, most important, they need to learn to respect learning.
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最重要的是，他们需要学习尊重学习。
18:57
That's the principle objective.
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这是一个理论性的目标。
18:59
If you do that, the rest is just pretty much a coast downhill.
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如果你这么做了，剩下的就像是向下的滑坡一下好走。
19:03
And the teachers: the way you teach these things to the kids
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老师们：你们教导孩子的方法
19:06
is by having the teachers and all the other staff embody it every minute of every day.
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应该把每天每一分钟所有的东西都融合在一起。
19:13
Obama appealed to virtue.
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奥巴马呼吁美德。
19:15
And I think he was right.
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我认为他是对的。
19:17
And the virtue I think we need above all others is practical wisdom,
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而且我认为我们最需要的美德就是实践的智慧。
19:21
because it's what allows other virtues -- honesty, kindness, courage and so on --
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因为他让其他的美德-诚实，善良，勇气等等--
19:28
to be displayed at the right time and in the right way.
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在正确的时间以正确的方式展现出来。
19:31
He also appealed to hope.
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他还呼吁期望。
19:34
Right again.
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也是对的。
19:36
I think there is reason for hope.
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我认为呼吁期望是有原因的。
19:39
I think people want to be allowed to be virtuous.
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我想人都希望能够善良/有道德。
19:42
In many ways, it's what TED is all about.
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从很大程度上来说，这就是TED的意义所在。
19:46
Wanting to do the right thing
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期望能做正确的事情，
19:49
in the right way
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以正确的方式，
19:51
for the right reasons.
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因为正当的理由。
19:53
This kind of wisdom is within the grasp of each and every one of us
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这种智慧是我们每一个都都力所能及的，
19:56
if only we start paying attention.
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只要我们开始注意。
19:59
Paying attention to what we do,
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注意我们所做的事情，
20:02
to how we do it,
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我们如何去做，
20:04
and, perhaps most importantly,
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以及，可能是最重要的，
20:06
to the structure of the organizations within which we work,
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去构建我们所工作的组织，
20:09
so as to make sure that it enables us and other people to develop wisdom
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以此来保证它可以让我们和其他人开发智慧
20:14
rather than having it suppressed.
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而不是压制我们的智慧。
20:17
Thank you very much.
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谢谢大家。
20:20
Thank you.
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谢谢
20:22
(Applause)
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掌声。
20:25
Chris Anderson: You have to go and stand out here a sec.
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克里斯 安德森：你可能要到那边站着等一下。
20:31
Barry Schwartz: Thank you very much.
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巴瑞 斯瓦兹：非常感谢大家！
20:33
(Applause)
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掌声。
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Barry Schwartz - PsychologistBarry Schwartz studies the link between economics and psychology, offering startling insights into modern life. Lately, working with Ken Sharpe, he's studying wisdom.
Why you should listen
In his 2004 book The Paradox of Choice, Barry Schwartz tackles one of the great mysteries of modern life: Why is it that societies of great abundance — where individuals are offered more freedom and choice (personal, professional, material) than ever before — are now witnessing a near-epidemic of depression? Conventional wisdom tells us that greater choice is for the greater good, but Schwartz argues the opposite: He makes a compelling case that the abundance of choice in today's western world is actually making us miserable.
Infinite choice is paralyzing, Schwartz argues, and exhausting to the human psyche. It leads us to set unreasonably high expectations, question our choices before we even make them and blame our failures entirely on ourselves. His relatable examples, from consumer products (jeans, TVs, salad dressings) to lifestyle choices (where to live, what job to take, who and when to marry), underscore this central point: Too much choice undermines happiness.
Schwartz's previous research has addressed morality, decision-making and the varied inter-relationships between science and society. Before Paradox he published The Costs of Living, which traces the impact of free-market thinking on the explosion of consumerism -- and the effect of the new capitalism on social and cultural institutions that once operated above the market, such as medicine, sports, and the law.
Both books level serious criticism of modern western society, illuminating the under-reported psychological plagues of our time. But they also offer concrete ideas on addressing the problems, from a personal and societal level.
Schwartz is the author of the TED Book, Why We Work.
Barry Schwartz | Speaker | TED.com