TEDGlobal 2010
Elif Shafak: The politics of fiction
Elif Shafak: Politika fikcije
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Slušanjem priča širimo maštu; pričanjem priča preskačemo kulturološke zidove, stječemo različita iskustva, ćutimo tuđe osjećaje. Elif Shafak kreće od ove jednostavne ideje objašnjavajući kako fikcija može nadići politiku identiteta.
Elif Shafak - Novelist
Elif Shafak explicitly defies definition -- her writing blends East and West, feminism and tradition, the local and the global, Sufism and rationalism, creating one of today's most unique voices in literature. Full bio
Elif Shafak explicitly defies definition -- her writing blends East and West, feminism and tradition, the local and the global, Sufism and rationalism, creating one of today's most unique voices in literature. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I'm a storyteller.
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Ja sam pripovjedačica.
00:17
That's what I do in life -- telling stories,
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Time se bavim u životu - pričam priče,
00:19
writing novels --
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pišem romane.
00:21
and today I would like to tell you a few stories
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Danas bih vam željela ispričati nekoliko priča
00:23
about the art of storytelling
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o umjetnosti pripovijedanja
00:25
and also some supernatural creatures
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i o nekim nadnaravnim bićima
00:27
called the djinni.
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koji se zovu džini.
00:29
But before I go there, please allow me to share with you
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Ali, prije nego počnem, dopustite mi da s vama podijelim
00:32
glimpses of my personal story.
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dijeliće moje osobne životne priče.
00:34
I will do so with the help of words, of course,
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To ću, naravno, učiniti uz pomoć riječi,
00:37
but also a geometrical shape, the circle,
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ali i uz pomoć jednog geometrijskog oblika, kruga.
00:40
so throughout my talk,
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Dakle, tijekom mog izlaganja
00:42
you will come across several circles.
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naići ćete na nekoliko krugova.
00:45
I was born in Strasbourg, France
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Rođena sam u Strasbourgu, u Francuskoj
00:48
to Turkish parents.
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od turskih roditelja.
00:50
Shortly after, my parents got separated,
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Moji se roditelji ubrzo razvode
00:52
and I came to Turkey with my mom.
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i ja s majkom odlazim u Tursku.
00:54
From then on, I was raised
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Od tada me kao jedinicu
00:56
as a single child by a single mother.
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odgaja samohrana majka.
00:58
Now in the early 1970s, in Ankara,
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To je, međutim, u Ankari početkom 70-ih
01:00
that was a bit unusual.
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bilo pomalo neuobičajeno.
01:02
Our neighborhood was full of large families,
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U našem susjedstvu bilo je puno velikih obitelji,
01:04
where fathers were the heads of households,
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u kojima su na čelu domaćinstva bili očevi.
01:07
so I grew up seeing my mother as a divorcee
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Rasla sam, dakle, promatrajući svoju razvedenu majku
01:10
in a patriarchal environment.
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u patrijarhalnoj sredini.
01:12
In fact, I grew up observing
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Ustvari, rasla sam promatrajući
01:14
two different kinds of womanhood.
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dvije različite vrste žena.
01:16
On the one hand was my mother,
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S jedne strane, moja majka,
01:18
a well-educated, secular, modern, westernized, Turkish woman.
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obrazovana, svjetovna, moderna, pozapadnjačena Turkinja.
01:21
On the other hand was my grandmother,
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S druge strane, moja baka,
01:23
who also took care of me
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koja se također brinula o meni
01:25
and was more spiritual, less educated
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i koja je bila duhovnija, manje obrazovana
01:28
and definitely less rational.
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i zasigurno manje racionalna.
01:30
This was a woman who read coffee grounds to see the future
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To je bila žena koja je iz taloga kave predviđala budućnost
01:33
and melted lead into mysterious shapes
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i talila olovo u tajnovite oblike
01:35
to fend off the evil eye.
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kako bi rastjerala uroke.
01:38
Many people visited my grandmother,
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Mnogi su posjećivali moju baku,
01:40
people with severe acne on their faces
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ljudi s gadnim aknama na licu
01:42
or warts on their hands.
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ili s bradavicama na rukama.
01:45
Each time, my grandmother would utter some words in Arabic,
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Baka bi izgovarala riječi na arapskom,
01:48
take a red apple and stab it
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uzela bi crvenu jabuku i u nju zabadala
01:50
with as many rose thorns
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onoliko ružinih trnova
01:52
as the number of warts she wanted to remove.
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koliko je bradavica htjela ukloniti.
01:55
Then one by one, she would
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Tada bi jedan po jedan trn
01:57
encircle these thorns with dark ink.
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ocrtala crnom tintom.
02:00
A week later, the patient would come back
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Tjedan dana nakon toga, pacijent bi se vratio
02:02
for a follow-up examination.
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na kontrolni pregled.
02:04
Now, I'm aware that I should not be saying such things
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Svjesna sam da ne bih trebala ovo govoriti
02:07
in front of an audience of scholars and scientists,
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pred publikom u kojoj sjede učenjaci i znanstvenici,
02:10
but the truth is, of all the people
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ali istina je da od onih
02:12
who visited my grandmother for their skin conditions,
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koji su mojoj baki dolazili zbog problema s kožom
02:15
I did not see anyone go back
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nikoga nisam vidjela da odlazi
02:17
unhappy or unhealed.
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nesretan ili neizliječen.
02:20
I asked her how she did this. Was it the power of praying?
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Pitala sam je kako to čini. Radi li se o snazi molitve?
02:23
In response she said, "Yes, praying is effective,
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Odgovorila mi je, "Da, molitva pomaže.
02:26
but also beware of the power of circles."
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Ali, budi svjesna i snage krugova".
02:29
From her, I learned, amongst many other things,
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Od nje sam dobila, uz puno toga drugoga,
02:32
one very precious lesson --
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jednu jako dragocjenu poduku.
02:34
that if you want to destroy something in this life,
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A ta je - ako želiš nešto na ovom svijetu uništiti,
02:36
be it an acne, a blemish
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bile to akne, mrlje
02:38
or the human soul,
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ili ljudska duša,
02:40
all you need to do is to surround it with thick walls.
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dovoljno je da je opkoliš debelim zidovima.
02:43
It will dry up inside.
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Unutar njih će se sasušiti.
02:45
Now we all live in some kind of a social and cultural circle.
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Svi mi živimo u nekoj vrsti društvenog ili kulturnog kruga.
02:48
We all do.
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Svatko od nas.
02:50
We're born into a certain family, nation, class.
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Rođeni smo unutar jedne obitelji, naroda, klase.
02:53
But if we have no connection whatsoever
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Ali, ukoliko nismo povezani
02:56
with the worlds beyond the one we take for granted,
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sa svjetovima izvan onog kojeg uzimamo zdravo za gotovo,
02:58
then we too run the risk
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tada i mi riskiramo
03:00
of drying up inside.
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da se unutar tog kruga sasušimo.
03:02
Our imagination might shrink;
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Naša mašta se može stisnuti.
03:04
our hearts might dwindle,
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Naša se srca mogu smanjiti.
03:06
and our humanness might wither
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A naša čovječnost može uvenuti
03:08
if we stay for too long
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ako predugo ostanemo
03:10
inside our cultural cocoons.
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unutar vlastitih kulturnih čahura.
03:12
Our friends, neighbors, colleagues, family --
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Naši prijatelji, susjedi, kolege, obitelj --
03:15
if all the people in our inner circle resemble us,
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ako nam svi ljudi u našem unutarnjem krugu nalikuju,
03:17
it means we are surrounded
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to znači da smo okruženi
03:19
with our mirror image.
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svojim odrazima u zrcalu.
03:21
Now one other thing women like my grandma do in Turkey
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Još nešto što žene poput moje bake u Turskoj rade
03:24
is to cover mirrors with velvet
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je prekrivanje ogledala baršunom
03:26
or to hang them on the walls with their backs facing out.
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ili vješaju ogledala na zid tako da su okrenuta prema zidu.
03:29
It's an old Eastern tradition
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To je drevna istočnjačka tradicija
03:31
based on the knowledge that it's not healthy
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koja se temelji na vjerovanju da za ljudsko biće
03:33
for a human being to spend too much time
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nije zdravo previše vremena provoditi
03:36
staring at his own reflection.
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buljeći u vlastiti odraz.
03:38
Ironically, [living in] communities of the like-minded
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Ironično, zajednice istomišljenika
03:41
is one of the greatest dangers
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jedna su od najvećih opasnosti
03:43
of today's globalized world.
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današnjeg globaliziranog svijeta.
03:45
And it's happening everywhere,
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A to se događa svugdje,
03:47
among liberals and conservatives,
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među liberalima i konzervativcima,
03:49
agnostics and believers, the rich and the poor,
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agnosticima i vjernicima, bogatima i siromašnima,
03:51
East and West alike.
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na Istoku, i na Zapadu.
03:53
We tend to form clusters
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Težimo okupljanju u skupine
03:55
based on similarity,
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na temelju sličnosti,
03:57
and then we produce stereotypes
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a potom stvaramo stereotipe
03:59
about other clusters of people.
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o drugim skupinama ljudi.
04:01
In my opinion, one way of transcending
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Smatram da je jedan od puteva nadilaženja
04:03
these cultural ghettos
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ovih kulturoloških getoa
04:05
is through the art of storytelling.
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vodi kroz umjetnost pripovijedanja.
04:07
Stories cannot demolish frontiers,
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Priče ne mogu uništiti granice,
04:10
but they can punch holes in our mental walls.
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ali mogu probijati otvore u našim mentalnim zidovima.
04:13
And through those holes, we can get a glimpse of the other,
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A kroz te otvore možemo opaziti nešto drugo,
04:16
and sometimes even like what we see.
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nešto što nam se možda i svidi.
04:19
I started writing fiction at the age of eight.
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Počela sam pisati priče s osam godina.
04:22
My mother came home one day with a turquoise notebook
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Majka je jednog dana došla kući s tirkiznom bilježnicom
04:25
and asked me if I'd be interested in keeping a personal journal.
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i pitala me bih li željela voditi dnevnik.
04:28
In retrospect, I think she was slightly worried
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Danas mislim da je bila pomalo zabrinuta
04:30
about my sanity.
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za moje mentalno zdravlje.
04:32
I was constantly telling stories at home, which was good,
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Kod kuće sam neprestano pričala priče, što je bilo dobro,
04:35
except I told this to imaginary friends around me,
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jedino što sam ih pričala izmišljenim prijateljima oko sebe,
04:37
which was not so good.
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što i nije bilo tako dobro.
04:39
I was an introverted child,
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Bila sam introvertirano dijete
04:41
to the point of communicating with colored crayons
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do te mjere da sam razgovarala s bojicama
04:44
and apologizing to objects
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i ispričavala se predmetima
04:46
when I bumped into them,
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ako bih u njih udarila.
04:48
so my mother thought it might do me good
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Moja je majka smatrala da bi za mene bilo dobro
04:50
to write down my day-to-day experiences
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da svoja svakidašnja iskustva
04:52
and emotions.
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i osjećaje zapisujem.
04:54
What she didn't know was that I thought my life was terribly boring,
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Ono što ona nije znala jest da se meni moj život činio užasno dosadnim,
04:57
and the last thing I wanted to do
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i da je zadnje što sam željela raditi
04:59
was to write about myself.
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bilo pisati o sebi.
05:01
Instead, I began to write about people other than me
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Umjesto toga, počela sam pisati o drugim ljudima
05:04
and things that never really happened.
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i stvarima koje se nikada nisu dogodile.
05:06
And thus began my life-long passion
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Tako je započela moja dugogodišnja strast
05:08
for writing fiction.
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prema pisanju priča.
05:10
So from the very beginning, fiction for me
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Od samog početka, fikcija je za mene
05:13
was less of an autobiographical manifestation
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bila ne toliko autobiografski izraz
05:16
than a transcendental journey
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koliko transcedentalno putovanje
05:18
into other lives, other possibilities.
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u druge živote, druge mogućnosti.
05:20
And please bear with me:
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Molim vas, pratite me.
05:22
I'll draw a circle and come back to this point.
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Nacrtat ću jedan krug i vratiti se na ovo.
05:25
Now one other thing happened around this same time.
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Otprilike u isto vrijeme dogodilo se još nešto.
05:27
My mother became a diplomat.
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Moja je majka postala diplomatkinja.
05:29
So from this small, superstitious,
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I tako sam iz tog malog, praznovjernog,
05:31
middle-class neighborhood of my grandmother,
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bakinog susjedstva ljudi srednje klase,
05:34
I was zoomed into this
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prebačena u jednu
05:36
posh, international school [in Madrid],
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otmjenu, međunarodnu školu [u Madridu],
05:38
where I was the only Turk.
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gdje sam bila jedina Turkinja.
05:40
It was here that I had my first encounter
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Upravo tu sam se po prvi put susrela
05:42
with what I call the "representative foreigner."
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s onim što nazivam "reprezentativni stranac".
05:45
In our classroom, there were children from all nationalities,
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U našem razredu bilo je djece svih nacionalnosti.
05:48
yet this diversity did not necessarily lead
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Pa ipak, ta različitost nije nužno vodila
05:51
to a cosmopolitan, egalitarian
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u kozmopolitsku, egalitarnu
05:54
classroom democracy.
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razrednu demokraciju.
05:56
Instead, it generated an atmosphere
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Umjesto toga, stvarala je atmosferu
05:58
in which each child was seen --
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u kojoj je svako dijete bilo viđeno,
06:00
not as an individual on his own,
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ne kao zasebna individua,
06:02
but as the representative of something larger.
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već kao predstavnik nečeg većeg.
06:05
We were like a miniature United Nations, which was fun,
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Bili smo poput minijaturnih Ujedinjenih naroda, što je bilo zabavno,
06:08
except whenever something negative,
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osim kada bi se nešto negativno
06:10
with regards to a nation
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dogodilo u vezi s nekom
06:12
or a religion, took place.
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državom ili vjerom.
06:14
The child who represented it was mocked,
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Dijete koje ih je predstavljalo bilo je zadirkivano,
06:17
ridiculed and bullied endlessly.
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ismijavano i beskrajno maltretirano.
06:20
And I should know, because during the time I attended that school,
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Ja to znam, jer se, dok sam bila u toj školi,
06:23
a military takeover happened in my country,
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u mojoj zemlji dogodio vojni udar,
06:26
a gunman of my nationality nearly killed the Pope,
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atentator moje nacionalnosti umalo je ubio Papu,
06:29
and Turkey got zero points in [the] Eurovision Song Contest.
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a Turska je dobila nula bodova na natjecanju za pjesmu Eurovizije.
06:32
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
06:34
I skipped school often and dreamed of becoming a sailor
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Tih sam dana često izostajala iz škole
06:36
during those days.
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i sanjarila da postajem mornar.
06:38
I also had my first taste
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Također sam po prvi puta
06:40
of cultural stereotypes there.
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imala iskustvo kulturnih stereotipa.
06:42
The other children asked me about the movie
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Djeca su me zapitkivala o filmu
06:44
"Midnight Express," which I had not seen;
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"Ponoćni ekspres", kojeg nisam bila gledala.
06:46
they inquired how many cigarettes a day I smoked,
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Pitali su me koliko cigareta dnevno pušim,
06:49
because they thought all Turks were heavy smokers,
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jer su mislili da su svi Turci teški pušači.
06:52
and they wondered at what age
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I htjeli su znati s koliko ću godina
06:54
I would start covering my hair.
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početi pokrivati kosu.
06:56
I came to learn that these were
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Naučila sam da su to
06:58
the three main stereotypes about my country:
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tri glavna stereotipa o mojoj zemlji,
07:00
politics, cigarettes
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politika, cigarete
07:02
and the veil.
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i marame.
07:04
After Spain, we went to Jordan, Germany
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Nakon Španjolske išli smo u Jordan, pa Njemačku
07:06
and Ankara again.
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i ponovo u Ankaru.
07:08
Everywhere I went, I felt like
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Kamo god sam išla, činilo mi se
07:10
my imagination was the only suitcase
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da je moja mašta jedini kovčeg
07:12
I could take with me.
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koji sa sobom mogu ponijeti.
07:14
Stories gave me a sense of center,
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Priče su mi davale smisao središta,
07:16
continuity and coherence,
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stalnosti i suvislosti,
07:18
the three big Cs that I otherwise lacked.
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tri velika S koja inače ne bih imala.
07:21
In my mid-twenties, I moved to Istanbul,
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U mojim srednjim dvadesetima, preselila sam se u Istanbul,
07:23
the city I adore.
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grad koji obožavam.
07:25
I lived in a very vibrant, diverse neighborhood
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Živjela sam u jako živahnom, šarolikom susjedstvu
07:28
where I wrote several of my novels.
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gdje sam napisala nekoliko romana.
07:30
I was in Istanbul when the earthquake hit
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Bila sam u Istanbulu kad ga je
07:32
in 1999.
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1999. pogodio potres.
07:34
When I ran out of the building at three in the morning,
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Kada sam u tri sata ujutro istrčala iz zgrade,
07:37
I saw something that stopped me in my tracks.
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ugledala sam nešto što me prikovalo na mjestu.
07:40
There was the local grocer there --
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Trgovac iz dućana mješovite robe,
07:42
a grumpy, old man who didn't sell alcohol
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mrzovoljni starac koji nije prodavao alkohol
07:44
and didn't speak to marginals.
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niti razgovarao s ljudima s ruba,
07:46
He was sitting next to a transvestite
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sjedio je pored transvestita
07:49
with a long black wig
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s dugom crnom perikom
07:51
and mascara running down her cheeks.
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i maskarom razlivenom niz obraze.
07:53
I watched the man open a pack of cigarettes
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Gledala sam čovjeka kako drhtavim rukama
07:55
with trembling hands
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otvara kutiju cigareta
07:57
and offer one to her,
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i jednu nudi njoj.
07:59
and that is the image of the night of the earthquake
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To je slika noći potresa
08:01
in my mind today --
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koju i danas imam u glavi --
08:03
a conservative grocer and a crying transvestite
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konzervativni prodavač i uplakani transvestit
08:06
smoking together on the sidewalk.
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kako zajedno puše na pločniku.
08:08
In the face of death and destruction,
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Pred smrću i razaranjem,
08:11
our mundane differences evaporated,
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naše su se svjetovne razlike izbrisale,
08:13
and we all became one
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i postali smo jedno
08:15
even if for a few hours.
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makar i na nekoliko sati.
08:17
But I've always believed that stories, too, have a similar effect on us.
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Oduvijek sam vjerovala da priče imaju slično djelovanje.
08:20
I'm not saying that fiction has the magnitude of an earthquake,
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Ne kažem da fikcija ima značaj jednog potresa.
08:23
but when we are reading a good novel,
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Ali, kada čitamo dobar roman,
08:25
we leave our small, cozy apartments behind,
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napuštamo svoje male, udobne stanove,
08:28
go out into the night alone
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odlazimo sami u noć
08:30
and start getting to know people we had never met before
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i počinjemo upoznavati ljude koje nikada prije nismo sreli
08:33
and perhaps had even been biased against.
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i prema kojima smo čak možda gajili i predrasude.
08:36
Shortly after, I went
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Nedugo nakon toga otišla sam
08:38
to a women's college in Boston, then Michigan.
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u ženski koledž u Boston, pa u Michigan.
08:41
I experienced this, not so much as a geographical shift,
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To nisam toliko iskusila kao geografski pomak,
08:44
as a linguistic one.
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koliko kao lingvistički.
08:46
I started writing fiction in English.
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Počela sam pisati romane na engleskom.
08:48
I'm not an immigrant, refugee or exile --
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Nisam imigrantica, izbjeglica ni prognanica.
08:50
they ask me why I do this --
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Pitaju me zašto onda to činim.
08:52
but the commute between languages
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Kretanje između dvaju jezika
08:54
gives me the chance to recreate myself.
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pruža mi priliku da i sebe preoblikujem.
08:57
I love writing in Turkish,
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Volim pisati na turskom,
08:59
which to me is very poetic and very emotional,
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za mene je to jako poetičan i osjećajan jezik.
09:02
and I love writing in English, which to me
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A volim pisati i na engleskom, koji mi je
09:04
is very mathematical and cerebral.
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jako matematičan i intelektualan.
09:06
So I feel connected to each language in a different way.
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Tako da sa svakim jezikom osjećam različitu povezanost.
09:09
For me, like millions of other people
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Za mene, kao i za milijune drugih ljudi
09:11
around the world today,
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širom današnjeg svijeta,
09:13
English is an acquired language.
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engleski je drugi jezik.
09:15
When you're a latecomer to a language,
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Kada si u nekom jeziku pridošlica,
09:17
what happens is you live there
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događa se da tu živiš
09:20
with a continuous
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sa stalnom i
09:22
and perpetual frustration.
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i vječitom frustracijom.
09:24
As latecomers, we always want to say more, you know,
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Kao pridošlice, uvijek želimo reći nešto više,
09:26
crack better jokes, say better things,
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ispaliti bolju šalu, kazivati bolje stvari.
09:29
but we end up saying less
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Međutim, uvijek na koncu kažemo manje
09:31
because there's a gap between the mind and the tongue.
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zbog jaza između uma i govora.
09:33
And that gap is very intimidating.
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A taj je jaz vrlo nelagodan.
09:36
But if we manage not to be frightened by it,
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Ali, ako uspijemo da nas to ne zastraši,
09:38
it's also stimulating.
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to može biti i poticaj.
09:40
And this is what I discovered in Boston --
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Upravo sam to otkrila u Bostonu --
09:42
that frustration was very stimulating.
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da je frustracija jako poticajna.
09:45
At this stage, my grandmother,
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U to je doba moja baka,
09:46
who had been watching the course of my life
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koja je pratila tijek mog života
09:48
with increasing anxiety,
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sa sve većom zabrinutošću,
09:50
started to include in her daily prayers
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u svoje dnevne molitve uključila
09:52
that I urgently get married
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i molitve da se što prije udam
09:54
so that I could settle down once and for all.
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kako bih se konačno i zauvijek smirila.
09:57
And because God loves her, I did get married.
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A kako je Bog voli, ja sam se zaista i udala.
10:00
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
10:02
But instead of settling down,
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Ali, umjesto da se smirim,
10:04
I went to Arizona.
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ja sam otišla u Arizonu.
10:06
And since my husband is in Istanbul,
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A kako je moj suprug u Istanbulu,
10:08
I started commuting between Arizona and Istanbul --
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počela sam putovati između Arizone i Istanbula.
10:11
the two places on the surface of earth
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Dva mjesta na zemlji
10:13
that couldn't be more different.
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koja ne mogu biti različitija nego što jesu.
10:15
I guess one part of me has always been a nomad,
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Mislim da je jedan dio mene oduvijek bio nomadski,
10:18
physically and spiritually.
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u fizičkom i duhovnom smislu.
10:20
Stories accompany me,
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Priče me prate,
10:22
keeping my pieces and memories together,
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držeći na okupu moje dijelove i uspomene,
10:24
like an existential glue.
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poput egzistencijalnog ljepila.
10:26
Yet as much as I love stories,
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Pa ipak, koliko god volim priče,
10:28
recently, I've also begun to think
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u zadnje vrijeme sam počela vjerovati
10:31
that they lose their magic
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da one gube svoju čaroliju
10:33
if and when a story is seen as more than a story.
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ako ih se doživljava za nešto više od samih priča.
10:36
And this is a subject that I would love
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A to je tema o kojoj bih želim
10:38
to think about together.
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da zajedno promislimo.
10:40
When my first novel written in English came out in America,
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Kada je moj prvi roman napisan na engleskom objavljen u Americi,
10:43
I heard an interesting remark from a literary critic.
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dobila sam zanimljivu primjedbu od jednog književnog kritičara.
10:46
"I liked your book," he said, "but I wish you had written it differently."
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"Svidjela mi se vaša knjiga", rekao je, "ali bih volio da ste je dručije napisali".
10:49
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
10:53
I asked him what he meant by that.
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Pitala sam ga što mu to znači.
10:55
He said, "Well, look at it. There's so many
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Rekao je, "Pa pogledajte, u romanu je mnogo
10:57
Spanish, American, Hispanic characters in it,
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španjolskih, američkih i latinoameričkih likova,
10:59
but there's only one Turkish character and it's a man."
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ali samo jedan turski, i to muškarac."
11:02
Now the novel took place on a university campus in Boston,
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Radnja se inače odvija na studentskom kampusu u Bostonu,
11:05
so to me, it was normal
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pa mi se činilo normalnim
11:07
that there be more international characters in it
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da ima više međunarodnih likova,
11:09
than Turkish characters,
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nego turskih.
11:11
but I understood what my critic was looking for.
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Ali, shvatila sam što je moj kritičar tražio.
11:13
And I also understood that I
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A shvatila sam i da ću ga
11:15
would keep disappointing him.
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nastaviti razočaravati.
11:17
He wanted to see the manifestation of my identity.
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On je želio vidjeti očitovanje mog identiteta.
11:20
He was looking for a Turkish woman in the book
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U knjizi je tražio Turkinju
11:23
because I happened to be one.
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jer sam to, slučajno, i sama.
11:25
We often talk about how stories change the world,
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Često govorimo o tome kako priče mijenjaju svijet.
11:28
but we should also see how the world of identity politics
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Ali, trebamo uočiti i kako svijet politike identiteta
11:31
affects the way stories
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utječe na način
11:33
are being circulated,
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na koji priče kruže,
11:35
read and reviewed.
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čitaju se i recenziraju.
11:37
Many authors feel this pressure,
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Mnogi pisci osjećaju ovaj pritisak,
11:39
but non-Western authors feel it more heavily.
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ali ne-zapadnjački pisci izloženi su mu još i više.
11:42
If you're a woman writer from the Muslim world, like me,
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Ako si spisateljica iz muslimanskog svijeta, poput mene,
11:45
then you are expected to write
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tada se od tebe očekuje da pišeš
11:47
the stories of Muslim women
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priče o muslimanskim ženama
11:49
and, preferably, the unhappy stories
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i to, najbolje, nesretne priče
11:51
of unhappy Muslim women.
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o nesretnim muslimanskim ženama.
11:53
You're expected to write
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Očekuje se da pišeš
11:55
informative, poignant and characteristic stories
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poučne, dirljive i tipične priče,
11:58
and leave the experimental and avant-garde
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a da eksperimentalne i avangardne priče prepustiš
12:00
to your Western colleagues.
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svojim kolegama sa Zapada.
12:02
What I experienced as a child in that school in Madrid
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Ono što sam kao dijete doživjela u onoj madridskoj školi
12:05
is happening in the literary world today.
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događa se i u današnjem književnom svijetu.
12:08
Writers are not seen
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Pisce se ne doživljava kao
12:10
as creative individuals on their own,
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samostalne kreativne pojedince,
12:12
but as the representatives
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već kao predstavnike
12:14
of their respective cultures:
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svojih kultura.
12:16
a few authors from China, a few from Turkey,
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Nekoliko pisaca iz Kine, nekoliko iz Turske,
12:19
a few from Nigeria.
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nekoliko iz Nigerije.
12:21
We're all thought to have something very distinctive,
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Svih nas se doživljava kao vrlo osobite,
12:23
if not peculiar.
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ako ne i čudnovate.
12:25
The writer and commuter James Baldwin
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Pisac i putnik, James Baldwin,
12:28
gave an interview in 1984
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1984. je dao jedan intervju
12:30
in which he was repeatedly asked about his homosexuality.
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u kojem ga se više puta upitalo za njegovu homoseksualnost.
12:33
When the interviewer tried to pigeonhole him
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Kada ga je novinar pokušao smjestiti u ladicu
12:35
as a gay writer,
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s homoseksualnim piscima,
12:37
Baldwin stopped and said,
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Baldwin je zastao i rekao,
12:39
"But don't you see? There's nothing in me
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"Ali, zar ne vidite? U meni nema ničeg
12:41
that is not in everybody else,
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čega nema i u svakom drugom čovjeku,
12:43
and nothing in everybody else
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i u drugima nema ničeg
12:45
that is not in me."
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čega nema i u meni."
12:47
When identity politics tries to put labels on us,
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Kada nas politika identiteta pokušava etiketirati,
12:50
it is our freedom of imagination that is in danger.
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ugrožena je naša sloboda imaginacije.
12:53
There's a fuzzy category called
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Postoji jedna pomalo nejasna kategorija
12:55
multicultural literature
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poznata kao multikulturalna književnost,
12:57
in which all authors from outside the Western world
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u koju su zajedno ubačeni svi pisci
12:59
are lumped together.
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izvan zapadnjačkog svijeta.
13:01
I never forget my first multicultural reading,
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Nikada neću zaboraviti svoje prvo multikulturalno čitanje,
13:03
in Harvard Square about 10 years ago.
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na trgu Harvard prije 10-ak godina.
13:06
We were three writers, one from the Philippines,
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Bilo nas je troje pisaca, jedan s Filipina,
13:09
one Turkish and one Indonesian --
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jedan iz Turske i jedan iz Indonezije --
13:11
like a joke, you know.
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znate, kao iz viceva...
13:13
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
13:15
And the reason why we were brought together
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A razlog zašto su nas okupili
13:17
was not because we shared an artistic style
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nije bio zato što smo dijelili isti umjetnički stil
13:19
or a literary taste.
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ili književni ukus.
13:21
It was only because of our passports.
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Jedini razlog su bile naše putovnice.
13:23
Multicultural writers are expected to tell real stories,
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Od multikulturalnih pisaca očekuje se da pričaju stvarne priče,
13:26
not so much the imaginary.
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a ne izmišljene.
13:28
A function is attributed to fiction.
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Fikciji je dodijeljena funkcija.
13:31
In this way, not only the writers themselves,
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Na taj način, ne samo pisci
13:33
but also their fictional characters
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već i njihovi likovi
13:36
become the representatives of something larger.
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postaju predstavnici nečeg većeg.
13:39
But I must quickly add
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Ali, moram brzo dodati
13:41
that this tendency to see a story
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da ova sklonost da se priču
13:43
as more than a story
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doživljava kao nešto više od nje same
13:45
does not solely come from the West.
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nije prisutna samo na Zapadu.
13:47
It comes from everywhere.
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Prisutna je svugdje.
13:49
And I experienced this firsthand
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A to sam iz prve ruke doživjela
13:51
when I was put on trial in 2005
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kada sam 2005. sudski optužena
13:54
for the words my fictional characters uttered in a novel.
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zbog riječi koje su moji izmišljeni likovi izgovarali u romanu.
13:57
I had intended to write
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Bila sam namjeravala napisati
13:59
a constructive, multi-layered novel
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konstruktivni, višeslojni roman
14:02
about an Armenian and a Turkish family
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o jednoj armenskoj i jednoj turskoj obitelji
14:04
through the eyes of women.
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iz perspektive jedne žene.
14:06
My micro story became a macro issue
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Moja mikro priča na suđenju je postala
14:09
when I was prosecuted.
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makro problem.
14:11
Some people criticized, others praised me
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Neki su me kritizirali, neki hvalili
14:13
for writing about the Turkish-Armenian conflict.
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zbog toga što sam pisala o tursko-armenskom sukobu.
14:16
But there were times when I wanted to remind both sides
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Ali, u nekim sam trenucima obje strane željela podsjetiti
14:19
that this was fiction.
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da je riječ o fikciji.
14:21
It was just a story.
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Da je to samo priča.
14:23
And when I say, "just a story,"
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A kada kažem "samo priča",
14:25
I'm not trying to belittle my work.
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ne nastojim podcijeniti svoj rad.
14:27
I want to love and celebrate fiction
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Želim voljeti i slaviti fikciju
14:29
for what it is,
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zbog onog što ona jest,
14:31
not as a means to an end.
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a ne kao sredstvo za određeni cilj.
14:33
Writers are entitled to their political opinions,
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Pisci imaju pravo na svoje političke stavove,
14:35
and there are good political novels out there,
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i u svijetu ima dobrih političkih romana,
14:38
but the language of fiction
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ali, jezik fikcije
14:40
is not the language of daily politics.
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nije jezik svakodnevne politike.
14:42
Chekhov said,
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Čehov je rekao,
14:44
"The solution to a problem
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"Rješenje nekog problema
14:46
and the correct way of posing the question
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i ispravan način postavljanja pitanja
14:48
are two completely separate things.
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dvije su potpuno različite stvari.
14:51
And only the latter is an artist's responsibility."
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A umjetnik je odgovoran samo za ovu drugu".
14:55
Identity politics divides us. Fiction connects.
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Politika identiteta nas razdvaja. Fikcija nas spaja.
14:58
One is interested in sweeping generalizations.
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Jednu zanimaju široke generalizacije.
15:01
The other, in nuances.
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Drugu nijanse.
15:03
One draws boundaries.
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Jedna ocrtava granice.
15:05
The other recognizes no frontiers.
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Druga granice ne priznaje.
15:07
Identity politics is made of solid bricks.
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Politika identiteta sačinjena je od tvrde opeke.
15:10
Fiction is flowing water.
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Fikcija je voda tekućica.
15:13
In the Ottoman times, there were itinerant storytellers called "meddah."
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U otomansko doba, postojali su putujući pripovjedači nazvani "meddah".
15:16
They would go to coffee houses,
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Odlazili bi u kavane,
15:18
where they would tell a story in front of an audience,
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gdje bi pred publikom pripovijedali priče,
15:20
often improvising.
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uglavnom improvizirajući.
15:22
With each new person in the story,
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Sa svakim novim likom u priči,
15:24
the meddah would change his voice,
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meddah bi promijenio glas,
15:26
impersonating that character.
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utjelovljujući taj lik.
15:28
Everybody could go and listen, you know --
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Svi su mogli ući i slušati,
15:30
ordinary people, even the sultan, Muslims and non-Muslims.
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obični ljudi, čak i sultan, muslimani i ne-muslimani.
15:33
Stories cut across all boundaries,
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Priče preskaču sve granice.
15:36
like "The Tales of Nasreddin Hodja,"
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Poput "Priča o Nasrudinu Hodži",
15:38
which were very popular throughout the Middle East,
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koje su bile popularne širom Srednjeg Istoka,
15:40
North Africa, the Balkans and Asia.
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Sjeverne Afrike, Balkana i Azije.
15:43
Today, stories continue
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I danas, priče nastavljaju
15:45
to transcend borders.
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prelaziti granice.
15:47
When Palestinian and Israeli politicians talk,
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Kada palestinski i izraleski političari razgovaraju,
15:50
they usually don't listen to each other,
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obično jedni druge ne slušaju.
15:52
but a Palestinian reader
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Ali, palestinski čitatelj
15:54
still reads a novel by a Jewish author,
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i dalje čita roman židovskog pisca
15:56
and vice versa, connecting and empathizing
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i obratno, povezujući se i suosjećajući
15:59
with the narrator.
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s pripovjedačem.
16:01
Literature has to take us beyond.
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Književnost nas mora odvesti onkraj.
16:03
If it cannot take us there,
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Ako nas ne može tamo odvesti,
16:05
it is not good literature.
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to onda nije dobra književnost.
16:07
Books have saved the introverted,
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Knjige su spasile introvertirano,
16:09
timid child that I was -- that I once was.
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sramežljivo dijete kakvo sam bila -- kakvo sam nekoć bila.
16:12
But I'm also aware of the danger
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Ali, svjesna sam i opasnosti
16:14
of fetishizing them.
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doživljavanja knjiga kao fetiša.
16:16
When the poet and mystic, Rumi,
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Kada je pjesnik i mistik Rumi
16:18
met his spiritual companion, Shams of Tabriz,
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sreo svog duhovnog pratitelja, Šemsa iz Tabriza,
16:21
one of the first things the latter did
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jedna od prvih stvari koje je ovaj potonji napravio
16:23
was to toss Rumi's books into water
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bilo je baciti Rumijeve knjige u vodu
16:25
and watch the letters dissolve.
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i gledati kako se slova rastvaraju.
16:27
The Sufis say, "Knowledge that takes you not beyond yourself
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Sufiji kažu: "Znanje koje te ne uzdigne iznad sebe samog
16:31
is far worse than ignorance."
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daleko je gore od neznanja."
16:34
The problem with today's cultural ghettos
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Problem današnjih kulturalnih getoa
16:36
is not lack of knowledge --
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nije manjak znanja.
16:38
we know a lot about each other, or so we think --
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Znamo puno jedni o drugima, ili barem tako mislimo.
16:41
but knowledge that takes us not beyond ourselves:
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Ali, znanje koje nas ne uzdiže iznad nas samih,
16:44
it makes us elitist,
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čini nas elitistima,
16:46
distant and disconnected.
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hladnima i udaljenima.
16:48
There's a metaphor which I love:
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Ima jedna metafora koja mi se sviđa:
16:50
living like a drawing compass.
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živjeti poput šestara.
16:52
As you know, one leg of the compass is static, rooted in a place.
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Kao što znate, jedan kraj šestara je nepomičan, ukorijenjen u jednoj točki.
16:55
Meanwhile, the other leg
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Za to vrijeme, drugi kraj
16:57
draws a wide circle, constantly moving.
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ocrtava veliki krug, i neprestano je u pokretu.
16:59
Like that, my fiction as well.
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I moja je fikcija takva.
17:01
One part of it is rooted in Istanbul,
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Jedan dio nje je ukorijenjen u Istanbulu,
17:03
with strong Turkish roots,
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s jakim turskim korijenjem.
17:06
but the other part travels the world,
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Ali, drugi dio putuje svijetom,
17:08
connecting to different cultures.
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povezujući se s različitim kulturama.
17:10
In that sense, I like to think of my fiction
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U tom smislu, svoju fikciju volim doživljavati
17:12
as both local and universal,
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i kao lokalnu i kao univerzalnu,
17:15
both from here and everywhere.
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koja pripada ovdje i svugdje.
17:17
Now those of you who have been to Istanbul
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Oni među vama koji su bili u Istanbulu,
17:19
have probably seen Topkapi Palace,
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vjerojatno su vidjeli palaču Topkapi
17:21
which was the residence of Ottoman sultans
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koja je bila rezidencija otomanskih sultana
17:23
for more than 400 years.
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više od 400 godina.
17:26
In the palace, just outside the quarters
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U palači, odmah uz prostorije
17:28
of the favorite concubines,
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njihovih najdražih konkubina,
17:30
there's an area called The Gathering Place of the Djinn.
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postoji takozvano 'Okupljalište džina'.
17:33
It's between buildings.
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Nalazi se među zgradama.
17:35
I'm intrigued by this concept.
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Ova ideja me jako zanima.
17:37
We usually distrust those areas
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Često smo nepovjerljivi prema područjima
17:39
that fall in between things.
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koja se nalaze u međuprostoru.
17:41
We see them as the domain
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Vidimo ih kao oblast
17:43
of supernatural creatures like the djinn,
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nadnaravnih bića poput džina,
17:45
who are made of smokeless fire
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koji su načinjeni od vatre bez dima
17:47
and are the symbol of elusiveness.
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i simboliziraju neuhvatljivost.
17:49
But my point is perhaps
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Ali, ono što želim reći je da je možda
17:51
that elusive space
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upravo taj neuhvatljivi prostor
17:53
is what writers and artists need most.
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ono što je piscima i umjetnicima najpotrebnije.
17:56
When I write fiction
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Kada pišem romane,
17:58
I cherish elusiveness and changeability.
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raduje me neuhvatljivost i promjenljivost.
18:00
I like not knowing what will happen 10 pages later.
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Volim ne znati što će se dogoditi 10 stranica iza.
18:03
I like it when my characters surprise me.
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Volim kada me moji likovi iznenade.
18:05
I might write about
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U jednom bi romanu
18:07
a Muslim woman in one novel,
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mogla pisati o muslimanki.
18:09
and perhaps it will be a very happy story,
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I to će možda biti jako sretna priča.
18:11
and in my next book, I might write
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A u sljedećoj bih knjizi mogla pisati
18:13
about a handsome, gay professor in Norway.
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o zgodnom profesoru homoseksualcu u Norveškoj.
18:16
As long as it comes from our hearts,
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Dok god pišemo iz srca,
18:18
we can write about anything and everything.
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možemo pisati o bilo čemu.
18:21
Audre Lorde once said,
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Audre Lorde je rekla:
18:23
"The white fathers taught us to say,
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"Bijeli oci su nas učili da kažemo:
18:26
'I think, therefore I am.'"
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'Mislim, dakle postojim.'"
18:28
She suggested, "I feel, therefore I am free."
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Ona je predložila: "Osjećam, dakle slobodna sam".
18:31
I think it was a wonderful paradigm shift.
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Mislim da je to bila krasna promjena obrasca.
18:34
And yet, why is it that,
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Pa ipak, zašto danas
18:36
in creative writing courses today,
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na tečajevima kreativnog pisanja
18:38
the very first thing we teach students is
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prva stvar koju učimo studente je
18:40
"write what you know"?
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da pišu o onom što poznaju?
18:42
Perhaps that's not the right way to start at all.
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Možda uopće nije dobro tako započeti.
18:45
Imaginative literature is not necessarily about
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Književnost ne znači nužno
18:48
writing who we are or what we know
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pisati o onom što jesmo ili o onome što poznajemo
18:51
or what our identity is about.
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ili o svom identitetu.
18:54
We should teach young people and ourselves
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Trebamo učiti mlade i nas same
18:56
to expand our hearts
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da širimo svoja srca
18:58
and write what we can feel.
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i pišemo o onome što osjećamo.
19:00
We should get out of our cultural ghetto
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Trebamo napustiti svoje kulturne getoe
19:02
and go visit the next one and the next.
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i obići neki drugi geto, i još koji.
19:05
In the end, stories move like whirling dervishes,
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Na koncu, priče se kreću poput derviša u vrtnji,
19:08
drawing circles beyond circles.
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crtajući krugove preko krugova.
19:11
They connect all humanity,
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One povezuju čitavo čovječanstvo,
19:13
regardless of identity politics,
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bez obzira na politiku identiteta.
19:15
and that is the good news.
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I to je dobra vijest.
19:17
And I would like to finish with an old Sufi poem:
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Voljela bih završiti starim sufijskim stihovima.
19:19
"Come, let us be friends for once;
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"Dođi, budimo načas prijatelji;
19:22
let us make life easy on us;
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olakšajmo si život;
19:24
let us be lovers and loved ones;
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budimo ljubavnici i voljeni;
19:26
the earth shall be left to no one."
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zemlja neće ostati nikome."
19:29
Thank you.
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Hvala.
19:31
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Elif Shafak - NovelistElif Shafak explicitly defies definition -- her writing blends East and West, feminism and tradition, the local and the global, Sufism and rationalism, creating one of today's most unique voices in literature.
Why you should listen
Elif Shafak is an award-winning novelist and the most widely read female writer in Turkey. She is also a political commentator and an inspirational public speaker.
She writes in both Turkish and English and has published 15 books, 10 of which are novels, including the bestselling The Bastard of Istanbul, The Forty Rules of Love and her most recent, Three Daughters of Eve. Her books have been published in 48 languages. She is published by Penguin in the UK and represented by Curtis Brown globally.
Shafak is a TEDGlobal speaker, a member of Weforum Global Agenda Council on Creative Economy in Davos and a founding member of ECFR (European Council on Foreign Relations). She has been awarded the title of Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres in 2010 by the French government.
She has been featured in and contributes to major newspapers and periodicals around the world, including the Financial Times, The Guardian, the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, Der Spiegel and La Repubblica.
Shafak has an academic background and has taught at various universities in Turkey, UK and USA. She holds a degree in International Relations, a masters degree in gender and women's studies and a PhD in political science. She is known as a women's rights, minority rights and LGBT rights advocate.
Shafak has been longlisted for the Orange Prize, MAN Asian Prize, the Baileys Prize and the IMPAC Dublin Award, and shortlisted for the Independent Foreign Fiction Prize and RSL Ondaatje Prize. She sat on the judging panel for the Independent Foreign Fiction Prize (2013); Sunday Times Short Story Award (2014, 2015), 10th Women of the Future Awards (2015); FT/Oppenheimer Funds Emerging Voices Awards (2015, 2016); Baileys Women’s Prize for Fiction (2016) and Man Booker International Prize (2017).
As a public speaker, Shafak is represented by The London Speaker Bureau and Chartwell Speakers and Penguin Speakers Bureau. She lives in London.
Elif Shafak | Speaker | TED.com