TEDSalon London 2010
Martin Jacques: Understanding the rise of China
Martin Jacques: Kako razumeti vzpon Kitajske
Filmed:
Readability: 4
4,064,065 views
V predavanju TED Salon v Londonu, se ekonomist Martin Jacques sprašuje kako si Zahod lahko razlaga Kitajsko in njen fenomenalni vzpon. Avtor knjige ”Ko Kitajska vlada svetu”, s pomočjo treh gradbenih stolpcev skuša razložiti uganko, ki jo hitro rastoče kitajsko gospodarstvo predstavlja svetu.
Martin Jacques - Writer, columnist
Martin Jacques is the author of "When China Rules the World," and a columnist for the Guardian and New Statesman. He was a co-founder of the think tank Demos. Full bio
Martin Jacques is the author of "When China Rules the World," and a columnist for the Guardian and New Statesman. He was a co-founder of the think tank Demos. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
The world is changing
0
0
2000
Svet se spreminja,
00:17
with really remarkable speed.
1
2000
3000
z neverjetno hitrostjo.
00:20
If you look at the chart at the top here,
2
5000
2000
Če si ogledate tale graf tu,
00:22
you'll see that in 2025,
3
7000
2000
boste videli, da do leta 2025,
00:24
these Goldman Sachs projections
4
9000
2000
Goldman Sachs,
00:26
suggest that the Chinese economy
5
11000
2000
napoveduje, da bo kitajsko gospodarstvo
00:28
will be almost the same size as the American economy.
6
13000
3000
skoraj tako veliko kot ameriško.
00:31
And if you look at the chart
7
16000
3000
In, če si pogledate graf,
00:34
for 2050,
8
19000
2000
za leto 2050,
00:36
it's projected that the Chinese economy
9
21000
3000
napovedujejo, da bo kitajsko gospodarstvo,
00:39
will be twice the size of the American economy,
10
24000
3000
takrat dvakrat večje od ameriškega,
00:42
and the Indian economy will be almost the same size
11
27000
2000
medtem, ko bo indijsko gospodarstvo enako veliko,
00:44
as the American economy.
12
29000
3000
kot ameriško.
00:47
And we should bear in mind here
13
32000
2000
Ne smemo pa pozabiti,
00:49
that these projections were drawn up
14
34000
2000
da so bile te napovedi narejene,
00:51
before the Western financial crisis.
15
36000
3000
pred gospodarsko krizo na Zahodu.
00:54
A couple of weeks ago,
16
39000
2000
Pred nekaj tedni,
00:56
I was looking at the latest projection
17
41000
2000
sem si ogledoval zadnje napovedi,
00:58
by BNP Paribas
18
43000
2000
banke BNP Paribas,
01:00
for when China
19
45000
3000
kjer so napovedali,
01:03
will have a larger economy
20
48000
2000
kdaj bo kitajsko gospodarstvo,
01:05
than the United States.
21
50000
2000
večje od ameriškega.
01:07
Goldman Sachs projected 2027.
22
52000
4000
Goldman Sachs je napovedal leto 2027.
01:11
The post-crisis projection
23
56000
3000
Ponovna ocena po krizi,
01:14
is 2020.
24
59000
3000
je leto 2020.
01:17
That's just a decade away.
25
62000
2000
To je samo desetletje stran.
01:19
China is going to change the world
26
64000
4000
Kitajska bo spremenila svet,
01:23
in two fundamental respects.
27
68000
3000
v dveh odločilnih pogledih.
01:26
First of all,
28
71000
2000
Kot prvo,
01:28
it's a huge developing country
29
73000
2000
to je ogromna razvijajoča se država,
01:30
with a population of 1.3 billion people,
30
75000
4000
z 1,3 miljarde prebivalcev,
01:34
which has been growing for over 30 years
31
79000
3000
ki se s povprečno 10% rastjo,
01:37
at around 10 percent a year.
32
82000
2000
razvija že zadnjih 30 let.
01:39
And within a decade,
33
84000
2000
In v enem desetletju,
01:41
it will have the largest economy in the world.
34
86000
4000
bo to postalo največje gospodarstvo na svetu.
01:45
Never before in the modern era
35
90000
3000
Nikoli poprej v moderni dobi se še ni zgodilo,
01:48
has the largest economy in the world
36
93000
3000
da bi bilo največje gospodarstvo na svetu,
01:51
been that of a developing country,
37
96000
2000
gospodarstvo države v razvoju,
01:53
rather than a developed country.
38
98000
3000
in ne, razvite države.
01:57
Secondly,
39
102000
2000
Kot drugo,
01:59
for the first time in the modern era,
40
104000
2000
prvič v moderni dobi, bo prišlo do tega,
02:01
the dominant country in the world --
41
106000
2000
da dominantna sila,
02:03
which I think is what China will become --
42
108000
3000
kar bo, po mojem mnenju, kmalu Kitajska,
02:06
will be not from the West
43
111000
3000
ne bo država na Zahodu,
02:09
and from very, very different civilizational roots.
44
114000
4000
ampak bo to država z zelo drugačnim civilizacijskim ozadjem.
02:13
Now, I know it's a widespread assumption in the West
45
118000
4000
Torej, vem, da je na Zahodu precej razširjeno mišljenje,
02:17
that as countries modernize,
46
122000
3000
da se država, ko se razvija,
02:20
they also westernize.
47
125000
2000
istočasno tudi pozahodnji.
02:22
This is an illusion.
48
127000
2000
To je iluzija.
02:24
It's an assumption that modernity
49
129000
2000
Predvidevanje, da je modernost
02:26
is a product simply of competition, markets and technology.
50
131000
3000
zgolj produkt konkurence, trga in tehnologije.
02:29
It is not. It is also shaped equally
51
134000
2000
To ne drži; sočasno je tudi pod vplivi
02:31
by history and culture.
52
136000
2000
zgodovine in kulture.
02:33
China is not like the West,
53
138000
3000
Kitajska ni takšna kot Zahod,
02:36
and it will not become like the West.
54
141000
3000
in to niti nikoli ne bo postala.
02:39
It will remain in very fundamental respects
55
144000
2000
V najbolj osnovnih ozirih,
02:41
very different.
56
146000
2000
bo ostala drugačna.
02:43
Now the big question here is obviously,
57
148000
3000
No, veliko vprašanje tu je,
02:46
how do we make sense of China?
58
151000
2000
na kakšen način si Kitajsko razlagamo?
02:48
How do we try to understand what China is?
59
153000
2000
Kako jo lahko poskusimo razumeti?
02:50
And the problem we have in the West at the moment, by and large,
60
155000
3000
In problem, ki je na Zahodu zagotovo najbolj prisoten je,
02:53
is that the conventional approach
61
158000
2000
da si Kitajsko konvencionalno razlagamo,
02:55
is that we understand it really in Western terms,
62
160000
2000
znotraj predpostavk Zahoda,
02:57
using Western ideas.
63
162000
3000
v okviru Zahodnih idej.
03:00
We can't.
64
165000
2000
Tega ne smemo.
03:02
Now I want to offer you
65
167000
2000
Zdaj vam bom pokazal,
03:04
three building blocks
66
169000
2000
tri gradbene stolpce,
03:06
for trying to understand what China is like,
67
171000
3000
da boste lažje razumeli kakšna je Kitajska --
03:09
just as a beginning.
68
174000
2000
za začetek.
03:11
The first is this:
69
176000
2000
Kot prvo,
03:13
that China is not really a nation-state.
70
178000
3000
Kitajska v bistvu ni nacionalna država.
03:16
Okay, it's called itself a nation-state
71
181000
2000
No, tako se je sicer večkrat poimenovala,
03:18
for the last hundred years,
72
183000
2000
v zadnjih stotih letih.
03:20
but everyone who knows anything about China
73
185000
2000
Vendar vsak, ki ima vsaj nekaj pojma o Kitajski,
03:22
knows it's a lot older than this.
74
187000
2000
ve, da je precej starejša kot toliko.
03:24
This was what China looked like with the victory of the Qin Dynasty
75
189000
3000
Takole je izgledalo kitajsko ozemlje v času prevlade dinastije Qin,
03:27
in 221 B.C. at the end of the warring-state period --
76
192000
3000
221 pr.n.št, ob koncu obdobja vojskujočih držav --
03:30
the birth of modern China.
77
195000
2000
to je rojstvo moderne Kitajske.
03:32
And you can see it against the boundaries of modern China.
78
197000
3000
In lahko jo primerjate z mejami današnje Kitajske.
03:35
Or immediately afterward, the Han Dynasty,
79
200000
2000
Ali pa, takoj za tem, dinastijo Han,
03:37
still 2,000 years ago.
80
202000
2000
še vedno 2.000 let nazaj.
03:39
And you can see already it occupies
81
204000
2000
In lahko vidite, da že takrat zaseda,
03:41
most of what we now know as Eastern China,
82
206000
2000
večino ozemlja, ki ga poznamo pod imenom vzhodna Kitajska,
03:43
which is where the vast majority of Chinese lived then
83
208000
3000
kjer je že takrat, tako kot tudi danes,
03:46
and live now.
84
211000
2000
živela večina Kitajcev.
03:48
Now what is extraordinary about this
85
213000
2000
No, kar je najbolj zanimivo,
03:50
is, what gives China its sense of being China,
86
215000
3000
je to kaj Kitajsko naredi Kitajsko,
03:53
what gives the Chinese
87
218000
3000
in kaj da Kitajcem občutek,
03:56
the sense of what it is to be Chinese,
88
221000
3000
zavedanje, da so Kitajci,
03:59
comes not from the last hundred years,
89
224000
2000
in to ni prišlo v zadnjih stotih letih,
04:01
not from the nation-state period,
90
226000
2000
ne v obdobju nacionalne države,
04:03
which is what happened in the West,
91
228000
3000
kot se je to zgodilo na Zahodu,
04:06
but from the period, if you like,
92
231000
2000
ampak v obdobju, lahko bi rekli,
04:08
of the civilization-state.
93
233000
2000
civilizacijske države.
04:10
I'm thinking here, for example,
94
235000
3000
Tu imam v mislih, na primer,
04:13
of customs like ancestral worship,
95
238000
3000
obred čaščenja prednikov,
04:16
of a very distinctive notion of the state,
96
241000
3000
ki daje svojevrstno predstavo o državi,
04:19
likewise, a very distinctive notion of the family,
97
244000
3000
podobno, dajo posebno predstavo o družini,
04:22
social relationships like guanxi,
98
247000
2000
družbena razmerja kot so guanxi,
04:24
Confucian values and so on.
99
249000
2000
konfucijanske vrednote itd.
04:26
These are all things that come
100
251000
2000
To vse so stvari,
04:28
from the period of the civilization-state.
101
253000
3000
ki prihajajo iz obdobje civilizacijske države.
04:31
In other words, China, unlike the Western states and most countries in the world,
102
256000
3000
Povedano drugače, Kitajsko, za razliko od Zahodnih in večine držav na svetu,
04:34
is shaped by its sense of civilization,
103
259000
3000
je izoblikovala ideja o civilizaciji,
04:37
its existence as a civilization-state,
104
262000
2000
ko je obstajala kot civilizacijska država
04:39
rather than as a nation-state.
105
264000
2000
in ne nacionalna država.
04:41
And there's one other thing to add to this, and that is this:
106
266000
3000
Potrebno pa je omeniti še nekaj drugega in to je:
04:44
Of course we know China's big, huge,
107
269000
2000
Seveda, vsi vemo, da je Kitajska velika, ogromna,
04:46
demographically and geographically,
108
271000
3000
v demografskem in geografskem smislu,
04:49
with a population of 1.3 billion people.
109
274000
3000
z 1,3 milijardami prebivalcev.
04:52
What we often aren't really aware of
110
277000
3000
Pogostokrat pa se ne zavedamo,
04:55
is the fact
111
280000
2000
dejstva,
04:57
that China is extremely diverse
112
282000
2000
da je Kitajska izjemno raznolika
04:59
and very pluralistic,
113
284000
2000
in pluralistična
05:01
and in many ways very decentralized.
114
286000
2000
ter v mnogih pogledih izjemno decentralizirana.
05:03
You can't run a place on this scale simply from Beijing,
115
288000
3000
Tako ogromen prostor preprosto ne morete obvladovati samo iz Pekinga,
05:06
even though we think this to be the case.
116
291000
3000
čeprav si ponavadi to tako predstavljamo.
05:09
It's never been the case.
117
294000
3000
Vendar to nikoli ni držalo.
05:13
So this is China, a civilization-state,
118
298000
2000
To je torej Kitajska, civilizacijska država
05:15
rather than a nation-state.
119
300000
2000
in ne nacionalna država.
05:17
And what does it mean?
120
302000
2000
In kaj to sploh pomeni?
05:19
Well, I think it has all sorts of profound implications.
121
304000
2000
Mislim, da ima to celo vrsto pomembnih posledic.
05:21
I'll give you two quick ones.
122
306000
2000
Naštel vam bom dve takojšnji.
05:23
The first is that
123
308000
2000
Prva je ta,
05:25
the most important political value for the Chinese
124
310000
4000
da je najbolj pomembna politična vrednota za Kitajce,
05:29
is unity,
125
314000
2000
enotnost,
05:31
is the maintenance
126
316000
2000
torej ohranitev,
05:33
of Chinese civilization.
127
318000
2000
kitajske civilizacije.
05:35
You know, 2,000 years ago, Europe:
128
320000
3000
Pomislite na Evropo pred 2.000 leti:
05:38
breakdown -- the fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire.
129
323000
3000
propadanje in razpad Svetega rimskega cesarstva.
05:41
It divided, and it's remained divided ever since.
130
326000
3000
Razdelilo se je in ta delitev ostaja še danes.
05:44
China, over the same time period,
131
329000
2000
Kitajska, je v istem času,
05:46
went in exactly the opposite direction,
132
331000
2000
krenila v popolno nasprotno smer,
05:48
very painfully holding this huge civilization,
133
333000
3000
ko je na zelo boleč način,
05:51
civilization-state, together.
134
336000
3000
ohranjala koncept civilizacijske države.
05:54
The second
135
339000
2000
Druga,
05:56
is maybe more prosaic,
136
341000
2000
je morda bolj predvidljiva,
05:58
which is Hong Kong.
137
343000
2000
v mislih imam Hong Kong.
06:00
Do you remember the handover of Hong Kong
138
345000
3000
Ali se spominjate, ko so Kitajci leta 1997,
06:03
by Britain to China in 1997?
139
348000
2000
ponovno priključili Hong Kong, ki je bil nekaj časa britanski?
06:05
You may remember
140
350000
2000
Morda se spominjate,
06:07
what the Chinese constitutional proposition was.
141
352000
2000
kaj je bil kitajski ustavni predlog.
06:09
One country, two systems.
142
354000
2000
Ena država, dva sistema.
06:11
And I'll lay a wager
143
356000
2000
In stavim,
06:13
that barely anyone in the West believed them.
144
358000
2000
da je malokdo na Zahodu takrat verjel, da jim bo uspelo.
06:15
"Window dressing.
145
360000
2000
”To je le krinka.
06:17
When China gets its hands on Hong Kong,
146
362000
2000
Ko bo Kitajska ponovno dobila Hong Kong,
06:19
that won't be the case."
147
364000
2000
bo to nekaj povsem drugega".
06:21
Thirteen years on,
148
366000
2000
13 let kasneje,
06:23
the political and legal system in Hong Kong
149
368000
2000
je politični in pravni sistem v Hong Kongu,
06:25
is as different now as it was in 1997.
150
370000
3000
še vedno tako drugačen od kitajskeg kot l.1997.
06:28
We were wrong. Why were we wrong?
151
373000
3000
Motili smo se. Zakaj smo se motili?
06:31
We were wrong because we thought, naturally enough,
152
376000
3000
Zato, ker smo razmišljali, povsem logično,
06:34
in nation-state ways.
153
379000
2000
v okviru nacionalne države.
06:36
Think of German unification, 1990.
154
381000
2000
Pomislite na združitev Nemčije leta 1990.
06:38
What happened?
155
383000
2000
Kaj se je zgodilo?
06:40
Well, basically the East was swallowed by the West.
156
385000
2000
No, Zahod je enostavno pogoltnil Vzhod.
06:42
One nation, one system.
157
387000
2000
Ena država, en sistem.
06:44
That is the nation-state mentality.
158
389000
3000
To je mentaliteta nacionalne države.
06:47
But you can't run a country like China,
159
392000
3000
Ampak, države kot je Kitajska,
06:50
a civilization-state,
160
395000
2000
civilizacijske države,
06:52
on the basis of one civilization, one system.
161
397000
3000
ne morete voditi po principu ena civilizacija, en sistem.
06:55
It doesn't work.
162
400000
2000
To ne gre.
06:57
So actually the response of China
163
402000
3000
In tako je bil odgovor Kitajske,
07:00
to the question of Hong Kong --
164
405000
2000
na problem s Hong Kongom --
07:02
as it will be to the question of Taiwan --
165
407000
2000
nekoč bo to tudi problem s Tajvanom --
07:04
was a natural response:
166
409000
2000
povsem naraven odziv:
07:06
one civilization, many systems.
167
411000
3000
ena civilizacija, več sistemov.
07:09
Let me offer you another building block
168
414000
2000
Naj vam omenim še en gradbeni stolpec,
07:11
to try and understand China --
169
416000
2000
ki vam bo pojasnil Kitajsko --
07:13
maybe not sort of a comfortable one.
170
418000
3000
ta morda ni tako prijeten.
07:16
The Chinese have a very, very different
171
421000
2000
Kitajci imajo zelo različen način,
07:18
conception of race
172
423000
2000
dojemanja rase,
07:20
to most other countries.
173
425000
3000
drugačen od večine drugih držav.
07:23
Do you know,
174
428000
2000
Ali veste,
07:25
of the 1.3 billion Chinese,
175
430000
3000
da od 1,3. milijarde Kitajcev,
07:28
over 90 percent of them
176
433000
2000
več kot 90%,
07:30
think they belong to the same race,
177
435000
3000
misli, da pripada isti rasi,
07:33
the Han?
178
438000
2000
to je Han.
07:35
Now, this is completely different
179
440000
2000
To je povsem drugačno,
07:37
from the world's [other] most populous countries.
180
442000
3000
kot v drugih gosto naseljenih državah.
07:40
India, the United States,
181
445000
2000
Indija, ZDA,
07:42
Indonesia, Brazil --
182
447000
3000
Indonezija, Brazilija --
07:45
all of them are multiracial.
183
450000
3000
vse so izrazito multirasne.
07:48
The Chinese don't feel like that.
184
453000
3000
Kitajci ne čutijo tega.
07:51
China is only multiracial
185
456000
2000
Kitajska je večrasna,
07:53
really at the margins.
186
458000
3000
samo ob mejah.
07:56
So the question is, why?
187
461000
2000
Vprašanje pa je, zakaj?
07:58
Well the reason, I think, essentially
188
463000
2000
Mislim, da je razlog za to, v bistvu,
08:00
is, again, back to the civilization-state.
189
465000
3000
spet potrebno poiskati v pojmu civilizacijske države.
08:03
A history of at least 2,000 years,
190
468000
3000
V toku zgodovine vsaj 2.000 let,
08:06
a history of conquest, occupation,
191
471000
2000
v času osvajanj, okupacij,
08:08
absorption, assimilation and so on,
192
473000
2000
absorbcije, asimilacije itd,
08:10
led to the process by which,
193
475000
2000
se je sprožil proces,
08:12
over time, this notion of the Han emerged --
194
477000
3000
identitete ljudstva Han --
08:15
of course, nurtured
195
480000
2000
ki je, seveda rasla,
08:17
by a growing and very powerful sense
196
482000
3000
ob naraščajoči in prevladujoči
08:20
of cultural identity.
197
485000
3000
kulturni identiteti.
08:23
Now the great advantage of this historical experience
198
488000
3000
Glavna prednost takšne zgodovinske izkušnje je bila,
08:26
has been that, without the Han,
199
491000
4000
da brez tega ljudstvu Han,
08:30
China could never have held together.
200
495000
2000
Kitajske nikakor ne bi uspelo obdržati skupaj.
08:32
The Han identity has been the cement
201
497000
3000
Han identiteta je delovala kot cement,
08:35
which has held this country together.
202
500000
3000
ki je državo obdržal skupaj.
08:38
The great disadvantage of it
203
503000
2000
Velika pomanjkljivost pa je,
08:40
is that the Han have a very weak conception
204
505000
2000
da ima ljudstvo Han zelo šibek koncept,
08:42
of cultural difference.
205
507000
2000
kulturne raznolikosti.
08:44
They really believe
206
509000
3000
Pravzaprav verjamejo predvsem
08:47
in their own superiority,
207
512000
2000
da so superiorno ljudstvo
08:49
and they are disrespectful
208
514000
2000
zato so do drugačnih,
08:51
of those who are not.
209
516000
2000
pogosto nepoštljivi.
08:53
Hence their attitude, for example,
210
518000
2000
Pomislite, na primer,
08:55
to the Uyghurs and to the Tibetans.
211
520000
3000
na njihov odnos do Ujgurov in Tibetancev.
08:59
Or let me give you my third building block,
212
524000
2000
Naj vam razložim še tretji gradbeni stolpec,
09:01
the Chinese state.
213
526000
2000
to je kitajska državna uprava.
09:03
Now the relationship
214
528000
2000
Razmerje,
09:05
between the state and society in China
215
530000
3000
med državno upravo in družbo na Kitajskem,
09:08
is very different from that in the West.
216
533000
3000
je precej drugačno od tistega kar poznamo na Zahodu.
09:12
Now we in the West
217
537000
2000
Mi tukaj na Zahodu,
09:14
overwhelmingly seem to think -- in these days at least --
218
539000
2000
pogosto radi mislimo -- predvsem v zadnjem času,
09:16
that the authority and legitimacy of the state
219
541000
4000
da je avtoriteta in legitimnost države,
09:20
is a function of democracy.
220
545000
3000
funkcija vsake demokracije.
09:23
The problem with this proposition
221
548000
2000
Problem s to predpostavko pa je,
09:25
is that the Chinese state
222
550000
4000
da ima kitajska državna uprava,
09:29
enjoys more legitimacy
223
554000
2000
mnogo več legitimnosti,
09:31
and more authority
224
556000
2000
in avtoritete,
09:33
amongst the Chinese
225
558000
3000
med Kitajci,
09:36
than is true
226
561000
2000
kot pa katerakoli država,
09:38
with any Western state.
227
563000
3000
na Zahodu.
09:42
And the reason for this
228
567000
2000
Razlog za to,
09:44
is because --
229
569000
2000
pa najdemo v tem,
09:46
well, there are two reasons, I think.
230
571000
2000
no, v bistvu, mislim, da sta tu dva razloga.
09:48
And it's obviously got nothing to do with democracy,
231
573000
2000
Več kot očitno pa to nima nikakršne veze z demokracijo,
09:50
because in our terms the Chinese certainly don't have a democracy.
232
575000
3000
ker po naših standardih Kitajska vsekakor ne velja za demokracijo.
09:53
And the reason for this is,
233
578000
2000
In razlog za to je,
09:55
firstly, because the state in China
234
580000
3000
ko prvo, da ima kitajska državna uprava,
09:58
is given a very special --
235
583000
3000
posebno vlogo --
10:01
it enjoys a very special significance
236
586000
2000
lasti si prav posebno vlogo,
10:03
as the representative,
237
588000
2000
kot predstavnica,
10:05
the embodiment and the guardian
238
590000
3000
utelešenje in varuh,
10:08
of Chinese civilization,
239
593000
2000
kitajske civilizacije,
10:10
of the civilization-state.
240
595000
3000
civilizacijske države.
10:13
This is as close as China gets
241
598000
2000
To je na Kitajskem najbližje pojmu,
10:15
to a kind of spiritual role.
242
600000
3000
duhovne vloge.
10:19
And the second reason is because,
243
604000
2000
Drugi razlog pa je,
10:21
whereas in Europe
244
606000
2000
da kot se v Evropi,
10:23
and North America,
245
608000
2000
in Severni Ameriki,
10:25
the state's power is continuously challenged --
246
610000
3000
zgodi, da državna uprava postane izzvana --
10:28
I mean in the European tradition,
247
613000
2000
mislim, v evropski tradiciji,
10:30
historically against the church,
248
615000
2000
so tako izzvali cerkev,
10:32
against other sectors of the aristocracy,
249
617000
2000
in druge sektorje aristokracije,
10:34
against merchants and so on --
250
619000
2000
izzvali so trgovce itd,
10:36
for 1,000 years,
251
621000
2000
tako v zadnjih 1.000 letih,
10:38
the power of the Chinese state
252
623000
2000
kitajska državna uprava,
10:40
has not been challenged.
253
625000
2000
ni bila izzvana prav od nikogar.
10:42
It's had no serious rivals.
254
627000
3000
Nikoli ni imela močnih nasprotnikov.
10:46
So you can see
255
631000
2000
Lahko opazite,
10:48
that the way in which power has been constructed in China
256
633000
4000
da je način, kako je Kitajska postala močna,
10:52
is very different from our experience
257
637000
2000
povsem drugačen od tega,
10:54
in Western history.
258
639000
3000
ki ga poznamo na Zahodu.
10:57
The result, by the way,
259
642000
2000
Posledično, mimogrede,
10:59
is that the Chinese have a very different view of the state.
260
644000
4000
Kitajci vlogo države dojemajo na drug način kot mi.
11:04
Whereas we tend to view it as an intruder,
261
649000
3000
V državi vidimo predvsem vlogo vsiljivca,
11:07
a stranger,
262
652000
3000
tujca,
11:10
certainly an organ
263
655000
2000
in pa predvsem kot organ,
11:12
whose powers need to be limited
264
657000
3000
čigar vlogo je potrebno omejiti,
11:15
or defined and constrained,
265
660000
2000
definirati in zajeziti;
11:17
the Chinese don't see the state like that at all.
266
662000
2000
Kitajci vidijo nekaj čisto drugega.
11:19
The Chinese view the state
267
664000
3000
Kitajci državo dojemajo,
11:22
as an intimate -- not just as an intimate actually,
268
667000
3000
kot bližnjo -- ne samo kot bližnjo,
11:25
as a member of the family --
269
670000
2000
kot članico družine --
11:27
not just in fact as a member of the family,
270
672000
2000
pa tudi ne samo kot članico družine,
11:29
but as the head of the family,
271
674000
2000
ampak kot glavo družine,
11:31
the patriarch of the family.
272
676000
2000
kot starosto.
11:33
This is the Chinese view of the state --
273
678000
3000
Tako Kitajci dojemajo državo --
11:36
very, very different to ours.
274
681000
2000
na povsem drugačen način kot jo mi.
11:38
It's embedded in society in a different kind of way
275
683000
3000
Država je pri njih vpletena v družbo na drugačen način,
11:41
to what is the case
276
686000
2000
kot pa to velja,
11:43
in the West.
277
688000
2000
za Zahod.
11:45
And I would suggest to you that actually what we are dealing with here,
278
690000
3000
In to s čimer imamo opravka sedaj,
11:48
in the Chinese context,
279
693000
3000
v kontekstu Kitajske,
11:51
is a new kind of paradigm,
280
696000
2000
je nova predpostavka,
11:53
which is different from anything
281
698000
2000
ki je zelo drugačna od vsega,
11:55
we've had to think about in the past.
282
700000
3000
kar poznamo iz preteklosti.
11:59
Know that China believes in the market and the state.
283
704000
3000
Vedite, da Kitajska verjame predvsem v trg in državo.
12:02
I mean, Adam Smith,
284
707000
2000
Mislim, Adam Smith,
12:04
already writing in the late 18th century, said,
285
709000
3000
ki je že v 18. stoletju dejal:
12:07
"The Chinese market is larger and more developed
286
712000
2000
”Kitajski trg je večji in bolj razvit,
12:09
and more sophisticated
287
714000
2000
in bolj prefinjen,
12:11
than anything in Europe."
288
716000
2000
kot karkoli v Evropi”.
12:13
And, apart from the Mao period,
289
718000
2000
In, z izjemo Maotovega obdobja,
12:15
that has remained more or less the case ever since.
290
720000
2000
je to držalo skoraj brez presledka od takrat.
12:17
But this is combined
291
722000
2000
In to v kombinaciji,
12:19
with an extremely strong and ubiquitous state.
292
724000
4000
z močno in povsod navzočo državo.
12:23
The state is everywhere in China.
293
728000
2000
Država je na Kitajskem prisotna povsod.
12:25
I mean, it's leading firms --
294
730000
2000
Mislim, številna najuspešnejša podjetja,
12:27
many of them are still publicly owned.
295
732000
3000
so še vedno v državni lasti.
12:30
Private firms, however large they are, like Lenovo,
296
735000
3000
Privatna podjetja, ne glede na njihovo velikost, kot Lenovo,
12:33
depend in many ways on state patronage.
297
738000
2000
pa so v mnogih pogledih odvisni od državnega pokroviteljstva.
12:35
Targets for the economy and so on
298
740000
2000
Gospodarske kvote in druge reči,
12:37
are set by the state.
299
742000
2000
vse to določi država.
12:39
And the state, of course, its authority flows into lots of other areas --
300
744000
2000
In država, seveda, ima avtoriteto tudi na mnogih drugih področjih --
12:41
as we are familiar with --
301
746000
2000
kot vsi dobro vemo --
12:43
with something like the one-child policy.
302
748000
2000
recimo politika enega otroka.
12:45
Moreover, this is a very old state tradition,
303
750000
3000
To pa je tudi stara tradicija,
12:48
a very old tradition of statecraft.
304
753000
2000
umetnosti vodenja države.
12:50
I mean, if you want an illustration of this,
305
755000
3000
Mislim, dober primer tega,
12:53
the Great Wall is one.
306
758000
2000
je Veliki kitajski zid.
12:55
But this is another, this is the Grand Canal,
307
760000
2000
Ampak tu so še drugi, na primer, Veliki prekop,
12:57
which was constructed in the first instance
308
762000
2000
ki so ga začeli graditi,
12:59
in the fifth century B.C.
309
764000
2000
že 500 let pr.n.št,
13:01
and was finally completed
310
766000
2000
in je bil dokončno zgrajen,
13:03
in the seventh century A.D.
311
768000
2000
v 7. stoletju.
13:05
It went for 1,114 miles,
312
770000
4000
Dolg je bil 1.792 kilometrov,
13:09
linking Beijing
313
774000
2000
povezoval pa je Peking,
13:11
with Hangzhou and Shanghai.
314
776000
3000
z mesti Hangzhou in Šanghaj.
13:14
So there's a long history
315
779000
2000
Tako imamo tudi dolgo zgodovino,
13:16
of extraordinary state infrastructural projects
316
781000
3000
megalomanskih infrastrukturnih projektov,
13:19
in China,
317
784000
2000
na Kitajskem,
13:21
which I suppose helps us to explain what we see today,
318
786000
3000
kar pa nam pomaga razjasniti tudi današnjo situacijo,
13:24
which is something like the Three Gorges Dam
319
789000
2000
in projekte kot je jez treh sotesk
13:26
and many other expressions
320
791000
2000
ter mnoge druge dokaze,
13:28
of state competence
321
793000
2000
državne zmogljivosti,
13:30
within China.
322
795000
2000
znotraj Kitajske.
13:32
So there we have three building blocks
323
797000
3000
In tako imamo tri gradbene stolpce,
13:35
for trying to understand the difference that is China --
324
800000
3000
ki nam pomagajo razložiti drugačno Kitajsko --
13:38
the civilization-state,
325
803000
3000
civilizacijska država,
13:41
the notion of race
326
806000
2000
koncept rase
13:43
and the nature of the state
327
808000
2000
in naravnanost državne uprave
13:45
and its relationship to society.
328
810000
3000
ter njena vloga v družbi.
13:48
And yet we still insist, by and large,
329
813000
3000
In vendar v veliki meri še vedno vztrajamo,
13:51
in thinking that we can understand China
330
816000
4000
pri mišljenju, da Kitajsko lahko razumemo,
13:55
by simply drawing on Western experience,
331
820000
3000
skozi izkušnjo na Zahodu,
13:58
looking at it through Western eyes,
332
823000
3000
ko jo gledamo skozi oči Zahodnjaka,
14:01
using Western concepts.
333
826000
2000
ko uporabljamo koncepte Zahoda.
14:03
If you want to know why
334
828000
2000
Če hočete vedeti,
14:05
we unerringly seem to get China wrong --
335
830000
3000
zakaj, brez izjem, Kitajsko napačno interpretiramo --
14:08
our predictions about what's going to happen to China are incorrect --
336
833000
3000
zakaj so naša predvidevanja o tem kaj se bo zgodilo s Kitajsko napačna,
14:11
this is the reason.
337
836000
4000
to je glavni razlog za to.
14:15
Unfortunately, I think,
338
840000
2000
Na žalost,
14:17
I have to say that I think
339
842000
3000
mislim, da je tako,
14:20
attitude towards China
340
845000
2000
da je naš odnos do Kitajske,
14:22
is that of a kind of little Westerner mentality.
341
847000
3000
odsev mišljenja nekega malega Zahodnjaka.
14:25
It's kind of arrogant.
342
850000
2000
Gre za vrsto arogance.
14:27
It's arrogant in the sense
343
852000
2000
Arogance, v tem smislu,
14:29
that we think that we are best,
344
854000
2000
da mislimo, da smo najboljši
14:31
and therefore we have the universal measure.
345
856000
3000
in, da imamo pravico, da postavimo univerzalna merila.
14:35
And secondly, it's ignorant.
346
860000
2000
Kot drugo, gre tudi za ignoranco.
14:37
We refuse to really address
347
862000
3000
Nočemo se zares soočiti s tem,
14:40
the issue of difference.
348
865000
2000
kaj pomeni drugačnost.
14:42
You know, there's a very interesting passage
349
867000
2000
Veste, obstaja zelo zanimiv odlomek o tem,
14:44
in a book by Paul Cohen, the American historian.
350
869000
3000
v knjigi Paula Cohena, ameriškega zgodovinarja.
14:47
And Paul Cohen argues
351
872000
3000
V njej Paul Cohen razlaga,
14:50
that the West thinks of itself
352
875000
4000
kako si Zahod domišlja,
14:54
as probably the most cosmopolitan
353
879000
2000
da je najbolj kozmopolitska kultura,
14:56
of all cultures.
354
881000
2000
na svetu.
14:58
But it's not.
355
883000
2000
Ampak to ni.
15:00
In many ways,
356
885000
2000
V mnogih pogledih,
15:02
it's the most parochial,
357
887000
2000
je zelo ozkogled,
15:04
because for 200 years,
358
889000
3000
saj je bil zadnjih 200 let,
15:07
the West has been so dominant in the world
359
892000
3000
Zahod najbolj dominantna sila na svetu,
15:10
that it's not really needed
360
895000
2000
zato niti ni čutil potrebe,
15:12
to understand other cultures,
361
897000
3000
da bi razumel druge kulture,
15:15
other civilizations.
362
900000
2000
druge civilizacije.
15:17
Because, at the end of the day,
363
902000
2000
Kajti, konec koncev,
15:19
it could, if necessary by force,
364
904000
3000
je, če je bilo potrebno tudi s silo,
15:22
get its own way.
365
907000
2000
dosegel kar je hotel.
15:24
Whereas those cultures --
366
909000
2000
Medtem, ko so druge kulture --
15:26
virtually the rest of the world, in fact,
367
911000
3000
v bistvu cel preostali svet --
15:29
which have been in a far weaker position, vis-a-vis the West --
368
914000
3000
ki so bile v primerjavi z Zahodom vedno v slabšem položaju,
15:32
have been thereby forced to understand the West,
369
917000
3000
so bile prisiljene razumeti Zahod,
15:35
because of the West's presence in those societies.
370
920000
3000
zaradi vloge Zahoda v teh družbah.
15:38
And therefore, they are, as a result,
371
923000
3000
In zaradi tega so, posledično,
15:41
more cosmopolitan in many ways than the West.
372
926000
3000
te kulture v mnogih pogledih bolj kozmopolitske od Zahoda.
15:44
I mean, take the question of East Asia.
373
929000
2000
Vzemite, na primer, Vzhodno Azijo.
15:46
East Asia: Japan, Korea, China, etc. --
374
931000
3000
Vzhodna Azija: Japonska, Koreja, Kitajska itd --
15:49
a third of the world's population lives there.
375
934000
2000
tam živi tretjina svetovne populacije,
15:51
Now the largest economic region in the world.
376
936000
2000
in je zdaj največja gospodarska cona na svetu.
15:53
And I'll tell you now,
377
938000
2000
In povem vam,
15:55
that East Asianers, people from East Asia,
378
940000
2000
državljani držav Vzhodne Azije,
15:57
are far more knowledgeable
379
942000
2000
vejo veliko več
15:59
about the West
380
944000
2000
o Zahodu,
16:01
than the West is about East Asia.
381
946000
4000
kot pa ve Zahod o Vzhodni Aziji.
16:05
Now this point is very germane, I'm afraid,
382
950000
3000
To, na žalost,
16:08
to the present.
383
953000
2000
velja še danes.
16:10
Because what's happening? Back to that chart at the beginning,
384
955000
3000
Namreč, kaj se dogaja? Nazaj k grafu na začetku --
16:13
the Goldman Sachs chart.
385
958000
2000
grafu Goldman Sachs.
16:15
What is happening
386
960000
2000
Dogaja se to,
16:17
is that, very rapidly in historical terms,
387
962000
3000
da se glede na zgodovino,
16:20
the world is being driven
388
965000
3000
svet zelo hitro spreminja,
16:23
and shaped,
389
968000
2000
in oblikuje,
16:25
not by the old developed countries,
390
970000
2000
ne zaradi razvitih držav,
16:27
but by the developing world.
391
972000
2000
ampak držav v razvoju.
16:29
We've seen this
392
974000
2000
Temu smo bili pri priča,
16:31
in terms of the G20
393
976000
2000
pri pojavu G20 --
16:33
usurping very rapidly the position of the G7,
394
978000
3000
ki je zelo hitro nadomestil položaj G7,
16:36
or the G8.
395
981000
3000
oziroma G8.
16:40
And there are two consequences of this.
396
985000
3000
Zato obstajata dve posledici.
16:43
First, the West
397
988000
2000
Prvič, Zahod,
16:45
is rapidly losing
398
990000
2000
skokovito izgublja,
16:47
its influence in the world.
399
992000
2000
svoj vpliv v svetu.
16:49
There was a dramatic illustration of this actually a year ago --
400
994000
3000
Dramatičnemu prikazu tega smo bili lahko priča leto nazaj --
16:52
Copenhagen, climate change conference.
401
997000
2000
v Copenhagnu, na konferenci o klimatskih spremembah.
16:54
Europe was not at the final negotiating table.
402
999000
2000
Takrat Evropa ni bila glavna za pogojevalsko mizo.
16:56
When did that last happen?
403
1001000
2000
Kdaj se je to zgodilo nazadnje?
16:58
I would wager it was probably about 200 years ago.
404
1003000
3000
Upam si trditi, da pred več kot 200 leti.
17:01
And that is what is going to happen in the future.
405
1006000
3000
In to se bo dogajalo tudi v prihodnosti.
17:04
And the second implication
406
1009000
2000
In drugič,
17:06
is that the world will inevitably, as a consequence,
407
1011000
3000
posledično bo svet neizogibno postal,
17:09
become increasingly unfamiliar to us,
408
1014000
4000
vedno bolj neprepoznaven,
17:13
because it'll be shaped by cultures and experiences and histories
409
1018000
3000
oblikovale ga bodo namreč kulture, izkušnje in zgodovina,
17:16
that we are not really familiar with,
410
1021000
3000
ki so nam tuje,
17:19
or conversant with.
411
1024000
2000
v katerih nismo domači.
17:21
And at last, I'm afraid -- take Europe;
412
1026000
2000
In nazadnje, bojim se, da -- poglejte Evropo,
17:23
America is slightly different --
413
1028000
2000
Amerika je drug primer --
17:25
but Europeans by and large, I have to say,
414
1030000
3000
ampak Evropejci, v večini, moram reči,
17:28
are ignorant,
415
1033000
3000
so ignorantni,
17:31
are unaware
416
1036000
2000
ne zavedajo se,
17:33
about the way the world is changing.
417
1038000
3000
da se svet spreminja.
17:36
Some people -- I've got an English friend in China,
418
1041000
3000
Nekateri ljudje -- na Kitajskem živi moj prijatelj Anglež,
17:39
and he said, "The continent is sleepwalking into oblivion."
419
1044000
3000
ki je rekel, ”Stara celina v spanju koraka v pozabo”.
17:44
Well, maybe that's true,
420
1049000
2000
Morda to drži,
17:46
maybe that's an exaggeration.
421
1051000
2000
morda je to pretiravanje.
17:48
But there's another problem which goes along with this --
422
1053000
3000
Hkrati pa se je pojavil še nov problem --
17:51
that Europe is increasingly out of touch with the world --
423
1056000
3000
to, da je Evropa vedno manj v stiku s tem kaj se dogaja po svetu --
17:54
and that is a sort of
424
1059000
3000
in to je neke vrste,
17:57
loss of a sense of the future.
425
1062000
2000
izguba občutka o prihodnosti.
17:59
I mean, Europe once, of course, once commanded the future
426
1064000
3000
Mislim, Evropa je nekoč, seveda, narekovala prihodnost,
18:02
in its confidence.
427
1067000
2000
s svojo samozavestjo.
18:04
Take the 19th century, for example.
428
1069000
3000
Spomnite se, recimo, 19. stoletja.
18:07
But this, alas, is no longer true.
429
1072000
3000
Ampak, zdaj to preprosto ne drži več.
18:10
If you want to feel the future, if you want to taste the future,
430
1075000
3000
Če hočete občutiti prihodnost, če jo hočete okusiti,
18:13
try China -- there's old Confucius.
431
1078000
3000
poskusite s Kitajsko -- tole je stari mojster Konfucij.
18:16
This is a railway station
432
1081000
2000
Tole je železniška postaja,
18:18
the likes of which you've never seen before.
433
1083000
2000
takšna, kot je še niste videli.
18:20
It doesn't even look like a railway station.
434
1085000
2000
In niti ne izgleda kot železniška postaja.
18:22
This is the new [Wuhan] railway station
435
1087000
2000
To je nova železniška postaja mesta Guangzhou,
18:24
for the high-speed trains.
436
1089000
2000
namenjena hitrim vlakom.
18:26
China already has a bigger network
437
1091000
2000
Kitajska ima že zdaj večje omrežje,
18:28
than any other country in the world
438
1093000
2000
kot katerakoli druga država na svetu,
18:30
and will soon have more than all the rest of the world put together.
439
1095000
4000
in kmalu bo omrežje večje kot vsa ostala omrežja skupaj.
18:34
Or take this: now this is an idea,
440
1099000
2000
Ali pa: no, to je samo ideja,
18:36
but it's an idea to be tried out shortly
441
1101000
3000
ampak ideja, ki jo bodo kmalu preizkusili,
18:39
in a suburb of Beijing.
442
1104000
2000
v predmestju Pekinga.
18:41
Here you have a megabus,
443
1106000
3000
Tu imate megabus,
18:44
on the upper deck carries about 2,000 people.
444
1109000
3000
ki na zgornjem krovu prevaža kar 2.000 ljudi.
18:47
It travels on rails
445
1112000
2000
Potuje po tirnicah,
18:49
down a suburban road,
446
1114000
2000
po predmestnih cestah,
18:51
and the cars travel underneath it.
447
1116000
3000
in avtomobili vozijo pod njim.
18:54
And it does speeds of up to about 100 miles an hour.
448
1119000
3000
Vozi se lahko s hitrostjo do 100 milj na uro.
18:57
Now this is the way things are going to move,
449
1122000
3000
Tako se bodo odvijale stvari v prihodnosti,
19:00
because China has a very specific problem,
450
1125000
2000
ko se bo Kitajska soočala s svojim problemom,
19:02
which is different from Europe
451
1127000
2000
drugačnem od tega kar pozna Evropa,
19:04
and different from the United States:
452
1129000
2000
ali ZDA.
19:06
China has huge numbers of people and no space.
453
1131000
3000
Kitajska ima ogromno ljudi in nič prostora.
19:09
So this is a solution to a situation
454
1134000
2000
Zato je to rešitev za situacijo,
19:11
where China's going to have
455
1136000
2000
ko bo Kitajska imela,
19:13
many, many, many cities
456
1138000
2000
zelo, zelo veliko mest,
19:15
over 20 million people.
457
1140000
2000
z več kot 20 milijoni ljudi.
19:17
Okay, so how would I like to finish?
458
1142000
3000
Dobro, in kako bi rad zaključil?
19:20
Well, what should our attitude be
459
1145000
3000
Kakšen naj bi bil torej naš odnos,
19:23
towards this world
460
1148000
3000
do sveta,
19:26
that we see
461
1151000
2000
ki se zdaj,
19:28
very rapidly developing
462
1153000
2000
bliskovito razvija,
19:30
before us?
463
1155000
2000
pred našimi očmi?
19:33
I think there will be good things about it and there will be bad things about it.
464
1158000
3000
Mislim, da to zajema tako pozitivne, kot pa tudi negativne posledice.
19:36
But I want to argue, above all,
465
1161000
2000
Vendar, predvsem bi rad zagovarjal,
19:38
a big-picture positive for this world.
466
1163000
3000
odnos, kjer bi pozitivno gledali na svet.
19:43
For 200 years,
467
1168000
2000
Zadnjih 200 let,
19:45
the world was essentially governed
468
1170000
6000
je svet v celoti vodila,
19:51
by a fragment of the human population.
469
1176000
4000
frakcija celotne svetovne populacije.
19:55
That's what Europe and North America represented.
470
1180000
4000
To sta predstavljali Evropa in Severna Amerika.
19:59
The arrival of countries
471
1184000
2000
Prihod držav,
20:01
like China and India --
472
1186000
2000
kot sta Kitajska in Indija --
20:03
between them 38 percent of the world's population --
473
1188000
2000
ki predstavljata 38% celotne svetovne populacije --
20:05
and others like Indonesia and Brazil and so on,
474
1190000
3000
in drugih držav, kot sta Indonezija, Brazilija ter druge,
20:11
represent the most important single act
475
1196000
3000
predstavljajo najpomembnejše dejanje,
20:14
of democratization
476
1199000
2000
demokratizacije,
20:16
in the last 200 years.
477
1201000
2000
v zadnjih 200 letih.
20:18
Civilizations and cultures,
478
1203000
2000
Civilizacije in kulture,
20:20
which had been ignored, which had no voice,
479
1205000
3000
ki so bile ignorirane, ki so bile brez zagovornikov,
20:23
which were not listened to, which were not known about,
480
1208000
2000
ki jih nihče ni slišal, niti ni nihče vedel zanje,
20:25
will have a different sort
481
1210000
2000
bodo v prihodnosti imele,
20:27
of representation in this world.
482
1212000
3000
povsem drugačno vlogo v svetu.
20:30
As humanists, we must welcome, surely,
483
1215000
2000
Kot humanisti, moramo to pozdraviti,
20:32
this transformation,
484
1217000
2000
to preobrazbo.
20:34
and we will have to learn
485
1219000
2000
In morali se bomo poučiti,
20:36
about these civilizations.
486
1221000
2000
o teh civilizacijah.
20:38
This big ship here
487
1223000
3000
Velika ladja tu,
20:41
was the one sailed in by Zheng He
488
1226000
2000
je ladja, ki jo je vodil Zheng He,
20:43
in the early 15th century
489
1228000
2000
v začetku 15. stoletja,
20:45
on his great voyages
490
1230000
2000
na svojih velikih potovanjih,
20:47
around the South China Sea, the East China Sea
491
1232000
3000
v južnokitajskem morju, vzhodnokitajskem morju,
20:50
and across the Indian Ocean to East Africa.
492
1235000
3000
in čez Indijski ocean do Vzhodne Afrike.
20:53
The little boat in front of it
493
1238000
4000
Mala ladja pred njo,
20:57
was the one in which, 80 years later,
494
1242000
2000
je tista, ki jo je, 80 let kasneje,
20:59
Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic.
495
1244000
3000
Krištof Kolumb popeljal čez Atlantik.
21:02
(Laughter)
496
1247000
2000
(Smeh)
21:04
Or, look carefully
497
1249000
2000
Ali pa, pozorno si poglejte,
21:06
at this silk scroll
498
1251000
2000
svileni zavitek,
21:08
made by ZhuZhou
499
1253000
3000
ki ga je naredil Zhu Zhou,
21:11
in 1368.
500
1256000
3000
leta 1368.
21:14
I think they're playing golf.
501
1259000
2000
Izgleda, kot da igrajo golf.
21:16
Christ, the Chinese even invented golf.
502
1261000
3000
Kristus, Kitajci so izumili celo golf.
21:19
Welcome to the future. Thank you.
503
1264000
3000
Dobrodošli v prihodnosti. Hvala.
21:22
(Applause)
504
1267000
3000
(Aplavz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Martin Jacques - Writer, columnistMartin Jacques is the author of "When China Rules the World," and a columnist for the Guardian and New Statesman. He was a co-founder of the think tank Demos.
Why you should listen
Martin Jacques is the author of When China Rules the World: The Rise of the Middle Kingdom and the End of the Western World. He is a Senior Fellow at the Department of Politics and International Studies, Cambridge University, and a Visiting Professor at Tsinghua University, Beijing. He is also a non-resident Fellow at the Transatlantic Academy, Washington DC. He is a columnist for the Guardian and the New Statesman.
His interest in East Asia began in 1993 with a holiday in China, Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia. After that, he found every reason or excuse he could find to spend time in the region, be it personal, for newspaper articles or television programs. In 1977, he became editor of Marxism Today, a post he held for fourteen years, transforming what was an obscure and dull journal into the most influential political publication in Britain, read and respected on the right and left alike.
In 1991, he closed Marxism Today and in 1994 became the deputy editor of the Independent newspaper, a post he held until 1996. In 1993 he co-founded the think-tank Demos.
Martin Jacques | Speaker | TED.com