TED2011
David Brooks: The social animal
Dejvid Bruks: Socijalna životinja
Filmed:
Readability: 4.6
1,363,457 views
Koristeći nalaze iz svoje poslednje knjige, kolumnista Njujork Tajmsa, Dejvid Bruks otkriva nove uvide u ljudsku prirodu preko kognitivnih nauka - uvide sa ogromnim implikacijama za ekonomiju i politiku kao i naše sopstveno znanje o sebi.
David Brooks - Op-ed columnist
Writer and thinker David Brooks has covered business, crime and politics over a long career in journalism. Full bio
Writer and thinker David Brooks has covered business, crime and politics over a long career in journalism. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
When I got my current job, I was given a good piece of advice,
0
0
3000
Kada sam se zaposlio na trenutnom poslu, dobio sam dobar savet,
00:18
which was to interview three politicians every day.
1
3000
3000
a to je da intervjuišem tri političara svakog dana.
00:21
And from that much contact with politicians,
2
6000
2000
I iz tolikog kontakta sa političarima,
00:23
I can tell you they're all emotional freaks of one sort or another.
3
8000
3000
mogu vam reći da su svi na neki način emocionalni čudaci.
00:27
They have what I called "logorrhea dementia,"
4
12000
2000
Imaju ono što zovem logoreja demencija,
00:29
which is they talk so much they drive themselves insane.
5
14000
3000
znači toliko pričaju da se na kraju izlude.
00:32
(Laughter)
6
17000
2000
(smeh)
00:34
But what they do have is incredible social skills.
7
19000
3000
Ali imaju neverovatne socijalne veštine.
00:37
When you meet them, they lock into you,
8
22000
2000
Kada se sretnete, oni vas obgrle,
00:39
they look you in the eye,
9
24000
2000
gledaju vas u oči,
00:41
they invade your personal space,
10
26000
2000
uđu vam u lični prostor,
00:43
they massage the back of your head.
11
28000
2000
masiraju vam potiljak.
00:45
I had dinner with a Republican senator several months ago
12
30000
2000
Pre nekoliko meseci sam večerao sa jednim Republikanskim
00:47
who kept his hand on my inner thigh
13
32000
2000
senatorom koji je tokom cele večere držao ruku na
00:49
throughout the whole meal -- squeezing it.
14
34000
3000
unutrašnjoj strani moje butine - i stezao je.
00:52
I once -- this was years ago --
15
37000
2000
Pre mnogo godina sam video
00:54
I saw Ted Kennedy and Dan Quayle meet in the well of the Senate.
16
39000
2000
Teda Kenedija i Dena Kvejla kako se sreću u Senatu.
00:56
And they were friends, and they hugged each other
17
41000
2000
Bili su prijatelji, zagrlili su se,
00:58
and they were laughing, and their faces were like this far apart.
18
43000
3000
smejali su se i lica im bila ovoliko udaljena.
01:01
And they were moving and grinding
19
46000
2000
Pomerali su se i stezali
01:03
and moving their arms up and down each other.
20
48000
2000
i mazili jedan drugog.
01:05
And I was like, "Get a room. I don't want to see this."
21
50000
3000
Mislio sam, "Idite u sobu. Ne želim ovo da gledam."
01:08
But they have those social skills.
22
53000
2000
Ali oni imaju te socijalne veštine.
01:10
Another case:
23
55000
2000
Još jedan slučaj:
01:12
Last election cycle,
24
57000
2000
U prošlom izbornom krugu sam
01:14
I was following Mitt Romney around New Hampshire,
25
59000
2000
pratio Mita Romnija kroz Nju Hempšir.
01:16
and he was campaigning with his five perfect sons:
26
61000
3000
Vodio je kampanju sa svojih 5 savršenih sinova:
01:19
Bip, Chip, Rip, Zip, Lip and Dip.
27
64000
2000
Bipom, Čipom, Ripom, Zipom, Lipom i Dipom.
01:21
(Laughter)
28
66000
2000
(smeh)
01:23
And he's going into a diner.
29
68000
2000
I ide u restoran.
01:25
And he goes into the diner, introduces himself to a family
30
70000
3000
Uđe u restoran i predstavi se jednoj porodici
01:28
and says, "What village are you from in New Hampshire?"
31
73000
2000
i kaže, "Iz kog sela u Nju Hempširu dolazite?"
01:30
And then he describes the home he owned in their village.
32
75000
3000
A potom opisuje kuću koju je u njihovom selu imao.
01:34
And so he goes around the room,
33
79000
3000
I tako ide prostorijom,
01:37
and then as he's leaving the diner,
34
82000
2000
i kada odlazi sa večere, pozdravlja
01:39
he first-names almost everybody he's just met.
35
84000
3000
skoro svakog koga je upravo upoznao, prvim imenom.
01:42
I was like, "Okay, that's social skill."
36
87000
2000
Pomislio sam, "Okej, to je socijalna veština."
01:44
But the paradox is,
37
89000
2000
Ali paradoks je u tome što,
01:46
when a lot of these people slip into the policy-making mode,
38
91000
4000
kad mnogi od ovih ljudi počnu da donose zakone,
01:50
that social awareness vanishes
39
95000
2000
ta socijalna svest nestaje
01:52
and they start talking like accountants.
40
97000
2000
i počinju da pričaju kao računovođe.
01:54
So in the course of my career,
41
99000
2000
Tokom svoje karijere
01:56
I have covered a series of failures.
42
101000
2000
pisao sam o mnogim neuspesima.
01:58
We sent economists in the Soviet Union
43
103000
2000
Kada se Sovjetski Savez raspao, poslali
02:00
with privatization plans when it broke up,
44
105000
2000
smo tamo ekonomiste sa planovima privatizacije,
02:02
and what they really lacked was social trust.
45
107000
3000
a njima je nedostajalo socijalno poverenje.
02:05
We invaded Iraq with a military
46
110000
2000
Izvršili smo invaziju na Irak,
02:07
oblivious to the cultural and psychological realities.
47
112000
3000
nesvesni kulturnih i psiholoških realnosti.
02:10
We had a financial regulatory regime
48
115000
2000
Imali smo režim finansijske regulative
02:12
based on the assumptions
49
117000
2000
zasnovan na pretpostavkama
02:14
that traders were rational creatures
50
119000
2000
da su trgovci racionalna bića
02:16
who wouldn't do anything stupid.
51
121000
2000
koja ne bi uradila ništa glupo.
02:18
For 30 years, I've been covering school reform
52
123000
3000
Trideset godina pišem o reformi školstva
02:21
and we've basically reorganized the bureaucratic boxes --
53
126000
3000
a samo smo reorganizovali birokratske kutije -
02:24
charters, private schools, vouchers --
54
129000
3000
dokumente, privatne škole, vaučere -
02:27
but we've had disappointing results year after year.
55
132000
4000
ali godinu za godinom imamo razočaravajuće rezultate.
02:31
And the fact is, people learn from people they love.
56
136000
3000
Činjenica je da ljudi uče od ljudi koje vole.
02:34
And if you're not talking about the individual relationship
57
139000
2000
I ako ne govorite o individualnoj vezi
02:36
between a teacher and a student,
58
141000
2000
između nastavnika i učenika,
02:38
you're not talking about that reality.
59
143000
2000
ne govorite o toj stvarnosti,
02:40
But that reality is expunged
60
145000
2000
koja je izbrisana
02:42
from our policy-making process.
61
147000
2000
iz našeg procesa donošenja zakona.
02:44
And so that's led to a question for me:
62
149000
3000
To me je dovelo do pitanja:
02:47
Why are the most socially-attuned people on earth
63
152000
3000
Zašto su najbolje socijalno prilagođeni ljudi na svetu
02:50
completely dehumanized
64
155000
2000
potpuno dehumanizovani
02:52
when they think about policy?
65
157000
3000
kada razmišljaju o zakonima?
02:55
And I came to the conclusion,
66
160000
2000
I došao sam do zaključka
02:57
this is a symptom of a larger problem.
67
162000
3000
da je to simptom jednog većeg problema.
03:00
That, for centuries, we've inherited a view of human nature
68
165000
3000
Vekovima imamo sliku ljudske prirode
03:03
based on the notion
69
168000
2000
koja je zasnovana na ideji
03:05
that we're divided selves,
70
170000
2000
da smo mi podeljena bića,
03:07
that reason is separated from the emotions
71
172000
3000
da je razum odvojen od emocija
03:10
and that society progresses
72
175000
2000
i da društvo napreduje do
03:12
to the extent that reason can suppress the passions.
73
177000
3000
mere do koje razum može da potisne strasti.
03:15
And it's led to a view of human nature
74
180000
3000
To je dovelo do vizije ljudske prirode
03:18
that we're rational individuals
75
183000
2000
po kojoj smo racionalna bića
03:20
who respond in straightforward ways to incentives,
76
185000
3000
koja na direktan način odgovaraju na podsticaje.
03:23
and it's led to ways of seeing the world
77
188000
3000
To je dovelo do viđenja sveta u
03:26
where people try to use the assumptions of physics
78
191000
3000
kom ljudi pokušavaju da koriste pretpostavke iz fizike
03:29
to measure how human behavior is.
79
194000
4000
da bi izmerili ljudsko ponašanje.
03:34
And it's produced a great amputation,
80
199000
2000
To je proizvelo veliki nedostatak,
03:36
a shallow view of human nature.
81
201000
3000
plitak pogled na ljudsku prirodu.
03:39
We're really good at talking about material things,
82
204000
2000
Stvarno smo dobri u pričanju o materijalnim stvarima,
03:41
but we're really bad at talking about emotions.
83
206000
3000
ali smo zaista loši u pričanju o emocijama.
03:44
We're really good at talking about skills
84
209000
2000
Dobri smo u pričanju o veštinama,
03:46
and safety and health;
85
211000
2000
bezbednosti i zdravlju,
03:48
we're really bad at talking about character.
86
213000
3000
a zaista loši u pričanju o karakteru.
03:51
Alasdair MacIntyre, the famous philosopher,
87
216000
3000
Alasder MakIntajer, poznati filozof,
03:54
said that, "We have the concepts of the ancient morality
88
219000
3000
rekao je da "su nam poznate ideje starog morala,
03:57
of virtue, honor, goodness,
89
222000
2000
vrline, časti, dobrote,
03:59
but we no longer have a system
90
224000
2000
ali više nemamo sistem
04:01
by which to connect them."
91
226000
2000
kojim bismo ih povezali."
04:03
And so this has led to a shallow path in politics,
92
228000
3000
Ovo je dovelo do površnog puta u politici,
04:06
but also in a whole range of human endeavors.
93
231000
4000
ali i u mnogim drugim ljudskim nastojanjima.
04:10
You can see it in the way we raise our young kids.
94
235000
3000
Možete to videti u načinu na koji podižemo decu.
04:13
You go to an elementary school at three in the afternoon
95
238000
3000
Ako odete u osnovnu školu u tri popodne
04:16
and you watch the kids come out,
96
241000
2000
i gledate decu kako izlaze,
04:18
and they're wearing these 80-pound backpacks.
97
243000
3000
sva nose ruksake od 40 kilograma.
04:21
If the wind blows them over, they're like beetles stuck there on the ground.
98
246000
4000
Ako ih vetar prevrne, oni su kao bube, ne mogu da se pomere.
04:25
You see these cars that drive up --
99
250000
2000
Vidite te automobile koji dolaze -
04:27
usually it's Saabs and Audis and Volvos,
100
252000
3000
obično su to Saab, Audi ili Volvo, jer
04:30
because in certain neighborhoods it's socially acceptable to have a luxury car,
101
255000
3000
je u nekim delovima grada društveno prihvatljivo imati luksuzni auto
04:33
so long as it comes from a country hostile to U.S. foreign policy --
102
258000
3000
samo ako on potiče iz zemlje koja je neprijateljski nastrojena
04:36
that's fine.
103
261000
2000
prema spoljnoj politici SAD-a, to je ok.
04:38
They get picked up by these creatures I've called uber-moms,
104
263000
3000
Pokupe ih kreature koje nazivam uber-mame,
04:41
who are highly successful career women
105
266000
2000
to su žene veoma uspešne u svojim karijerama
04:43
who have taken time off to make sure all their kids get into Harvard.
106
268000
3000
koje su uzele slobodno vreme kako bi osigurale da im deca upišu Harvard.
04:46
And you can usually tell the uber-moms
107
271000
2000
Obično uber-mame možete prepoznati
04:48
because they actually weigh less than their own children.
108
273000
2000
po tome što su manje težine od sopstvene dece.
04:50
(Laughter)
109
275000
2000
(smeh)
04:52
So at the moment of conception,
110
277000
2000
U momentu začeća,
04:54
they're doing little butt exercises.
111
279000
2000
one rade male vežbe za guzu.
04:56
Babies flop out,
112
281000
2000
Bebe izlete napolje, a one im
04:58
they're flashing Mandarin flashcards at the things.
113
283000
3000
mašu karticama na mandarinskom ispred nosa.
05:01
Driving them home, and they want them to be enlightened,
114
286000
3000
Voze ih kući i žele da budu prosvetljena,
05:04
so they take them to Ben & Jerry's ice cream company
115
289000
2000
pa ih vode u Ben&Jerry's poslastičarnice
05:06
with its own foreign policy.
116
291000
2000
koje imaju sopstvenu spoljnu politiku.
05:08
In one of my books,
117
293000
2000
U jednoj od mojih knjiga šalim se da
05:10
I joke that Ben & Jerry's should make a pacifist toothpaste --
118
295000
2000
bi Ben&Jerry's mogli da naprave pacifističku pastu za zube -
05:12
doesn't kill germs, just asks them to leave.
119
297000
2000
ne ubija bakterije, samo ih zamoli da odu.
05:14
It would be a big seller.
120
299000
2000
Dobro bi se prodavala.
05:16
(Laughter)
121
301000
2000
(smeh)
05:18
And they go to Whole Foods to get their baby formula,
122
303000
3000
Onda idu u prodavnice zdrave hrane da uzmu dohranu za bebe.
05:21
and Whole Foods is one of those progressive grocery stores
123
306000
2000
Ove prodavnice su jedne od naprednih, gde
05:23
where all the cashiers look like they're on loan from Amnesty International.
124
308000
3000
sve kasirke izgledaju kao da su na pozajmici od Amnesty International.
05:26
(Laughter)
125
311000
2000
(smeh)
05:28
They buy these seaweed-based snacks there
126
313000
2000
Tu kupuju sendviče sa morskom travom
05:30
called Veggie Booty with Kale,
127
315000
2000
koji se zovu "Vege Guza" sa keljom,
05:32
which is for kids who come home and say,
128
317000
2000
koji su za decu koja dođu kući i kažu,
05:34
"Mom, mom, I want a snack that'll help prevent colon-rectal cancer."
129
319000
3000
"Mama, mama, želim užinu koja sprečava rak debelog creva."
05:37
(Laughter)
130
322000
2000
(smeh)
05:39
And so the kids are raised in a certain way,
131
324000
2000
Dakle deca se podižu na određeni način,
05:41
jumping through achievement hoops of the things we can measure --
132
326000
3000
preskaču kroz obruče postignuća koja možemo da merimo -
05:44
SAT prep, oboe, soccer practice.
133
329000
3000
priprema za prijemni, oboa, fudbal.
05:47
They get into competitive colleges, they get good jobs,
134
332000
3000
Upisuju kompetitivne fakultete, dobijaju dobre poslove,
05:50
and sometimes they make a success of themselves
135
335000
2000
ponekad i uspeju u životu
05:52
in a superficial manner, and they make a ton of money.
136
337000
3000
na površan način i zarade gomilu novca.
05:55
And sometimes you can see them at vacation places
137
340000
2000
Ponekad ih možete videti u odmaralištima
05:57
like Jackson Hole or Aspen.
138
342000
2000
poput Džekson Hola ili Aspena.
05:59
And they've become elegant and slender --
139
344000
2000
Postali su elegantni i vitki -
06:01
they don't really have thighs;
140
346000
2000
nemaju butine;
06:03
they just have one elegant calve on top of another.
141
348000
3000
imaju dva elegantna lista jedan na drugom.
06:06
(Laughter)
142
351000
2000
(smeh)
06:08
They have kids of their own,
143
353000
2000
Imaju svoju decu i ostvarili
06:10
and they've achieved a genetic miracle by marrying beautiful people,
144
355000
3000
su genetsko čudo, udajući se za lepe ljude
06:13
so their grandmoms look like Gertrude Stein,
145
358000
3000
tako da im bake liče na Gertrudu Stajn,
06:16
their daughters looks like Halle Berry -- I don't know how they've done that.
146
361000
3000
a ćerke na Hali Beri - ne znam kako im to uspeva.
06:19
They get there and they realize
147
364000
3000
Stignu dotle i shvate da je sada
06:22
it's fashionable now to have dogs a third as tall as your ceiling heights.
148
367000
4000
u modi imati psa visine do prozora.
06:26
So they've got these furry 160-pound dogs --
149
371000
3000
Dakle imaju te čupave pse od 80 kila -
06:29
all look like velociraptors,
150
374000
3000
koji liče na dinosauruse,
06:32
all named after Jane Austen characters.
151
377000
3000
i svi su nazvani po likovima Džejn Ostin.
06:35
And then when they get old, they haven't really developed a philosophy of life,
152
380000
3000
I kad ostare nemaju razvijenu životnu filozofiju,
06:38
but they've decided, "I've been successful at everything;
153
383000
2000
ali odluče "Uspešan sam u svemu
06:40
I'm just not going to die."
154
385000
2000
i naprosto neću umreti."
06:42
And so they hire personal trainers;
155
387000
3000
I onda unajme lične trenere,
06:45
they're popping Cialis like breath mints.
156
390000
2000
gutaju Cialis kao da je Tik-Tak.
06:47
You see them on the mountains up there.
157
392000
2000
Viđate ih na planinama.
06:49
They're cross-country skiing up the mountain
158
394000
2000
Skijaju uz planinu
06:51
with these grim expressions
159
396000
2000
sa ljutitim izrazima lica
06:53
that make Dick Cheney look like Jerry Lewis.
160
398000
2000
koji čine da Dik Čejni izgleda kao Džeri Luis.
06:55
(Laughter)
161
400000
2000
(smeh)
06:57
And as they whiz by you,
162
402000
2000
I dok proleću pored vas,
06:59
it's like being passed by a little iron Raisinet
163
404000
2000
kao da vas mimoilaze gvozdene grožđice
07:01
going up the hill.
164
406000
2000
koje idu uzbrdo.
07:03
(Laughter)
165
408000
2000
(smeh)
07:05
And so this is part of what life is,
166
410000
3000
Ovo je deo onoga što čini život,
07:08
but it's not all of what life is.
167
413000
3000
ali nije sve u životu.
07:11
And over the past few years,
168
416000
2000
Mislim da smo tokom poslednjih
07:13
I think we've been given a deeper view of human nature
169
418000
4000
nekoliko godina dobili dublji pogled u ljudsku prirodu
07:17
and a deeper view of who we are.
170
422000
2000
i dublji uvid u to ko smo.
07:19
And it's not based on theology or philosophy,
171
424000
2000
A on nije zasnovan na teologiji ili filozofiji,
07:21
it's in the study of the mind,
172
426000
2000
nego u proučavanju uma,
07:23
across all these spheres of research,
173
428000
2000
u raznim sferama istraživanja,
07:25
from neuroscience to the cognitive scientists,
174
430000
2000
od neuronauke do kognitivnih naučnika,
07:27
behavioral economists, psychologists,
175
432000
2000
bihejvioralnih ekonomista, psihologa,
07:29
sociology,
176
434000
2000
sociologije,
07:31
we're developing a revolution in consciousness.
177
436000
3000
mi razvijamo revoluciju svesti.
07:34
And when you synthesize it all,
178
439000
2000
A kada sve to sintetizujemo,
07:36
it's giving us a new view of human nature.
179
441000
2000
dobijamo novi pogled na ljudsku prirodu.
07:38
And far from being a coldly materialistic view of nature,
180
443000
3000
Daleko od toga da je hladni materijalistički pogled na prirodu,
07:41
it's a new humanism, it's a new enchantment.
181
446000
3000
to je novi humanizam, novo očaranje.
07:44
And I think when you synthesize this research,
182
449000
2000
Mislim da, kada sintetizujete ovo istraživanje,
07:46
you start with three key insights.
183
451000
2000
počinjete sa tri ključna uvida.
07:48
The first insight is
184
453000
2000
Prvi uvid je taj da,
07:50
that while the conscious mind writes the autobiography of our species,
185
455000
3000
dok svesni um piše autobiografiju naše vrste,
07:53
the unconscious mind does most of the work.
186
458000
4000
najveći deo posla obavlja nesvesni um.
07:57
And so one way to formulate that is
187
462000
2000
Možemo reći da ljudski um
07:59
the human mind can take in millions of pieces of information a minute,
188
464000
3000
može da primi milione raznih informacija u minuti,
08:02
of which it can be consciously aware of about 40.
189
467000
3000
a može biti svestan samo oko njih 40.
08:05
And this leads to oddities.
190
470000
2000
A ovo vodi do neobičnosti.
08:07
One of my favorite is that people named Dennis
191
472000
2000
Jedna od mojih omiljenih je da ljudi koji se zovu Zoran
08:09
are disproportionately likely to become dentists,
192
474000
3000
imaju disproporcionalno veće šanse da postanu zubari,
08:12
people named Lawrence become lawyers,
193
477000
2000
oni koji se zovu Petar postanu poštari,
08:14
because unconsciously we gravitate toward things
194
479000
2000
jer podsvesno naginjemo ka stvarima
08:16
that sound familiar,
195
481000
2000
koje nam zvuče poznato i zato
08:18
which is why I named my daughter President of the United States Brooks.
196
483000
3000
sam svoju ćerku nazvao Predsednica Sjedinjenih Država Bruks.
08:21
(Laughter)
197
486000
3000
(smeh)
08:24
Another finding is that the unconscious,
198
489000
3000
Još jedno otkriće je da je podsvest
08:27
far from being dumb and sexualized,
199
492000
2000
daleko od toga da je glupa i seksualizovana,
08:29
is actually quite smart.
200
494000
2000
zapravo je prilično pametna.
08:31
So one of the most cognitively demanding things we do is buy furniture.
201
496000
3000
Jedna od kognitivno najzahtevnijih stvari koje radimo je kupovina nameštaja.
08:34
It's really hard to imagine a sofa, how it's going to look in your house.
202
499000
3000
Teško je zamisliti kako će fotelja da izgleda u vašem domu.
08:37
And the way you should do that
203
502000
2000
A trebalo bi da proučite
08:39
is study the furniture,
204
504000
2000
nameštaj, pustite da vam se "krčka"
08:41
let it marinate in your mind, distract yourself,
205
506000
2000
u glavi, okupirate se nečim drugim
08:43
and then a few days later, go with your gut,
206
508000
2000
i posle nekoliko dana idete prema osećaju,
08:45
because unconsciously you've figured it out.
207
510000
2000
jer ste podsvesno već odlučili.
08:47
The second insight
208
512000
2000
Drugi uvid je
08:49
is that emotions are at the center of our thinking.
209
514000
3000
da su emocije u centru našeg razmišljanja.
08:52
People with strokes and lesions
210
517000
2000
Ljudi sa moždanim udarima i lezijama
08:54
in the emotion-processing parts of the brain
211
519000
2000
u delovima mozga koji se bave obradom emocija
08:56
are not super smart,
212
521000
2000
nisu super pametni,
08:58
they're actually sometimes quite helpless.
213
523000
2000
ponekad su stvarno bespomoćni.
09:00
And the "giant" in the field is in the room tonight
214
525000
2000
Večeras je ovde i veliki stručnjak za tu oblast
09:02
and is speaking tomorrow morning -- Antonio Damasio.
215
527000
3000
- Antonio Damasio, koji će govoriti sutra.
09:05
And one of the things he's really shown us
216
530000
2000
Jedna od stvari koje nam je on pokazao
09:07
is that emotions are not separate from reason,
217
532000
3000
je da emocije nisu odvojene od razuma,
09:10
but they are the foundation of reason
218
535000
2000
one su osnova razuma
09:12
because they tell us what to value.
219
537000
2000
jer nam govore šta da vrednujemo.
09:14
And so reading and educating your emotions
220
539000
2000
Prepoznavanje emocija i njihovo usavršavanje
09:16
is one of the central activities of wisdom.
221
541000
3000
je jedna od centralnih aktivnosti mudrosti.
09:19
Now I'm a middle-aged guy.
222
544000
2000
Ja sam sredovečan čovek;
09:21
I'm not exactly comfortable with emotions.
223
546000
2000
nije mi baš prijatno sa emocijama.
09:23
One of my favorite brain stories described these middle-aged guys.
224
548000
3000
Imam omiljenu priču o mozgu koja opisuje sredovečne tipove.
09:26
They put them into a brain scan machine --
225
551000
3000
Stave ih u skener mozga -
09:29
this is apocryphal by the way, but I don't care --
226
554000
3000
ne znam poreklo priče, ali baš me briga -
09:32
and they had them watch a horror movie,
227
557000
3000
i puste im da gledaju horor film, a onda
09:35
and then they had them describe their feelings toward their wives.
228
560000
4000
traže od njih da opišu svoja osećanja prema svojim ženama.
09:39
And the brain scans were identical in both activities.
229
564000
3000
Aktivnost mozga je bila identična u obe aktivnosti.
09:42
It was just sheer terror.
230
567000
2000
To je bio čist užas.
09:44
So me talking about emotion
231
569000
2000
Kad ja pričam o emocijama, to
09:46
is like Gandhi talking about gluttony,
232
571000
2000
je kao da Gandi priča o halavosti,
09:48
but it is the central organizing process
233
573000
2000
ali one jesu centralni organizacioni proces
09:50
of the way we think.
234
575000
2000
načina na koji razmišljamo.
09:52
It tells us what to imprint.
235
577000
2000
Govore nam šta da zapamtimo.
09:54
The brain is the record of the feelings of a life.
236
579000
2000
Mozak je skladište osećanja jednog života.
09:56
And the third insight
237
581000
2000
I treći uvid je da
09:58
is that we're not primarily self-contained individuals.
238
583000
4000
nismo individue prvenstveno usredsređene na sebe.
10:02
We're social animals, not rational animals.
239
587000
3000
Mi smo društvene životinje, ne racionalne životinje.
10:05
We emerge out of relationships,
240
590000
2000
Mi nastajemo iz veza i duboko
10:07
and we are deeply interpenetrated, one with another.
241
592000
3000
smo isprepletani jedni sa drugima.
10:10
And so when we see another person,
242
595000
2000
Kada vidimo drugu osobu
10:12
we reenact in our own minds
243
597000
2000
mi u našim umovima
10:14
what we see in their minds.
244
599000
2000
preslikamo ono što vidimo u njihovim.
10:16
When we watch a car chase in a movie,
245
601000
2000
Kada u filmu gledamo jurnjavu kolima
10:18
it's almost as if we are subtly having a car chase.
246
603000
3000
to je kao da donekle i mi učestvujemo u jurnjavi.
10:21
When we watch pornography,
247
606000
2000
Kada gledamo pornografiju,
10:23
it's a little like having sex,
248
608000
2000
to je kao upražnjavanje seksa,
10:25
though probably not as good.
249
610000
2000
mada verovatno ne toliko dobro.
10:27
And we see this when lovers walk down the street,
250
612000
3000
Vidimo to kad zaljubljeni parovi prolaze ulicom,
10:30
when a crowd in Egypt or Tunisia
251
615000
2000
kada masu ljudi u Egiptu ili Tunisu
10:32
gets caught up in an emotional contagion,
252
617000
2000
preplavi emotivni talas,
10:34
the deep interpenetration.
253
619000
2000
duboka isprepletanost.
10:36
And this revolution in who we are
254
621000
3000
Ova revolucija naše ličnosti
10:39
gives us a different way of seeing, I think, politics,
255
624000
3000
omogućava da na drugačiji način vidimo politiku,
10:42
a different way, most importantly,
256
627000
2000
što je najvažnije, na drugačiji način
10:44
of seeing human capital.
257
629000
2000
vidimo ljudski potencijal.
10:46
We are now children of the French Enlightenment.
258
631000
4000
Mi smo sada deca francuskog prosvetiteljstva.
10:50
We believe that reason is the highest of the faculties.
259
635000
3000
Mislimo da je razum najviša osobina.
10:53
But I think this research shows
260
638000
2000
Ali mislim da ovo istraživanje pokazuje
10:55
that the British Enlightenment, or the Scottish Enlightenment,
261
640000
2000
da je britansko ili škotsko prosvetiteljstvo
10:57
with David Hume, Adam Smith,
262
642000
2000
sa Dejvidom Hjumom i Adamom Smitom,
10:59
actually had a better handle on who we are --
263
644000
3000
zapravo imalo bolju ideju o tome ko smo -
11:02
that reason is often weak, our sentiments are strong,
264
647000
3000
razum je često slab, naša osećanja su jaka
11:05
and our sentiments are often trustworthy.
265
650000
3000
i često se osećanjima može verovati.
11:08
And this work corrects that bias in our culture,
266
653000
3000
Ovaj rad ispravlja tu pristrasnost u našoj kulturi,
11:11
that dehumanizing bias.
267
656000
2000
tu dehumanizujuću pristrasnost.
11:13
It gives us a deeper sense
268
658000
2000
Daje nam dublji smisao
11:15
of what it actually takes
269
660000
2000
o tome šta je potrebno
11:17
for us to thrive in this life.
270
662000
2000
da bismo u ovom životu bili uspešni.
11:19
When we think about human capital
271
664000
2000
Kada pomislimo na ljudski kapital,
11:21
we think about the things we can measure easily --
272
666000
3000
mislimo na ono što lako možemo meriti -
11:24
things like grades, SAT's, degrees,
273
669000
3000
kao što su ocene, ispiti, diplome,
11:27
the number of years in schooling.
274
672000
2000
broj godina školovanja.
11:29
What it really takes to do well, to lead a meaningful life,
275
674000
3000
Ono što je potrebno da bismo vodili dobar i smislen život
11:32
are things that are deeper,
276
677000
2000
jesu dublje stvari,
11:34
things we don't really even have words for.
277
679000
3000
one za koje čak nemamo reči.
11:37
And so let me list just a couple of the things
278
682000
2000
Dopustite mi da istaknem par stvari
11:39
I think this research points us toward trying to understand.
279
684000
4000
na čije razumevanje mislim da nas ovo istraživanje upućuje.
11:43
The first gift, or talent, is mindsight --
280
688000
3000
Prvi dar ili talenat, je pronicljivost -
11:46
the ability to enter into other people's minds
281
691000
4000
mogućnost da uđemo u umove drugih
11:50
and learn what they have to offer.
282
695000
2000
i otkrijemo šta oni nude.
11:52
Babies come with this ability.
283
697000
2000
Bebe imaju ovu sposobnost.
11:54
Meltzoff, who's at the University of Washington,
284
699000
2000
Meltcof, koji je na vašingtonskom univerzitetu,
11:56
leaned over a baby who was 43 minutes old.
285
701000
3000
nagnuo se nad bebu staru svega 43 minuta.
11:59
He wagged his tongue at the baby.
286
704000
2000
Isplazio je jezik ka bebi.
12:01
The baby wagged her tongue back.
287
706000
3000
Beba je odgovorila plaženjem jezika.
12:04
Babies are born to interpenetrate into Mom's mind
288
709000
3000
Bebe su rođene da proniknu u um majke
12:07
and to download what they find --
289
712000
2000
i da presnime ono što nađu -
12:09
their models of how to understand reality.
290
714000
2000
modele razumevanja stvarnosti.
12:11
In the United States, 55 percent of babies
291
716000
3000
U Sjedinjenim Državama, 55% beba
12:14
have a deep two-way conversation with Mom
292
719000
2000
ima dubok dvosmerni razgovor sa majkama
12:16
and they learn models to how to relate to other people.
293
721000
3000
i uči modele odnošenja prema drugim ljudima.
12:19
And those people who have models of how to relate
294
724000
2000
A ljudi koji imaju modele odnosa prema drugima,
12:21
have a huge head start in life.
295
726000
2000
imaju ogromnu prednost u životu.
12:23
Scientists at the University of Minnesota did a study
296
728000
2000
Naučnici na Univerzitetu u Minesoti su radili
12:25
in which they could predict
297
730000
2000
studiju u kojoj su mogli da predvide
12:27
with 77 percent accuracy, at age 18 months,
298
732000
3000
sa tačnošću od 77%, na uzrastu od 18 meseci,
12:30
who was going to graduate from high school,
299
735000
2000
ko će maturirati u srednjoj školi,
12:32
based on who had good attachment with mom.
300
737000
3000
na osnovu toga ko je imao dobru vezu sa mamom.
12:35
Twenty percent of kids do not have those relationships.
301
740000
3000
20 procenata dece nema te veze.
12:38
They are what we call avoidantly attached.
302
743000
2000
Oni su razvili izbegavajući stil vezivanja.
12:40
They have trouble relating to other people.
303
745000
2000
Imaju teškoća da se vežu za druge.
12:42
They go through life
304
747000
2000
Idu kroz život kao
12:44
like sailboats tacking into the wind --
305
749000
2000
jedrilice koje se njišu na vetru -
12:46
wanting to get close to people,
306
751000
2000
žele da se približe ljudima,
12:48
but not really having the models of how to do that.
307
753000
3000
ali nemaju modele po kojima bi to radili.
12:51
And so this is one skill
308
756000
2000
To je jedna veština
12:53
of how to hoover up knowledge, one from another.
309
758000
2000
prikupljanja znanja, jednog od drugog.
12:55
A second skill is equal poise,
310
760000
3000
Druga veština je jednaka stabilnost.
12:58
the ability to have the serenity
311
763000
2000
Sposobnost da se ima smirenost
13:00
to read the biases and failures in your own mind.
312
765000
3000
da se protumače pristrasnosti sopstvenog uma.
13:03
So for example, we are overconfidence machines.
313
768000
3000
Na primer, mi smo mašine sa prevelikim samopouzdanjem.
13:06
Ninety-five percent of our professors report
314
771000
3000
95% naših profesora kaže
13:09
that they are above-average teachers.
315
774000
2000
da su nadprosečni nastavnici.
13:11
Ninety-six percent of college students
316
776000
2000
96% naših studenata
13:13
say they have above-average social skills.
317
778000
3000
kaže da ima nadprosečne socijalne veštine.
13:16
Time magazine asked Americans, "Are you in the top one percent of earners?"
318
781000
3000
"Tajm" magazin je pitao Amerikance "Da li ste među 1% onih koji najviše zarađuju?"
13:19
Nineteen percent of Americans are in the top one percent of earners.
319
784000
3000
19% Amerikanaca su među 1% najbogatijih.
13:22
(Laughter)
320
787000
2000
(smeh)
13:24
This is a gender-linked trait, by the way.
321
789000
2000
Usput, ova osobina je povezana sa polom.
13:26
Men drown at twice the rate of women,
322
791000
2000
Muškarci se dave dva puta više od žena,
13:28
because men think they can swim across that lake.
323
793000
3000
jer misle da mogu da preplivaju to jezero.
13:31
But some people have the ability and awareness
324
796000
3000
Neki ljudi imaju sposobnost i svest
13:34
of their own biases, their own overconfidence.
325
799000
3000
svojih pristrasnosti, svog prevelikog samopouzdanja.
13:37
They have epistemological modesty.
326
802000
2000
Imaju epistemološku skromnost.
13:39
They are open-minded in the face of ambiguity.
327
804000
3000
Otvoreni su pred dvosmislenostima.
13:42
They are able to adjust strength of the conclusions
328
807000
2000
Mogu da prilagode snagu zaključaka
13:44
to the strength of their evidence.
329
809000
2000
snazi svojih dokaza.
13:46
They are curious.
330
811000
2000
Radoznali su.
13:48
And these traits are often unrelated and uncorrelated with IQ.
331
813000
3000
Ove osobine često nisu u vezi niti korelaciji sa IQ.
13:51
The third trait is metis,
332
816000
2000
Treća osobina je medes,
13:53
what we might call street smarts -- it's a Greek word.
333
818000
3000
ono što zovemo ulični razum - to je grčka reč.
13:56
It's a sensitivity to the physical environment,
334
821000
2000
To je osetljivost na fizičku okolinu,
13:58
the ability to pick out patterns in an environment --
335
823000
2000
sposobnost razaznavanja obrazaca iz okoline -
14:00
derive a gist.
336
825000
2000
izvlačenja suštine.
14:02
One of my colleagues at the Times
337
827000
2000
Jedan od mojih kolega iz "Tajmsa"
14:04
did a great story about soldiers in Iraq
338
829000
2000
je napisao odličnu priču o vojnicima u Iraku
14:06
who could look down a street and detect somehow
339
831000
3000
koji su mogli da pogledaju niz ulicu i nekako
14:09
whether there was an IED, a landmine, in the street.
340
834000
2000
otkriju da li na njoj ima eksploziva, mina.
14:11
They couldn't tell you how they did it,
341
836000
2000
Nisu mogli da kažu kako to rade,
14:13
but they could feel cold, they felt a coldness,
342
838000
3000
ali osećali su hladnoću
14:16
and they were more often right than wrong.
343
841000
3000
i češće su bili u pravu nego što su grešili.
14:19
The third is what you might call sympathy,
344
844000
2000
Treće se može nazvati simpatija,
14:21
the ability to work within groups.
345
846000
3000
sposobnost da radimo u grupama.
14:24
And that comes in tremendously handy,
346
849000
3000
To postaje neverovatno zgodno,
14:27
because groups are smarter than individuals.
347
852000
2000
jer su grupe pametnije od pojedinaca -
14:29
And face-to-face groups are much smarter
348
854000
2000
a grupe koje su fizički zajedno mnogo su pametnije
14:31
than groups that communicate electronically,
349
856000
3000
od grupa koje komuniciraju elektronski,
14:34
because 90 percent of our communication is non-verbal.
350
859000
3000
jer 90% naše komunikacije je neverbalno.
14:37
And the effectiveness of a group
351
862000
2000
A efektivnost grupe
14:39
is not determined by the IQ of the group;
352
864000
3000
ne određuje njen IQ, nego
14:42
it's determined by how well they communicate,
353
867000
3000
kvalitet komunikacije članova
14:45
how often they take turns in conversation.
354
870000
3000
i učestalost smenjivanja u razgovoru.
14:48
Then you could talk about a trait like blending.
355
873000
3000
Onda imamo osobinu uklapanja.
14:51
Any child can say, "I'm a tiger," pretend to be a tiger.
356
876000
3000
Svako dete može reći "Ja sam tigar", pretvarajući se da jeste.
14:54
It seems so elementary.
357
879000
2000
To deluje tako obično.
14:56
But in fact, it's phenomenally complicated
358
881000
2000
Ali ustvari, izuzetno je komplikovano
14:58
to take a concept "I" and a concept "tiger"
359
883000
2000
uzeti ideju "ja" i ideju "tigar"
15:00
and blend them together.
360
885000
2000
i uklopiti ih.
15:02
But this is the source of innovation.
361
887000
2000
Ali ovo je izvor inovacije.
15:04
What Picasso did, for example,
362
889000
2000
Pikaso je, na primer,
15:06
was take the concept "Western art"
363
891000
2000
uzeo koncept zapadnjačke umetnosti
15:08
and the concept "African masks"
364
893000
2000
i koncept afričkih maski
15:10
and blend them together --
365
895000
2000
i spojio ih -
15:12
not only the geometry,
366
897000
2000
ne samo geometriju,
15:14
but the moral systems entailed in them.
367
899000
2000
nego i moralne sisteme utisnute u njih.
15:16
And these are skills, again, we can't count and measure.
368
901000
2000
Opet, to su osobine koje ne možemo brojati i meriti.
15:18
And then the final thing I'll mention
369
903000
2000
Poslednja stvar koju ću spomenuti
15:20
is something you might call limerence.
370
905000
2000
je nešto kao zaljubljenost.
15:22
And this is not an ability;
371
907000
2000
Ovo nije sposobnost,
15:24
it's a drive and a motivation.
372
909000
3000
to je poriv i motivacija.
15:27
The conscious mind hungers for success and prestige.
373
912000
3000
Svesni um je željan uspeha i prestiža.
15:30
The unconscious mind hungers
374
915000
2000
Nesvesni um je željan
15:32
for those moments of transcendence,
375
917000
2000
transcendentalnih trenutaka,
15:34
when the skull line disappears
376
919000
2000
kada nestaje fizička ograničenost
15:36
and we are lost in a challenge or a task --
377
921000
3000
i kad se izgubimo u nekom izazovu ili zadatku -
15:39
when a craftsman feels lost in his craft,
378
924000
3000
kada se zanatlija izgubi u svojoj veštini,
15:42
when a naturalist feels at one with nature,
379
927000
3000
kada prirodnjak oseća jedinstvo sa prirodom,
15:45
when a believer feels at one with God's love.
380
930000
3000
kada vernik oseća jedinstvo sa božijom ljubavlju.
15:48
That is what the unconscious mind hungers for.
381
933000
3000
To je ono za čim žudi nesvesni um.
15:51
And many of us feel it in love
382
936000
2000
Mnogi od nas to osećaju u ljubavi,
15:53
when lovers feel fused.
383
938000
2000
kada ljubavnici osećaju jedinstvo.
15:55
And one of the most beautiful descriptions
384
940000
2000
Jedan od najlepših opisa
15:57
I've come across in this research
385
942000
3000
toga kako se umovi prepliću,
16:00
of how minds interpenetrate
386
945000
2000
na koji sam u ovom istraživanju naišao,
16:02
was written by a great theorist and scientist
387
947000
2000
napisao je veliki teoretičar i naučnik po
16:04
named Douglas Hofstadter at the University of Indiana.
388
949000
3000
imenu Daglas Hofstader na Univerzitetu u Indijani.
16:07
He was married to a woman named Carol,
389
952000
2000
Bio je oženjen ženom po imenu Kerol
16:09
and they had a wonderful relationship.
390
954000
2000
i imali su predivan odnos.
16:11
When their kids were five and two,
391
956000
2000
Kada su im deca imala dve i pet godina,
16:13
Carol had a stroke and a brain tumor and died suddenly.
392
958000
4000
Kerol je imala moždani udar i tumor i naglo umrla.
16:17
And Hofstadter wrote a book
393
962000
2000
A Hofstader je napisao knjigu
16:19
called "I Am a Strange Loop."
394
964000
2000
pod nazivom "Ja sam neobična petlja".
16:21
In the course of that book, he describes a moment --
395
966000
2000
Na jednom mestu u knjizi on opisuje trenutak -
16:23
just months after Carol has died --
396
968000
3000
samo nekoliko meseci po njenoj smrti -
16:26
he comes across her picture on the mantel,
397
971000
2000
na polici nailazi na njenu sliku,
16:28
or on a bureau in his bedroom.
398
973000
2000
ili na noćnom stočiću u spavaćoj sobi.
16:30
And here's what he wrote:
399
975000
2000
Evo šta je napisao:
16:32
"I looked at her face,
400
977000
2000
"Gledao sam u njeno lice
16:34
and I looked so deeply
401
979000
2000
i tako sam duboko gledao
16:36
that I felt I was behind her eyes.
402
981000
2000
da sam osetio da gledam njenim očima.
16:38
And all at once I found myself saying
403
983000
2000
Odjednom sam zatekao sebe kako, dok su
16:40
as tears flowed,
404
985000
2000
suze tekle, govorim
16:42
'That's me. That's me.'
405
987000
2000
"To sam ja. To sam ja."
16:44
And those simple words
406
989000
2000
I te jednostavne reči su
16:46
brought back many thoughts that I had had before,
407
991000
2000
vratile mnoge misli od ranije,
16:48
about the fusion of our souls
408
993000
2000
o pripajanju naših duša
16:50
into one higher-level entity,
409
995000
2000
u jedno biće višeg nivoa,
16:52
about the fact that at the core of both our souls
410
997000
3000
o činjenici da se u srži naših obeju duša
16:55
lay our identical hopes and dreams for our children,
411
1000000
4000
nalaze istovetne nade i snovi o našoj deci,
16:59
about the notion that those hopes
412
1004000
2000
o saznanju da te nade
17:01
were not separate or distinct hopes,
413
1006000
2000
nisu odvojene ili različite nade
17:03
but were just one hope,
414
1008000
2000
nego samo jedna nada, jedna
17:05
one clear thing that defined us both,
415
1010000
2000
jasna stvar koja nas je oboje definisala
17:07
that welded us into a unit --
416
1012000
2000
i koja nas je spajala u jedinku -
17:09
the kind of unit I had but dimly imagined
417
1014000
3000
jedinku koju nisam mogao ni da zamislim
17:12
before being married and having children.
418
1017000
3000
dok se nisam oženio i dobio decu.
17:15
I realized that, though Carol had died,
419
1020000
2000
Shvatio sam da, iako je Kerol umrla,
17:17
that core piece of her had not died at all,
420
1022000
3000
taj suštinski deo nje nije uopšte umro
17:20
but had lived on very determinedly in my brain."
421
1025000
4000
nego je veoma odlučno živeo u mom mozgu."
17:24
The Greeks say we suffer our way to wisdom.
422
1029000
3000
Grci kažu da patnjom stižemo do mudrosti.
17:27
Through his suffering, Hofstadter understood
423
1032000
2000
Kroz svoju patnju, Hofstader je razumeo
17:29
how deeply interpenetrated we are.
424
1034000
3000
kako smo duboko povezani.
17:32
Through the policy failures of the last 30 years,
425
1037000
3000
Kroz političke neuspehe u poslednjih 30 godina
17:35
we have come to acknowledge, I think,
426
1040000
3000
smo, mislim, shvatili koliko
17:38
how shallow our view of human nature has been.
427
1043000
3000
je plitko bilo naše shvatanje ljudske prirode.
17:41
And now as we confront that shallowness
428
1046000
3000
I sada, kad se suočavamo sa tim
17:44
and the failures that derive from our inability
429
1049000
2000
i sa neuspesima koji nastaju iz naše nesposobnosti
17:46
to get the depths of who we are,
430
1051000
2000
da shvatimo dubine sopstvenog bića,
17:48
comes this revolution in consciousness --
431
1053000
2000
nastaje ova revolucija svesti -
17:50
these people in so many fields
432
1055000
3000
ti ljudi iz mnogih oblasti
17:53
exploring the depth of our nature
433
1058000
2000
istražuju dubinu naše prirode
17:55
and coming away with this enchanted,
434
1060000
2000
i otkrivaju ovaj očarani,
17:57
this new humanism.
435
1062000
2000
ovaj novi humanizam.
17:59
And when Freud discovered his sense of the unconscious,
436
1064000
2000
Kada je Frojd otkrio svoje shvatanje podsvesti,
18:01
it had a vast effect on the climate of the times.
437
1066000
3000
to je imalo velikog uticaja na tadašnje vreme.
18:04
Now we are discovering a more accurate vision
438
1069000
3000
Sada otkrivamo mnogo tačniju viziju
18:07
of the unconscious, of who we are deep inside,
439
1072000
3000
podsvesti - i toga ko smo zapravo mi.
18:10
and it's going to have a wonderful and profound
440
1075000
2000
A to će ostaviti izuzetan i dubok
18:12
and humanizing effect on our culture.
441
1077000
2000
i humanizujući efekat na našu kulturu.
18:14
Thank you.
442
1079000
2000
Hvala vam.
18:16
(Applause)
443
1081000
20000
(aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Brooks - Op-ed columnistWriter and thinker David Brooks has covered business, crime and politics over a long career in journalism.
Why you should listen
David Brooks became an Op-Ed columnist for The New York Times in September 2003. He is currently a commentator on "The PBS Newshour," NPR’s "All Things Considered" and NBC's "Meet the Press."
He is the author of Bobos in Paradise and The Social Animal. In April 2015, he released with his fourth book, The Road to Character, which was a #1 New York Times bestseller.
Brooks also teaches at Yale University, and is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences.
Born on August 11, 1961 in Toronto, Canada, Brooks graduated a bachelor of history from the University of Chicago in 1983. He became a police reporter for the City News Bureau, a wire service owned jointly by the Chicago Tribune and Sun-Times.
He worked at The Washington Times and then The Wall Street Journal for nine years. His last post at the Journal was as Op-ed Editor. Prior to that, he was posted in Brussels, covering Russia, the Middle East, South Africa and European affairs. His first post at the Journal was as editor of the book review section, and he filled in as the Journal's movie critic.
He also served as a senior editor at The Weekly Standard for 9 years, as well as contributing editor for The Atlantic and Newsweek.
David Brooks | Speaker | TED.com