TED2011
David Brooks: The social animal
David Brooks：社群動物
Filmed:
Readability: 4.6
1,363,457 views
紐約時報專欄作家 David Brooks 在新書中描寫認知科學中對人性的新發現，包含經濟、政治和我們的自我認知。在這篇幽默機智的演講中，他解釋為何我們不能把人們當做以獨立自覺做出選擇的孤立個體。
David Brooks - Op-ed columnist
Writer and thinker David Brooks has covered business, crime and politics over a long career in journalism. Full bio
Writer and thinker David Brooks has covered business, crime and politics over a long career in journalism. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
When I got my current job, I was given a good piece of advice,
0
0
3000
當我得到現在這份工作時，有人給了我一份忠告
00:18
which was to interview three politicians every day.
1
3000
3000
一天訪問三個政治人物
00:21
And from that much contact with politicians,
2
6000
2000
從這麼密集的接觸中
00:23
I can tell you they're all emotional freaks of one sort or another.
3
8000
3000
我可以告訴你他們都是某種情緒怪人
00:27
They have what I called "logorrhea dementia,"
4
12000
2000
我形容他們的病徵為多語症
00:29
which is they talk so much they drive themselves insane.
5
14000
3000
簡單來說就是他們多話到自己都抓狂
00:32
(Laughter)
6
17000
2000
（笑聲）
00:34
But what they do have is incredible social skills.
7
19000
3000
但他們的社交能力真的很好
00:37
When you meet them, they lock into you,
8
22000
2000
當他們見到你
00:39
they look you in the eye,
9
24000
2000
他們用眼神鎖死你
00:41
they invade your personal space,
10
26000
2000
他們侵犯你的私人空間
00:43
they massage the back of your head.
11
28000
2000
他們按摩你的後腦勺
00:45
I had dinner with a Republican senator several months ago
12
30000
2000
幾個月前我和一個共和黨議員共進晚餐
00:47
who kept his hand on my inner thigh
13
32000
2000
他一直把手放在我大腿內側
00:49
throughout the whole meal -- squeezing it.
14
34000
3000
整個晚餐都這樣捏我
00:52
I once -- this was years ago --
15
37000
2000
幾年前
00:54
I saw Ted Kennedy and Dan Quayle meet in the well of the Senate.
16
39000
2000
我見到 Ted 甘乃迪和 Dan Quayle 在議會池相遇
00:56
And they were friends, and they hugged each other
17
41000
2000
他們是好朋友，他們互相擁抱
00:58
and they were laughing, and their faces were like this far apart.
18
43000
3000
他們笑著，臉靠這麼近
01:01
And they were moving and grinding
19
46000
2000
他們磨蹭著移動著
01:03
and moving their arms up and down each other.
20
48000
2000
在彼此身上上下其手
01:05
And I was like, "Get a room. I don't want to see this."
21
50000
3000
我想“拜託你們幹嘛不去開個房間，看不下去了”
01:08
But they have those social skills.
22
53000
2000
但他們就是有這種社交手腕
01:10
Another case:
23
55000
2000
另一個例子：
01:12
Last election cycle,
24
57000
2000
上次大選
01:14
I was following Mitt Romney around New Hampshire,
25
59000
2000
我跟著 Mitt Romney 到新罕布夏去
01:16
and he was campaigning with his five perfect sons:
26
61000
3000
他五個完美的兒子
01:19
Bip, Chip, Rip, Zip, Lip and Dip.
27
64000
2000
畢普、齊普、瑞普、吉普、立普和帝普
01:21
(Laughter)
28
66000
2000
（笑聲）
01:23
And he's going into a diner.
29
68000
2000
他走進一個快餐店
01:25
And he goes into the diner, introduces himself to a family
30
70000
3000
他向一個家庭自我介紹
01:28
and says, "What village are you from in New Hampshire?"
31
73000
2000
他說“你從新罕布夏那個小城來的？”
01:30
And then he describes the home he owned in their village.
32
75000
3000
然後他描述他在那個小城裡有的那個房子
01:34
And so he goes around the room,
33
79000
3000
他就這樣走來走去
01:37
and then as he's leaving the diner,
34
82000
2000
到他離開快餐店的時候
01:39
he first-names almost everybody he's just met.
35
84000
3000
他可以叫出所有人的名字
01:42
I was like, "Okay, that's social skill."
36
87000
2000
我心想“這就是真正的社交手腕了。”
01:44
But the paradox is,
37
89000
2000
矛盾的是
01:46
when a lot of these people slip into the policy-making mode,
38
91000
4000
當這些人進入立法模式時
01:50
that social awareness vanishes
39
95000
2000
這些社會敏感度就消失了
01:52
and they start talking like accountants.
40
97000
2000
他們開始用會計師的語調說話
01:54
So in the course of my career,
41
99000
2000
在我的從業生涯中
01:56
I have covered a series of failures.
42
101000
2000
我描寫過一系列的失敗
01:58
We sent economists in the Soviet Union
43
103000
2000
我們把經濟學家送到解體後的蘇聯
02:00
with privatization plans when it broke up,
44
105000
2000
給他們私有化的計劃
02:02
and what they really lacked was social trust.
45
107000
3000
但他們缺乏的是社會信任
02:05
We invaded Iraq with a military
46
110000
2000
我們派兵侵略伊拉克
02:07
oblivious to the cultural and psychological realities.
47
112000
3000
毫不理會他們文化與心理的現狀
02:10
We had a financial regulatory regime
48
115000
2000
我們的金融管制機構
02:12
based on the assumptions
49
117000
2000
把制度建立在
02:14
that traders were rational creatures
50
119000
2000
交易員完全理性
02:16
who wouldn't do anything stupid.
51
121000
2000
不會做任何傻事的預設
02:18
For 30 years, I've been covering school reform
52
123000
3000
三十年來，我報導教育改革
02:21
and we've basically reorganized the bureaucratic boxes --
53
126000
3000
我們重整所有官僚體系的黑箱
02:24
charters, private schools, vouchers --
54
129000
3000
特許證、私立學校、證件
02:27
but we've had disappointing results year after year.
55
132000
4000
但每年的成績仍然教人失望
02:31
And the fact is, people learn from people they love.
56
136000
3000
事實是，人們從所愛的人身上學習
02:34
And if you're not talking about the individual relationship
57
139000
2000
如果你不討論老師與學生
02:36
between a teacher and a student,
58
141000
2000
之間的關係
02:38
you're not talking about that reality.
59
143000
2000
這便偏離了真實狀態
02:40
But that reality is expunged
60
145000
2000
但這些真實被排除在
02:42
from our policy-making process.
61
147000
2000
我們的立法程序以外
02:44
And so that's led to a question for me:
62
149000
3000
於是我心中油然生出這個問題：
02:47
Why are the most socially-attuned people on earth
63
152000
3000
為甚麼地球上最人情練達的一群人
02:50
completely dehumanized
64
155000
2000
一想到法令
02:52
when they think about policy?
65
157000
3000
就變得如此不人性？
02:55
And I came to the conclusion,
66
160000
2000
我的結論是
02:57
this is a symptom of a larger problem.
67
162000
3000
這是一個更大的問題造成的症狀
03:00
That, for centuries, we've inherited a view of human nature
68
165000
3000
幾世紀以來我們沿襲一種對人性的看法
03:03
based on the notion
69
168000
2000
我們認為
03:05
that we're divided selves,
70
170000
2000
我們都是分開的個體
03:07
that reason is separated from the emotions
71
172000
3000
理性和感性各自分開
03:10
and that society progresses
72
175000
2000
社會進步到一個程度以後
03:12
to the extent that reason can suppress the passions.
73
177000
3000
理性就能壓抑激情
03:15
And it's led to a view of human nature
74
180000
3000
我們對人性的觀點就是
03:18
that we're rational individuals
75
183000
2000
我們是理性的個體
03:20
who respond in straightforward ways to incentives,
76
185000
3000
這些看法直接變成獎勵方法
03:23
and it's led to ways of seeing the world
77
188000
3000
也變成了我們看世界的角度
03:26
where people try to use the assumptions of physics
78
191000
3000
當人們嘗試用物理的假設
03:29
to measure how human behavior is.
79
194000
4000
去衡量人類的行為舉止
03:34
And it's produced a great amputation,
80
199000
2000
便刪除了許多重要的部份
03:36
a shallow view of human nature.
81
201000
3000
形成了一種對人性的膚淺看法
03:39
We're really good at talking about material things,
82
204000
2000
我們很會談論物質
03:41
but we're really bad at talking about emotions.
83
206000
3000
但談到情緒便顯得笨拙
03:44
We're really good at talking about skills
84
209000
2000
我們很會談論技能
03:46
and safety and health;
85
211000
2000
安全和健康
03:48
we're really bad at talking about character.
86
213000
3000
但我們不擅討論人格
03:51
Alasdair MacIntyre, the famous philosopher,
87
216000
3000
著名哲學家 Alasdair Maclntyre
03:54
said that, "We have the concepts of the ancient morality
88
219000
3000
說，”我們仍有古老的道德概念
03:57
of virtue, honor, goodness,
89
222000
2000
美德、榮譽、良善
03:59
but we no longer have a system
90
224000
2000
但我們沒有一個制度
04:01
by which to connect them."
91
226000
2000
來聯繫它們。“
04:03
And so this has led to a shallow path in politics,
92
228000
3000
這不但讓政治走上一條膚淺的道路，
04:06
but also in a whole range of human endeavors.
93
231000
4000
也影響了各種層面的做法
04:10
You can see it in the way we raise our young kids.
94
235000
3000
你可以從我們撫養孩子的方式中窺其一二
04:13
You go to an elementary school at three in the afternoon
95
238000
3000
下午三點到小學去
04:16
and you watch the kids come out,
96
241000
2000
看孩子出來
04:18
and they're wearing these 80-pound backpacks.
97
243000
3000
他們背著八十磅重的背包
04:21
If the wind blows them over, they're like beetles stuck there on the ground.
98
246000
4000
一陣風吹來，他們就會像甲蟲一樣翻倒在地
04:25
You see these cars that drive up --
99
250000
2000
你看見這些豪華轎車
04:27
usually it's Saabs and Audis and Volvos,
100
252000
3000
可能是 Saab、奧迪或富豪
04:30
because in certain neighborhoods it's socially acceptable to have a luxury car,
101
255000
3000
這些好車在某些社區被接受
04:33
so long as it comes from a country hostile to U.S. foreign policy --
102
258000
3000
只要不是來自那些抵觸美國外交政策的國家
04:36
that's fine.
103
261000
2000
就可以
04:38
They get picked up by these creatures I've called uber-moms,
104
263000
3000
他們被這些我稱作超級母親的生物接走
04:41
who are highly successful career women
105
266000
2000
這些生物不但事業成功
04:43
who have taken time off to make sure all their kids get into Harvard.
106
268000
3000
也不忘拿出時間確保她的孩子進哈佛
04:46
And you can usually tell the uber-moms
107
271000
2000
你很容易辨識出超級母親
04:48
because they actually weigh less than their own children.
108
273000
2000
因為她們通常比孩子還瘦
04:50
(Laughter)
109
275000
2000
（笑聲）
04:52
So at the moment of conception,
110
277000
2000
在生產的當下
04:54
they're doing little butt exercises.
111
279000
2000
她們擺擺屁股
04:56
Babies flop out,
112
281000
2000
嬰兒滑出
04:58
they're flashing Mandarin flashcards at the things.
113
283000
3000
她們拿出中文字卡要他們學習
05:01
Driving them home, and they want them to be enlightened,
114
286000
3000
載孩子回家的路上，她們希望孩子變得懂事
05:04
so they take them to Ben & Jerry's ice cream company
115
289000
2000
於是帶他們去吃 Ben & Jerry 冰淇淋
05:06
with its own foreign policy.
116
291000
2000
也算一種政治態度
05:08
In one of my books,
117
293000
2000
我在一本書裡嘲弄
05:10
I joke that Ben & Jerry's should make a pacifist toothpaste --
118
295000
2000
說 Ben & Jerry's 應該製造和平主義牙膏
05:12
doesn't kill germs, just asks them to leave.
119
297000
2000
不殺菌，溫和地請它們離開
05:14
It would be a big seller.
120
299000
2000
會大賣
05:16
(Laughter)
121
301000
2000
（笑聲）
05:18
And they go to Whole Foods to get their baby formula,
122
303000
3000
他們去 Whole Foods 買嬰兒食品
05:21
and Whole Foods is one of those progressive grocery stores
123
306000
2000
Whole Foods 是一種比較進步的大雜貨店
05:23
where all the cashiers look like they're on loan from Amnesty International.
124
308000
3000
店員
05:26
(Laughter)
125
311000
2000
（笑聲）
05:28
They buy these seaweed-based snacks there
126
313000
2000
他們去那裡買海藻作成的零食
05:30
called Veggie Booty with Kale,
127
315000
2000
叫甘藍寶貝菜
05:32
which is for kids who come home and say,
128
317000
2000
因為家裡的孩子會說
05:34
"Mom, mom, I want a snack that'll help prevent colon-rectal cancer."
129
319000
3000
“媽！我要那些能預防冒號直腸癌的零食！“
05:37
(Laughter)
130
322000
2000
（笑聲）
05:39
And so the kids are raised in a certain way,
131
324000
2000
這些孩子跳過一個又一個的訓練圈
05:41
jumping through achievement hoops of the things we can measure --
132
326000
3000
都是些可衡量的成績
05:44
SAT prep, oboe, soccer practice.
133
329000
3000
SAT考試、雙簧管、足球練習
05:47
They get into competitive colleges, they get good jobs,
134
332000
3000
進好學校、有好工作
05:50
and sometimes they make a success of themselves
135
335000
2000
有時候靠著自己的力量得到膚淺的成功
05:52
in a superficial manner, and they make a ton of money.
136
337000
3000
賺許多許多錢
05:55
And sometimes you can see them at vacation places
137
340000
2000
你會在度假勝地看到他們
05:57
like Jackson Hole or Aspen.
138
342000
2000
各種豪華滑雪度假村
05:59
And they've become elegant and slender --
139
344000
2000
他們更優雅、更修長
06:01
they don't really have thighs;
140
346000
2000
他們沒有大腿
06:03
they just have one elegant calve on top of another.
141
348000
3000
只有一條優雅的小腿疊在另一條優雅的小腿上
06:06
(Laughter)
142
351000
2000
（笑聲）
06:08
They have kids of their own,
143
353000
2000
他們有了自己的孩子
06:10
and they've achieved a genetic miracle by marrying beautiful people,
144
355000
3000
以娶嫁美麗人士達成基因奇蹟
06:13
so their grandmoms look like Gertrude Stein,
145
358000
3000
奶奶看上去像女作家斯泰因
06:16
their daughters looks like Halle Berry -- I don't know how they've done that.
146
361000
3000
女兒卻像女明星荷莉貝瑞 － 我不知道他們怎麼辦到的
06:19
They get there and they realize
147
364000
3000
他們到了滑雪勝地發現
06:22
it's fashionable now to have dogs a third as tall as your ceiling heights.
148
367000
4000
有條像樓層三分之一高的狗很時尚
06:26
So they've got these furry 160-pound dogs --
149
371000
3000
於是他們買來那些一百六十磅的毛毛狗
06:29
all look like velociraptors,
150
374000
3000
看上去像迅猛龍
06:32
all named after Jane Austen characters.
151
377000
3000
給牠們取珍奧絲汀書裡的小說人名
06:35
And then when they get old, they haven't really developed a philosophy of life,
152
380000
3000
當他們逐漸老去，也沒有發展出甚麼人生哲學
06:38
but they've decided, "I've been successful at everything;
153
383000
2000
但他們想“我已達成了所有成功
06:40
I'm just not going to die."
154
385000
2000
我不死了。”
06:42
And so they hire personal trainers;
155
387000
3000
於是他們請私人教練
06:45
they're popping Cialis like breath mints.
156
390000
2000
吃犀利士像吃口香糖
06:47
You see them on the mountains up there.
157
392000
2000
他們就在那些山上
06:49
They're cross-country skiing up the mountain
158
394000
2000
他們滑遍各處的山
06:51
with these grim expressions
159
396000
2000
帶著那樣冰冷的神情
06:53
that make Dick Cheney look like Jerry Lewis.
160
398000
2000
嚴肅的政治人物與其相比根本就是諧星
06:55
(Laughter)
161
400000
2000
（笑聲）
06:57
And as they whiz by you,
162
402000
2000
當他們從你身邊滑過
06:59
it's like being passed by a little iron Raisinet
163
404000
2000
就像有塊鋼鐵小餅乾
07:01
going up the hill.
164
406000
2000
從你身邊無聲飛過
07:03
(Laughter)
165
408000
2000
（笑聲）
07:05
And so this is part of what life is,
166
410000
3000
這的確是人生的一部分
07:08
but it's not all of what life is.
167
413000
3000
但不是人生的全部
07:11
And over the past few years,
168
416000
2000
過去幾年
07:13
I think we've been given a deeper view of human nature
169
418000
4000
我們開始看到一些有關人性的深層研究
07:17
and a deeper view of who we are.
170
422000
2000
有關我們究竟是誰
07:19
And it's not based on theology or philosophy,
171
424000
2000
不是來自神學或哲學
07:21
it's in the study of the mind,
172
426000
2000
而是來自思想研究
07:23
across all these spheres of research,
173
428000
2000
從不同層次的學術界
07:25
from neuroscience to the cognitive scientists,
174
430000
2000
從神經科學到認知科學
07:27
behavioral economists, psychologists,
175
432000
2000
行為經濟學、心理學
07:29
sociology,
176
434000
2000
社會學
07:31
we're developing a revolution in consciousness.
177
436000
3000
這是意識的革命
07:34
And when you synthesize it all,
178
439000
2000
當你縱觀以上全部
07:36
it's giving us a new view of human nature.
179
441000
2000
它給我們一種新的角度看人性
07:38
And far from being a coldly materialistic view of nature,
180
443000
3000
不只是冷冰冰的維物觀
07:41
it's a new humanism, it's a new enchantment.
181
446000
3000
而是一種新的人道主義
07:44
And I think when you synthesize this research,
182
449000
2000
當你整合這些研究
07:46
you start with three key insights.
183
451000
2000
你會有三種理解
07:48
The first insight is
184
453000
2000
第一
07:50
that while the conscious mind writes the autobiography of our species,
185
455000
3000
當意識為我族類寫下自傳
07:53
the unconscious mind does most of the work.
186
458000
4000
潛意識卻做了大部分的工作
07:57
And so one way to formulate that is
187
462000
2000
簡單說來
07:59
the human mind can take in millions of pieces of information a minute,
188
464000
3000
人腦一分鐘可以處理百萬個細節
08:02
of which it can be consciously aware of about 40.
189
467000
3000
但意識到的大概有40個
08:05
And this leads to oddities.
190
470000
2000
許多怪事由此發生
08:07
One of my favorite is that people named Dennis
191
472000
2000
我最喜歡的是許多叫丹尼的成了牙醫
08:09
are disproportionately likely to become dentists,
192
474000
3000
（英語的丹尼音近牙醫）
08:12
people named Lawrence become lawyers,
193
477000
2000
叫羅倫斯的成了律師
08:14
because unconsciously we gravitate toward things
194
479000
2000
只因潛意識裡我們傾向和音似的事物
08:16
that sound familiar,
195
481000
2000
靠近
08:18
which is why I named my daughter President of the United States Brooks.
196
483000
3000
這就是我把女兒取名做美國總彤的原因
08:21
(Laughter)
197
486000
3000
（笑聲）
08:24
Another finding is that the unconscious,
198
489000
3000
另外一個發現是
08:27
far from being dumb and sexualized,
199
492000
2000
潛意識不如人們想的那樣愚笨與飢渴
08:29
is actually quite smart.
200
494000
2000
事實上它很聰明
08:31
So one of the most cognitively demanding things we do is buy furniture.
201
496000
3000
舉例來說，買傢具一直是件困難的事
08:34
It's really hard to imagine a sofa, how it's going to look in your house.
202
499000
3000
我們很難想像新沙發在房子裡看上去會是甚麼模樣
08:37
And the way you should do that
203
502000
2000
解決方法是，
08:39
is study the furniture,
204
504000
2000
仔細看清傢具的模樣
08:41
let it marinate in your mind, distract yourself,
205
506000
2000
把它沈浸在腦海，先別想它
08:43
and then a few days later, go with your gut,
206
508000
2000
幾天以後，以你的直覺去買
08:45
because unconsciously you've figured it out.
207
510000
2000
因為潛意識已經為你解決了這個問題
08:47
The second insight
208
512000
2000
第二
08:49
is that emotions are at the center of our thinking.
209
514000
3000
情緒是我們思考的中心
08:52
People with strokes and lesions
210
517000
2000
中風和在在情緒處理部份
08:54
in the emotion-processing parts of the brain
211
519000
2000
發生機能損害的人
08:56
are not super smart,
212
521000
2000
並不聰明
08:58
they're actually sometimes quite helpless.
213
523000
2000
事實上他們很無助
09:00
And the "giant" in the field is in the room tonight
214
525000
2000
研究這領域的巨人就在我們當中
09:02
and is speaking tomorrow morning -- Antonio Damasio.
215
527000
3000
Antonio Damasio － 他的演講在明天早上
09:05
And one of the things he's really shown us
216
530000
2000
他的研究告訴我們
09:07
is that emotions are not separate from reason,
217
532000
3000
情緒並不和理性分開
09:10
but they are the foundation of reason
218
535000
2000
情緒其實是理性的基礎
09:12
because they tell us what to value.
219
537000
2000
它告訴我們甚麼是重要的
09:14
And so reading and educating your emotions
220
539000
2000
理解和訓練你的情緒
09:16
is one of the central activities of wisdom.
221
541000
3000
是通往智慧的道路
09:19
Now I'm a middle-aged guy.
222
544000
2000
身為一個中年男子
09:21
I'm not exactly comfortable with emotions.
223
546000
2000
我並不喜歡談論我的情緒
09:23
One of my favorite brain stories described these middle-aged guys.
224
548000
3000
我最喜歡的腦故事便以中年男子為例
09:26
They put them into a brain scan machine --
225
551000
3000
把中年男子放進腦掃描機器裡
09:29
this is apocryphal by the way, but I don't care --
226
554000
3000
這沒甚麼根據，但無所謂
09:32
and they had them watch a horror movie,
227
557000
3000
讓這些中年男子看恐怖電影
09:35
and then they had them describe their feelings toward their wives.
228
560000
4000
再讓他們敘述他們面對妻子的感受
09:39
And the brain scans were identical in both activities.
229
564000
3000
兩者的腦掃描結果是一樣的
09:42
It was just sheer terror.
230
567000
2000
絕對的恐懼
09:44
So me talking about emotion
231
569000
2000
讓我們談情緒
09:46
is like Gandhi talking about gluttony,
232
571000
2000
就像叫甘地談論暴食
09:48
but it is the central organizing process
233
573000
2000
但情緒幫助我們
09:50
of the way we think.
234
575000
2000
整理思緒
09:52
It tells us what to imprint.
235
577000
2000
它告訴我們應該記得甚麼
09:54
The brain is the record of the feelings of a life.
236
579000
2000
大腦紀錄我們一生經歷過的感受
09:56
And the third insight
237
581000
2000
第三是
09:58
is that we're not primarily self-contained individuals.
238
583000
4000
我們不是獨立的個體
10:02
We're social animals, not rational animals.
239
587000
3000
我們是社群動物，不是理性動物
10:05
We emerge out of relationships,
240
590000
2000
我們從人際關係中成長
10:07
and we are deeply interpenetrated, one with another.
241
592000
3000
深深地互相影響
10:10
And so when we see another person,
242
595000
2000
當我們見到他人
10:12
we reenact in our own minds
243
597000
2000
我們會在腦中演練
10:14
what we see in their minds.
244
599000
2000
他們腦中所看到的景象
10:16
When we watch a car chase in a movie,
245
601000
2000
當我們看到電影裡的飛車追逐
10:18
it's almost as if we are subtly having a car chase.
246
603000
3000
就像是我們也默默地經歷了它
10:21
When we watch pornography,
247
606000
2000
當我們看色情影帶
10:23
it's a little like having sex,
248
608000
2000
就有點像我們也進行了性行為
10:25
though probably not as good.
249
610000
2000
雖然沒有這麼真實
10:27
And we see this when lovers walk down the street,
250
612000
3000
當我們看到路上散步的情侶
10:30
when a crowd in Egypt or Tunisia
251
615000
2000
當群眾佔領了埃及和突尼西亞
10:32
gets caught up in an emotional contagion,
252
617000
2000
情緒迅速在他們之間蔓延
10:34
the deep interpenetration.
253
619000
2000
相互影響
10:36
And this revolution in who we are
254
621000
3000
它隨時改變我們
10:39
gives us a different way of seeing, I think, politics,
255
624000
3000
讓我們用不同角度理解政治
10:42
a different way, most importantly,
256
627000
2000
最重要的
10:44
of seeing human capital.
257
629000
2000
重新檢視人力資本
10:46
We are now children of the French Enlightenment.
258
631000
4000
我們是法國啓蒙的後代
10:50
We believe that reason is the highest of the faculties.
259
635000
3000
我們相信理性是最重要的
10:53
But I think this research shows
260
638000
2000
但我相信研究會告訴我們
10:55
that the British Enlightenment, or the Scottish Enlightenment,
261
640000
2000
休姆或亞當史密斯帶來的
10:57
with David Hume, Adam Smith,
262
642000
2000
英式或蘇格蘭式啓蒙
10:59
actually had a better handle on who we are --
263
644000
3000
更接近真實的我們
11:02
that reason is often weak, our sentiments are strong,
264
647000
3000
理性往往軟弱，感性時時強大
11:05
and our sentiments are often trustworthy.
265
650000
3000
而我們的感性是值得信任的
11:08
And this work corrects that bias in our culture,
266
653000
3000
這些研究改正了我們文化中的偏見
11:11
that dehumanizing bias.
267
656000
2000
那深入人心的偏見
11:13
It gives us a deeper sense
268
658000
2000
它讓我們理解
11:15
of what it actually takes
269
660000
2000
究竟怎樣的生活
11:17
for us to thrive in this life.
270
662000
2000
才是個成功的人生
11:19
When we think about human capital
271
664000
2000
當我們想到人力資本
11:21
we think about the things we can measure easily --
272
666000
3000
我們想到的是那些評鑑標準
11:24
things like grades, SAT's, degrees,
273
669000
3000
學校成績、考試成績
11:27
the number of years in schooling.
274
672000
2000
在學校的這些日子
11:29
What it really takes to do well, to lead a meaningful life,
275
674000
3000
事實上，要過個有意義的人生
11:32
are things that are deeper,
276
677000
2000
來自於更深層的事物
11:34
things we don't really even have words for.
277
679000
3000
那些甚至無法言說的感受
11:37
And so let me list just a couple of the things
278
682000
2000
在此讓我點出兩件小事
11:39
I think this research points us toward trying to understand.
279
684000
4000
我想這研究要我們了解
11:43
The first gift, or talent, is mindsight --
280
688000
3000
才華其實是一種
11:46
the ability to enter into other people's minds
281
691000
4000
理解他人想法，和懂得他人
11:50
and learn what they have to offer.
282
695000
2000
的能力
11:52
Babies come with this ability.
283
697000
2000
嬰兒就有這種能力
11:54
Meltzoff, who's at the University of Washington,
284
699000
2000
華盛頓大學的 Melzoff
11:56
leaned over a baby who was 43 minutes old.
285
701000
3000
對43分鐘大的嬰兒
11:59
He wagged his tongue at the baby.
286
704000
2000
吐舌頭
12:01
The baby wagged her tongue back.
287
706000
3000
嬰兒也向他吐舌頭
12:04
Babies are born to interpenetrate into Mom's mind
288
709000
3000
嬰兒生來就能進入母親的大腦
12:07
and to download what they find --
289
712000
2000
下載他們所找到的所有東西
12:09
their models of how to understand reality.
290
714000
2000
這成為他們理解世界的模式
12:11
In the United States, 55 percent of babies
291
716000
3000
在美國，55％的嬰兒
12:14
have a deep two-way conversation with Mom
292
719000
2000
和母親有親密的雙方溝通
12:16
and they learn models to how to relate to other people.
293
721000
3000
他們用這種模式學習和他人交流
12:19
And those people who have models of how to relate
294
724000
2000
這些懂得和他人交流的人
12:21
have a huge head start in life.
295
726000
2000
在人生路途中超前許多
12:23
Scientists at the University of Minnesota did a study
296
728000
2000
明尼蘇達州大學的科學家做了個研究
12:25
in which they could predict
297
730000
2000
看誰可以在18歲
12:27
with 77 percent accuracy, at age 18 months,
298
732000
3000
從高中畢業
12:30
who was going to graduate from high school,
299
735000
2000
準確度有77％
12:32
based on who had good attachment with mom.
300
737000
3000
決定於他們與母親的親密程度
12:35
Twenty percent of kids do not have those relationships.
301
740000
3000
兩成沒有這種關係的孩子
12:38
They are what we call avoidantly attached.
302
743000
2000
我們稱他們為迴避型父母
12:40
They have trouble relating to other people.
303
745000
2000
他們往往難以與他人建立關係
12:42
They go through life
304
747000
2000
他們走過人生
12:44
like sailboats tacking into the wind --
305
749000
2000
像不停轉變航線的小船
12:46
wanting to get close to people,
306
751000
2000
想和人更靠近
12:48
but not really having the models of how to do that.
307
753000
3000
但卻沒有模式能幫助他們
12:51
And so this is one skill
308
756000
2000
這是一種
12:53
of how to hoover up knowledge, one from another.
309
758000
2000
向別人吸收知識的技術
12:55
A second skill is equal poise,
310
760000
3000
第二種能力也一樣重要
12:58
the ability to have the serenity
311
763000
2000
平心靜氣地理解
13:00
to read the biases and failures in your own mind.
312
765000
3000
自己的偏見和失敗
13:03
So for example, we are overconfidence machines.
313
768000
3000
舉例來說，我們是台過分自信的機器
13:06
Ninety-five percent of our professors report
314
771000
3000
95%的教授宣稱
13:09
that they are above-average teachers.
315
774000
2000
他們比普遍的教授都優秀
13:11
Ninety-six percent of college students
316
776000
2000
96％的大學生
13:13
say they have above-average social skills.
317
778000
3000
認為他們的社交手腕勝於常任
13:16
Time magazine asked Americans, "Are you in the top one percent of earners?"
318
781000
3000
時代雜誌問美國人“你是美國人中收入最好的那10％嗎？”
13:19
Nineteen percent of Americans are in the top one percent of earners.
319
784000
3000
19％的美國人是那10％
13:22
(Laughter)
320
787000
2000
（笑聲）
13:24
This is a gender-linked trait, by the way.
321
789000
2000
事實上，這是一個和性別有關的
13:26
Men drown at twice the rate of women,
322
791000
2000
淹死的男人比女人多上兩倍
13:28
because men think they can swim across that lake.
323
793000
3000
因為男人都覺得他們可以游過那條河
13:31
But some people have the ability and awareness
324
796000
3000
但有些人有能力可以辨識出
13:34
of their own biases, their own overconfidence.
325
799000
3000
自己的偏見與過分自信
13:37
They have epistemological modesty.
326
802000
2000
他們在知識論上保持謙虛
13:39
They are open-minded in the face of ambiguity.
327
804000
3000
他們對曖昧不明的事物保持開放
13:42
They are able to adjust strength of the conclusions
328
807000
2000
他們可以隨著證據強度
13:44
to the strength of their evidence.
329
809000
2000
調整結論
13:46
They are curious.
330
811000
2000
他們好奇
13:48
And these traits are often unrelated and uncorrelated with IQ.
331
813000
3000
而這些特性和IQ沒有直接關係
13:51
The third trait is metis,
332
816000
2000
第三個特性是 medes
13:53
what we might call street smarts -- it's a Greek word.
333
818000
3000
這是希臘文，也可以說是見機行事
13:56
It's a sensitivity to the physical environment,
334
821000
2000
是對身邊事物保持敏感
13:58
the ability to pick out patterns in an environment --
335
823000
2000
從環境中找出模式
14:00
derive a gist.
336
825000
2000
推演出重點
14:02
One of my colleagues at the Times
337
827000
2000
我在時代雜誌的一個同事
14:04
did a great story about soldiers in Iraq
338
829000
2000
為伊拉克士兵做了一個專題
14:06
who could look down a street and detect somehow
339
831000
3000
他們可以光靠看著一條街
14:09
whether there was an IED, a landmine, in the street.
340
834000
2000
就知道有沒有地雷
14:11
They couldn't tell you how they did it,
341
836000
2000
他們沒辦法告訴你他們是怎麼辦到的
14:13
but they could feel cold, they felt a coldness,
342
838000
3000
但他們感覺到一種毛骨悚然
14:16
and they were more often right than wrong.
343
841000
3000
而他們往往是對的
14:19
The third is what you might call sympathy,
344
844000
2000
第三種能力也可以說是同感
14:21
the ability to work within groups.
345
846000
3000
在群體中共事的能力
14:24
And that comes in tremendously handy,
346
849000
3000
這種能力非常有用
14:27
because groups are smarter than individuals.
347
852000
2000
因為群體比個人聰明
14:29
And face-to-face groups are much smarter
348
854000
2000
面對面的群體比經由電子產品對話的群體
14:31
than groups that communicate electronically,
349
856000
3000
更聰明
14:34
because 90 percent of our communication is non-verbal.
350
859000
3000
因為有九成資訊不是靠文字
14:37
And the effectiveness of a group
351
862000
2000
一個群體的影響力
14:39
is not determined by the IQ of the group;
352
864000
3000
不是取決於群體成員的智商
14:42
it's determined by how well they communicate,
353
867000
3000
而是他們溝通的方法
14:45
how often they take turns in conversation.
354
870000
3000
他們是否輪流對話
14:48
Then you could talk about a trait like blending.
355
873000
3000
然後我們可以討論“混合”的特性
14:51
Any child can say, "I'm a tiger," pretend to be a tiger.
356
876000
3000
任何小孩都可以說“我是老虎”然後假裝自己是老虎
14:54
It seems so elementary.
357
879000
2000
看起來很簡單
14:56
But in fact, it's phenomenally complicated
358
881000
2000
但事實上，它出乎意料的複雜
14:58
to take a concept "I" and a concept "tiger"
359
883000
2000
把“我”和“老虎”的概念
15:00
and blend them together.
360
885000
2000
混合在一起
15:02
But this is the source of innovation.
361
887000
2000
但這就是創新的能力
15:04
What Picasso did, for example,
362
889000
2000
像畢卡索就是
15:06
was take the concept "Western art"
363
891000
2000
結合西方藝術的概念
15:08
and the concept "African masks"
364
893000
2000
和非洲面具的概念
15:10
and blend them together --
365
895000
2000
將他們混合在一起
15:12
not only the geometry,
366
897000
2000
不只是幾何圖案
15:14
but the moral systems entailed in them.
367
899000
2000
還有它們所展示的倫理邏輯
15:16
And these are skills, again, we can't count and measure.
368
901000
2000
這些都是我們無法測量的能力
15:18
And then the final thing I'll mention
369
903000
2000
最後我想提到的是
15:20
is something you might call limerence.
370
905000
2000
一種叫熱切的心理狀態
15:22
And this is not an ability;
371
907000
2000
這不是一種能力
15:24
it's a drive and a motivation.
372
909000
3000
更像一種動力
15:27
The conscious mind hungers for success and prestige.
373
912000
3000
意識想要的是成功和名望
15:30
The unconscious mind hungers
374
915000
2000
潛意識想要的是
15:32
for those moments of transcendence,
375
917000
2000
那些超然的短暫時刻
15:34
when the skull line disappears
376
919000
2000
當我們全心投入
15:36
and we are lost in a challenge or a task --
377
921000
3000
沈溺在一項任務或挑戰中
15:39
when a craftsman feels lost in his craft,
378
924000
3000
就像工匠沈迷於它的技藝
15:42
when a naturalist feels at one with nature,
379
927000
3000
愛好自然者和自然合為一體
15:45
when a believer feels at one with God's love.
380
930000
3000
信徒感覺和神的愛合一
15:48
That is what the unconscious mind hungers for.
381
933000
3000
潛意識渴望的經歷
15:51
And many of us feel it in love
382
936000
2000
我們當中的許多人在戀愛中體驗
15:53
when lovers feel fused.
383
938000
2000
這種合一的感覺
15:55
And one of the most beautiful descriptions
384
940000
2000
在這個研究中
15:57
I've come across in this research
385
942000
3000
有關人腦如何互相影響溝通
16:00
of how minds interpenetrate
386
945000
2000
最美麗的一段敘述
16:02
was written by a great theorist and scientist
387
947000
2000
是來自一位印地安那大學的理論科學家
16:04
named Douglas Hofstadter at the University of Indiana.
388
949000
3000
叫 Douglas Hofstdter
16:07
He was married to a woman named Carol,
389
952000
2000
他的妻子叫 Carol
16:09
and they had a wonderful relationship.
390
954000
2000
他們有一段很美好的關係
16:11
When their kids were five and two,
391
956000
2000
五歲和兩歲的孩子
16:13
Carol had a stroke and a brain tumor and died suddenly.
392
958000
4000
Carol 中風，因腦瘤突然逝世
16:17
And Hofstadter wrote a book
393
962000
2000
Hofstadter 寫了一本
16:19
called "I Am a Strange Loop."
394
964000
2000
叫“我是個奇怪的迴路”
16:21
In the course of that book, he describes a moment --
395
966000
2000
在書裡他描述一個時刻
16:23
just months after Carol has died --
396
968000
3000
Carol 逝世後幾個月
16:26
he comes across her picture on the mantel,
397
971000
2000
他在房間的櫃子上
16:28
or on a bureau in his bedroom.
398
973000
2000
看到她的照片
16:30
And here's what he wrote:
399
975000
2000
他描寫
16:32
"I looked at her face,
400
977000
2000
“我看著她的臉
16:34
and I looked so deeply
401
979000
2000
我深深地看了進去
16:36
that I felt I was behind her eyes.
402
981000
2000
彷彿我就在她瞳孔裡
16:38
And all at once I found myself saying
403
983000
2000
我發現我流著淚
16:40
as tears flowed,
404
985000
2000
說
16:42
'That's me. That's me.'
405
987000
2000
”是我。是我。“
16:44
And those simple words
406
989000
2000
這幾個簡單的字
16:46
brought back many thoughts that I had had before,
407
991000
2000
讓我再次感受之前有過的想法
16:48
about the fusion of our souls
408
993000
2000
有關靈魂的融合
16:50
into one higher-level entity,
409
995000
2000
成為一個更高的存在
16:52
about the fact that at the core of both our souls
410
997000
3000
在我們彼此的靈魂深處
16:55
lay our identical hopes and dreams for our children,
411
1000000
4000
對我們的孩子有著一樣的希望和夢想
16:59
about the notion that those hopes
412
1004000
2000
這些希望
17:01
were not separate or distinct hopes,
413
1006000
2000
並不遙遠
17:03
but were just one hope,
414
1008000
2000
只是一個小小的希望
17:05
one clear thing that defined us both,
415
1010000
2000
一件讓我倆合一
17:07
that welded us into a unit --
416
1012000
2000
讓我們成為一體的希望
17:09
the kind of unit I had but dimly imagined
417
1014000
3000
那些我在婚前，和有孩子前
17:12
before being married and having children.
418
1017000
3000
模糊想像過的同在
17:15
I realized that, though Carol had died,
419
1020000
2000
我意識到，雖然 Carol 已經過世了
17:17
that core piece of her had not died at all,
420
1022000
3000
她的中心思想沒有死去
17:20
but had lived on very determinedly in my brain."
421
1025000
4000
而是在我的腦中繼續活著。
17:24
The Greeks say we suffer our way to wisdom.
422
1029000
3000
希臘人說我們經過痛苦，到達智慧
17:27
Through his suffering, Hofstadter understood
423
1032000
2000
經過他的痛苦，Hofstadter 理解
17:29
how deeply interpenetrated we are.
424
1034000
3000
我們相互影響的程度是如此深厚。
17:32
Through the policy failures of the last 30 years,
425
1037000
3000
從過去30年來的政策失敗
17:35
we have come to acknowledge, I think,
426
1040000
3000
我想我們已經知道
17:38
how shallow our view of human nature has been.
427
1043000
3000
我們對人性的了解有多麼膚淺
17:41
And now as we confront that shallowness
428
1046000
3000
當我們正面面對我們的膚淺
17:44
and the failures that derive from our inability
429
1049000
2000
對理解自身深度的失敗
17:46
to get the depths of who we are,
430
1051000
2000
,
17:48
comes this revolution in consciousness --
431
1053000
2000
便有了意識的革命
17:50
these people in so many fields
432
1055000
3000
許多不同領域的人
17:53
exploring the depth of our nature
433
1058000
2000
開始研究人性的深度
17:55
and coming away with this enchanted,
434
1060000
2000
發展出這個迷人的
17:57
this new humanism.
435
1062000
2000
新人道主義
17:59
And when Freud discovered his sense of the unconscious,
436
1064000
2000
當佛洛伊德發現了潛意識
18:01
it had a vast effect on the climate of the times.
437
1066000
3000
深深影響了當時的學術狀況
18:04
Now we are discovering a more accurate vision
438
1069000
3000
現在我們發現了一個更精確的看法
18:07
of the unconscious, of who we are deep inside,
439
1072000
3000
有關我們的潛意識 － 我們內心裡究竟是誰
18:10
and it's going to have a wonderful and profound
440
1075000
2000
它將會對我們的文化帶來一種美妙、深刻
18:12
and humanizing effect on our culture.
441
1077000
2000
和更為人性的影響。
18:14
Thank you.
442
1079000
2000
謝謝各位
18:16
(Applause)
443
1081000
20000
（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Brooks - Op-ed columnistWriter and thinker David Brooks has covered business, crime and politics over a long career in journalism.
Why you should listen
David Brooks became an Op-Ed columnist for The New York Times in September 2003. He is currently a commentator on "The PBS Newshour," NPR’s "All Things Considered" and NBC's "Meet the Press."
He is the author of Bobos in Paradise and The Social Animal. In April 2015, he released with his fourth book, The Road to Character, which was a #1 New York Times bestseller.
Brooks also teaches at Yale University, and is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences.
Born on August 11, 1961 in Toronto, Canada, Brooks graduated a bachelor of history from the University of Chicago in 1983. He became a police reporter for the City News Bureau, a wire service owned jointly by the Chicago Tribune and Sun-Times.
He worked at The Washington Times and then The Wall Street Journal for nine years. His last post at the Journal was as Op-ed Editor. Prior to that, he was posted in Brussels, covering Russia, the Middle East, South Africa and European affairs. His first post at the Journal was as editor of the book review section, and he filled in as the Journal's movie critic.
He also served as a senior editor at The Weekly Standard for 9 years, as well as contributing editor for The Atlantic and Newsweek.
David Brooks | Speaker | TED.com