TED2011
David Brooks: The social animal
戴维·布鲁克斯：社群动物
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纽约时报专栏作家戴维·布鲁克斯在新书中描写认知科学对人性的新发现，以及它对经济、政治和我们自我认知的大范围影响。在这篇幽默机智的演讲中，他解释为何我们不能把人们当成靠自身觉察意识来做出选择的单独个体。
David Brooks - Op-ed columnist
Writer and thinker David Brooks has covered business, crime and politics over a long career in journalism. Full bio
Writer and thinker David Brooks has covered business, crime and politics over a long career in journalism. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
When I got my current job, I was given a good piece of advice,
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当我得到现在这份工作时，有人给了我一份忠告，
00:18
which was to interview three politicians every day.
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一天访问三个政治人物。
00:21
And from that much contact with politicians,
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从这么密集的接触中，
00:23
I can tell you they're all emotional freaks of one sort or another.
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我可以告诉你他们都是某种情绪化怪人。
00:27
They have what I called "logorrhea dementia,"
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我形容他们的病征为多语症，
00:29
which is they talk so much they drive themselves insane.
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简单来说就是他们话多到自己都抓狂。
00:32
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
00:34
But what they do have is incredible social skills.
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但他们的社交能力真的很好。
00:37
When you meet them, they lock into you,
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当他们见到你，
00:39
they look you in the eye,
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他们用眼神锁定你，
00:41
they invade your personal space,
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他们侵犯你的私人空间
00:43
they massage the back of your head.
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他们还会按摩你的后脑勺。
00:45
I had dinner with a Republican senator several months ago
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几个月前我和一个共和党议员共进晚餐
00:47
who kept his hand on my inner thigh
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他一直把手放在我大腿内侧
00:49
throughout the whole meal -- squeezing it.
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整个晚餐都这样捏我。
00:52
I once -- this was years ago --
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几年前
00:54
I saw Ted Kennedy and Dan Quayle meet in the well of the Senate.
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我见到泰德·肯尼迪和丹·奎尔在议会池相遇。
00:56
And they were friends, and they hugged each other
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他们是好朋友，他们互相拥抱，
00:58
and they were laughing, and their faces were like this far apart.
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他们笑着，脸靠这么近。
01:01
And they were moving and grinding
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他们磨磨蹭蹭地移动着
01:03
and moving their arms up and down each other.
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在彼此身上上下其手。
01:05
And I was like, "Get a room. I don't want to see this."
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我想“拜托你们干嘛不去开个房间，实在看不下去了。”
01:08
But they have those social skills.
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但他们就是有这种社交手腕。
01:10
Another case:
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另一个例子：
01:12
Last election cycle,
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上次大选，
01:14
I was following Mitt Romney around New Hampshire,
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我跟着Mitt Romney到新罕布夏州去。
01:16
and he was campaigning with his five perfect sons:
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他五个完美的儿子协助他竞选：
01:19
Bip, Chip, Rip, Zip, Lip and Dip.
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毕普、齐普、瑞普、吉普、立普和帝普。
01:21
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
01:23
And he's going into a diner.
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他走进一个快餐店。
01:25
And he goes into the diner, introduces himself to a family
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他向一个家庭自我介绍
01:28
and says, "What village are you from in New Hampshire?"
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他说“你从新罕布夏州哪个小城来的？”
01:30
And then he describes the home he owned in their village.
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然后他描述他在那个小城里有的那个房子。
01:34
And so he goes around the room,
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他就这样走来走去，
01:37
and then as he's leaving the diner,
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到他要离开快餐店的时候，
01:39
he first-names almost everybody he's just met.
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他可以叫出所有人的名字。
01:42
I was like, "Okay, that's social skill."
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我心想“这就是真正的社交手腕了。”
01:44
But the paradox is,
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矛盾的是
01:46
when a lot of these people slip into the policy-making mode,
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当这些人进入立法模式时，
01:50
that social awareness vanishes
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这些社会敏感度就消失了，
01:52
and they start talking like accountants.
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他们开始用会计师的语调说话。
01:54
So in the course of my career,
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在我的从业生涯中，
01:56
I have covered a series of failures.
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我描写过一系列的失败。
01:58
We sent economists in the Soviet Union
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我们派经济学家到解体后的苏联
02:00
with privatization plans when it broke up,
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着手解决他们瘫痪了的私有化计划，
02:02
and what they really lacked was social trust.
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但他们缺乏的是社会信任。
02:05
We invaded Iraq with a military
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我们派兵侵略伊拉克
02:07
oblivious to the cultural and psychological realities.
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毫不理会他们文化与心理的现状。
02:10
We had a financial regulatory regime
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我们的金融管制机构
02:12
based on the assumptions
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把制度建立在
02:14
that traders were rational creatures
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交易员完全理性
02:16
who wouldn't do anything stupid.
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不会做任何傻事的假设上。
02:18
For 30 years, I've been covering school reform
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三十年来，我报导教育改革，
02:21
and we've basically reorganized the bureaucratic boxes --
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我们重整所有官僚体系的黑箱--
02:24
charters, private schools, vouchers --
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特许证、私立学校、证件--
02:27
but we've had disappointing results year after year.
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但每年的成绩仍然叫人失望。
02:31
And the fact is, people learn from people they love.
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事实是，人们从所爱的人身上学习
02:34
And if you're not talking about the individual relationship
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如果你不讨论老师与学生
02:36
between a teacher and a student,
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之间的关系，
02:38
you're not talking about that reality.
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这便偏离了真实状态，
02:40
But that reality is expunged
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但这些真实被排除在
02:42
from our policy-making process.
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我们的立法程序以外。
02:44
And so that's led to a question for me:
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于是我心中油然生出这个问题：
02:47
Why are the most socially-attuned people on earth
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为什么地球上最人情练达的一群人
02:50
completely dehumanized
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一想到法令
02:52
when they think about policy?
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就变得如此不人性？
02:55
And I came to the conclusion,
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我的结论是
02:57
this is a symptom of a larger problem.
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这是一个更大的问题造成的症状。
03:00
That, for centuries, we've inherited a view of human nature
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几世纪以来我们沿袭一种对人性的看法
03:03
based on the notion
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我们基本认为
03:05
that we're divided selves,
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我们都是分开的个体，
03:07
that reason is separated from the emotions
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理性和感性各自分开
03:10
and that society progresses
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社会进步到一个程度以后
03:12
to the extent that reason can suppress the passions.
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理性就能压抑激情
03:15
And it's led to a view of human nature
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我们对人性的观点就是
03:18
that we're rational individuals
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我们是理性的个体，
03:20
who respond in straightforward ways to incentives,
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这些看法直接变成奖励方法。
03:23
and it's led to ways of seeing the world
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也变成了我们看世界的角度
03:26
where people try to use the assumptions of physics
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当人们尝试用物理的假设
03:29
to measure how human behavior is.
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去衡量人类的行为举止时。
03:34
And it's produced a great amputation,
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这也删除了许多重要的部份，
03:36
a shallow view of human nature.
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形成了一种对人性的肤浅看法。
03:39
We're really good at talking about material things,
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我们很会谈论物质，
03:41
but we're really bad at talking about emotions.
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但谈到情绪便显得笨拙。
03:44
We're really good at talking about skills
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我们很会谈论技能
03:46
and safety and health;
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安全和健康，
03:48
we're really bad at talking about character.
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但我们不擅讨论人格。
03:51
Alasdair MacIntyre, the famous philosopher,
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著名哲学家阿拉斯代尔·麦金泰尔Alasdair Maclntyre
03:54
said that, "We have the concepts of the ancient morality
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说，“我们仍有古老的道德概念
03:57
of virtue, honor, goodness,
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如美德、荣誉、良善，
03:59
but we no longer have a system
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但我们没有一个制度
04:01
by which to connect them."
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来联系它们。”
04:03
And so this has led to a shallow path in politics,
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这不但让政治走上一条肤浅的道路，
04:06
but also in a whole range of human endeavors.
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也影响了各种层面的做法。
04:10
You can see it in the way we raise our young kids.
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你可以从我们抚养孩子的方式中窥其一二。
04:13
You go to an elementary school at three in the afternoon
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下午三点到小学去
04:16
and you watch the kids come out,
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看孩子出来，
04:18
and they're wearing these 80-pound backpacks.
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他们背着八十磅重的背包。
04:21
If the wind blows them over, they're like beetles stuck there on the ground.
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一阵风吹来，他们就会像甲虫一样翻倒在地。
04:25
You see these cars that drive up --
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你看见这些豪华轿车--
04:27
usually it's Saabs and Audis and Volvos,
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可能是萨博、奥迪或沃尔沃富豪，
04:30
because in certain neighborhoods it's socially acceptable to have a luxury car,
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这些好车在某些社区被接受
04:33
so long as it comes from a country hostile to U.S. foreign policy --
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只要不是来自那些抵触美国外交政策的国家
04:36
that's fine.
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就可以。
04:38
They get picked up by these creatures I've called uber-moms,
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他们被这些我称作超级母亲的生物接走，
04:41
who are highly successful career women
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这些生物不但事业成功
04:43
who have taken time off to make sure all their kids get into Harvard.
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也会抽出时间确保她们的孩子进入哈佛。
04:46
And you can usually tell the uber-moms
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你很容易辨识出超级母亲，
04:48
because they actually weigh less than their own children.
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因为她们通常比孩子还瘦。
04:50
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
04:52
So at the moment of conception,
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在怀孕期间，
04:54
they're doing little butt exercises.
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她们摆摆屁股练习操。
04:56
Babies flop out,
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婴儿滑出后，
04:58
they're flashing Mandarin flashcards at the things.
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她们拿出中文字卡要他们学习。
05:01
Driving them home, and they want them to be enlightened,
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载孩子回家的路上，她们希望孩子变得懂事，
05:04
so they take them to Ben & Jerry's ice cream company
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于是带他们去吃班杰利冰淇淋
05:06
with its own foreign policy.
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也算一种她们自己的外交政策。
05:08
In one of my books,
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我在一本书里嘲弄
05:10
I joke that Ben & Jerry's should make a pacifist toothpaste --
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说班杰利公司应该制造和平主义牙膏--
05:12
doesn't kill germs, just asks them to leave.
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不杀菌，温和地请它们离开。
05:14
It would be a big seller.
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这会大卖。
05:16
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
05:18
And they go to Whole Foods to get their baby formula,
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他们去全食超市Whole Foods买婴儿食品。
05:21
and Whole Foods is one of those progressive grocery stores
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全食超市是一种比较进步的大杂货店
05:23
where all the cashiers look like they're on loan from Amnesty International.
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所有的收银员好似是从国际人道组织借来的。
05:26
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
05:28
They buy these seaweed-based snacks there
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她们去那里买海藻作成的零食
05:30
called Veggie Booty with Kale,
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叫甘蓝宝贝菜，
05:32
which is for kids who come home and say,
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因为家里的孩子会说，
05:34
"Mom, mom, I want a snack that'll help prevent colon-rectal cancer."
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“妈！我要那些能预防结肠直肠癌的零食！”
05:37
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
05:39
And so the kids are raised in a certain way,
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这些孩子以这样方式成长，
05:41
jumping through achievement hoops of the things we can measure --
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经历着由我们权衡事情成功的考验--
05:44
SAT prep, oboe, soccer practice.
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SAT考试、双簧管、足球练习。
05:47
They get into competitive colleges, they get good jobs,
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进好学校，有好工作，
05:50
and sometimes they make a success of themselves
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有时候靠着自己的力量取得表面成功，
05:52
in a superficial manner, and they make a ton of money.
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赚许多许多钱。
05:55
And sometimes you can see them at vacation places
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你会在度假胜地看到他们
05:57
like Jackson Hole or Aspen.
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各种豪华滑雪度假村如杰克逊洞或者阿斯彭。
05:59
And they've become elegant and slender --
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他们更优雅、更修长--
06:01
they don't really have thighs;
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他们没有大腿；
06:03
they just have one elegant calve on top of another.
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只有一条优雅的小腿叠在另一条优雅的小腿上。
06:06
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
06:08
They have kids of their own,
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他们有了自己的孩子，
06:10
and they've achieved a genetic miracle by marrying beautiful people,
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以娶嫁美丽人士实现基因遗传奇迹，
06:13
so their grandmoms look like Gertrude Stein,
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奶奶看上去像女作家格特鲁德·斯泰因，
06:16
their daughters looks like Halle Berry -- I don't know how they've done that.
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女儿却像女明星哈莉·贝瑞--我不知道他们怎么办到的。
06:19
They get there and they realize
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他们到了滑雪胜地发现
06:22
it's fashionable now to have dogs a third as tall as your ceiling heights.
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有条像房屋三分之一高的狗很时尚。
06:26
So they've got these furry 160-pound dogs --
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于是他们买来那些一百六十磅的毛毛狗--
06:29
all look like velociraptors,
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看上去像迅猛龙，
06:32
all named after Jane Austen characters.
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给它们取珍·奥丝汀书里的小说人名。
06:35
And then when they get old, they haven't really developed a philosophy of life,
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当他们逐渐老去，也没有发展出什么人生哲学，
06:38
but they've decided, "I've been successful at everything;
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但他们想“我已达成了所有成功，
06:40
I'm just not going to die."
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我可不想死。”
06:42
And so they hire personal trainers;
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于是他们请私人教练，
06:45
they're popping Cialis like breath mints.
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吃犀利士像吃口香糖。
06:47
You see them on the mountains up there.
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他们就在那些山上。
06:49
They're cross-country skiing up the mountain
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他们滑遍各处的山
06:51
with these grim expressions
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带着那样冰冷的神情
06:53
that make Dick Cheney look like Jerry Lewis.
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严肃的政治人物迪克·切尼与其相比根本就是谐星杰里·刘易斯。
06:55
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
06:57
And as they whiz by you,
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当他们从你身边滑过，
06:59
it's like being passed by a little iron Raisinet
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就像有块钢铁小饼干
07:01
going up the hill.
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从你身边无声飞过。
07:03
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
07:05
And so this is part of what life is,
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这的确是人生的一部分，
07:08
but it's not all of what life is.
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但不是人生的全部。
07:11
And over the past few years,
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过去几年，
07:13
I think we've been given a deeper view of human nature
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我们开始看到一些有关人性的深层研究
07:17
and a deeper view of who we are.
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有关我们究竟是谁。
07:19
And it's not based on theology or philosophy,
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不是来自神学或哲学，
07:21
it's in the study of the mind,
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而是来自思想研究，
07:23
across all these spheres of research,
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从不同层次的学术界，
07:25
from neuroscience to the cognitive scientists,
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从神经科学到认知科学、
07:27
behavioral economists, psychologists,
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行为经济学、心理学、
07:29
sociology,
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社会学，
07:31
we're developing a revolution in consciousness.
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这发展为一种意识革命。
07:34
And when you synthesize it all,
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当你纵观以上全部，
07:36
it's giving us a new view of human nature.
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它给我们一种新的角度看人性。
07:38
And far from being a coldly materialistic view of nature,
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不只是冷冰冰的唯物观，
07:41
it's a new humanism, it's a new enchantment.
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而是一种新的人道主义。
07:44
And I think when you synthesize this research,
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当你整合这些研究，
07:46
you start with three key insights.
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你会有三种理解。
07:48
The first insight is
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第一
07:50
that while the conscious mind writes the autobiography of our species,
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当意识为人类写下自传，
07:53
the unconscious mind does most of the work.
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潜意识却做了大部分的工作。
07:57
And so one way to formulate that is
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简单说来，
07:59
the human mind can take in millions of pieces of information a minute,
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人脑一分钟可以处理百万个细节，
08:02
of which it can be consciously aware of about 40.
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但意识到的大概有40个。
08:05
And this leads to oddities.
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许多怪事由此发生。
08:07
One of my favorite is that people named Dennis
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我最喜欢的是许多叫丹尼的成了牙医
08:09
are disproportionately likely to become dentists,
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（英语的丹尼音近牙医），
08:12
people named Lawrence become lawyers,
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叫罗伦斯的成了律师，
08:14
because unconsciously we gravitate toward things
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只因潜意识里我们倾向和音似的事物
08:16
that sound familiar,
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拉拢靠近乎，
08:18
which is why I named my daughter President of the United States Brooks.
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这就是我把女儿取名叫做美国总统的原因。
08:21
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
08:24
Another finding is that the unconscious,
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另外一个发现是
08:27
far from being dumb and sexualized,
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潜意识不如人们想的那样愚笨与饥渴，
08:29
is actually quite smart.
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事实上它很聪明。
08:31
So one of the most cognitively demanding things we do is buy furniture.
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举例来说，买家具一直是件困难的事。
08:34
It's really hard to imagine a sofa, how it's going to look in your house.
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我们很难想象新沙发在房子里看上去会是什么模样。
08:37
And the way you should do that
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解决方法是，
08:39
is study the furniture,
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仔细看清家具的模样，
08:41
let it marinate in your mind, distract yourself,
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把它沉浸在脑海，先别想它，
08:43
and then a few days later, go with your gut,
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几天以后，以你的直觉去买，
08:45
because unconsciously you've figured it out.
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因为潜意识已经为你解决了这个问题。
08:47
The second insight
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第二
08:49
is that emotions are at the center of our thinking.
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情绪是我们思考的中心。
08:52
People with strokes and lesions
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中风的人和在大脑处理情绪区域
08:54
in the emotion-processing parts of the brain
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发生机能损害的人
08:56
are not super smart,
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并不聪明，
08:58
they're actually sometimes quite helpless.
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事实上他们很无助。
09:00
And the "giant" in the field is in the room tonight
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研究这领域的巨人今晚就在我们当中
09:02
and is speaking tomorrow morning -- Antonio Damasio.
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Antonio Damasio － 他的演讲在明天早上。
09:05
And one of the things he's really shown us
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他的研究告诉我们
09:07
is that emotions are not separate from reason,
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情绪并不和理性分开，
09:10
but they are the foundation of reason
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情绪其实是理性的基础，
09:12
because they tell us what to value.
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它告诉我们什么是重要的。
09:14
And so reading and educating your emotions
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理解和训练你的情绪
09:16
is one of the central activities of wisdom.
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是通往智慧的道路。
09:19
Now I'm a middle-aged guy.
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身为一个中年男子；
09:21
I'm not exactly comfortable with emotions.
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我并不善于谈论情绪。
09:23
One of my favorite brain stories described these middle-aged guys.
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我最喜欢的有关大脑的故事却以中年男子为例。
09:26
They put them into a brain scan machine --
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把中年男子放进脑扫描机器里--
09:29
this is apocryphal by the way, but I don't care --
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这没什么根据，但无所谓--
09:32
and they had them watch a horror movie,
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让这些中年男子看恐怖电影，
09:35
and then they had them describe their feelings toward their wives.
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再让他们叙述他们面对妻子的感受。
09:39
And the brain scans were identical in both activities.
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两者的脑扫描结果是一样的。
09:42
It was just sheer terror.
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绝对的恐怖。
09:44
So me talking about emotion
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让我们谈情绪
09:46
is like Gandhi talking about gluttony,
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就像叫甘地谈论暴食，
09:48
but it is the central organizing process
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但情绪帮助我们
09:50
of the way we think.
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整理思绪。
09:52
It tells us what to imprint.
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它告诉我们应该记得什么
09:54
The brain is the record of the feelings of a life.
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大脑纪录我们一生经历过的感受
09:56
And the third insight
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第三是
09:58
is that we're not primarily self-contained individuals.
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我们不是独立的个体。
10:02
We're social animals, not rational animals.
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我们是社群动物，不是理性动物。
10:05
We emerge out of relationships,
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我们从人际关系中成长，
10:07
and we are deeply interpenetrated, one with another.
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深深地互相影响。
10:10
And so when we see another person,
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当我们见到他人，
10:12
we reenact in our own minds
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我们会在脑中演练
10:14
what we see in their minds.
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他们脑中所看到的景象。
10:16
When we watch a car chase in a movie,
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当我们看到电影里的飞车追逐
10:18
it's almost as if we are subtly having a car chase.
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就像是我们也默默地经历了它。
10:21
When we watch pornography,
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当我们看色情影带
10:23
it's a little like having sex,
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就有点像我们也进行了性行为，
10:25
though probably not as good.
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虽然没有这么真实。
10:27
And we see this when lovers walk down the street,
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当我们看到路上散步的情侣，
10:30
when a crowd in Egypt or Tunisia
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当群众占领了埃及和突尼西亚
10:32
gets caught up in an emotional contagion,
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情绪油然而生蔓延着，
10:34
the deep interpenetration.
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相互影响。
10:36
And this revolution in who we are
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它随时改变我们
10:39
gives us a different way of seeing, I think, politics,
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让我们用不同角度理解政治，
10:42
a different way, most importantly,
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最重要的
10:44
of seeing human capital.
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重新审视人力资本。
10:46
We are now children of the French Enlightenment.
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我们是法国启蒙的后代。
10:50
We believe that reason is the highest of the faculties.
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我们相信理性是最重要的。
10:53
But I think this research shows
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但我相信研究会告诉我们
10:55
that the British Enlightenment, or the Scottish Enlightenment,
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休姆或亚当史密斯带来的
10:57
with David Hume, Adam Smith,
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英式或苏格兰式启蒙
10:59
actually had a better handle on who we are --
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更接近我们的本真--
11:02
that reason is often weak, our sentiments are strong,
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理性往往软弱，感性时时强大，
11:05
and our sentiments are often trustworthy.
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而我们的感性是值得信任的。
11:08
And this work corrects that bias in our culture,
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这些研究改正了我们文化中的偏见，
11:11
that dehumanizing bias.
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那深入人心的偏见
11:13
It gives us a deeper sense
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它让我们理解
11:15
of what it actually takes
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究竟怎样的生活
11:17
for us to thrive in this life.
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才是个成功的人生。
11:19
When we think about human capital
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当我们想到人力资本
11:21
we think about the things we can measure easily --
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我们想到的是那些评鉴标准--
11:24
things like grades, SAT's, degrees,
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学校成绩、考试成绩、学位成绩，
11:27
the number of years in schooling.
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和在学校的岁月年华。
11:29
What it really takes to do well, to lead a meaningful life,
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事实上，要过个有意义的人生
11:32
are things that are deeper,
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来自于更深层的事物，
11:34
things we don't really even have words for.
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那些甚至无法言说的感受。
11:37
And so let me list just a couple of the things
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在此让我点出两件事
11:39
I think this research points us toward trying to understand.
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我想这研究要我们去了解这些。
11:43
The first gift, or talent, is mindsight --
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第一种天赋或者才华其实是一种心智直观--
11:46
the ability to enter into other people's minds
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去理解他人想法，和懂得他人
11:50
and learn what they have to offer.
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的能力。
11:52
Babies come with this ability.
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婴儿就有这种能力。
11:54
Meltzoff, who's at the University of Washington,
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华盛顿大学的梅尔索夫
11:56
leaned over a baby who was 43 minutes old.
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俯身对着43分钟大的婴儿
11:59
He wagged his tongue at the baby.
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吐舌头。
12:01
The baby wagged her tongue back.
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婴儿也向他吐舌头。
12:04
Babies are born to interpenetrate into Mom's mind
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婴儿生来就能感知读懂母亲的心思
12:07
and to download what they find --
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了解他们探寻的所有东西--
12:09
their models of how to understand reality.
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这成为他们理解现实世界的模式。
12:11
In the United States, 55 percent of babies
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在美国，55％的婴儿
12:14
have a deep two-way conversation with Mom
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和母亲有亲密的双向沟通
12:16
and they learn models to how to relate to other people.
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他们用这种模式学习该和他人如何交流。
12:19
And those people who have models of how to relate
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这些懂得和他人交流的人
12:21
have a huge head start in life.
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在人生路途中超前许多。
12:23
Scientists at the University of Minnesota did a study
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明尼苏达州大学的科学家做了个研究
12:25
in which they could predict
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看谁可以在18岁
12:27
with 77 percent accuracy, at age 18 months,
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从高中毕业
12:30
who was going to graduate from high school,
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有77％的准确度
12:32
based on who had good attachment with mom.
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取决于他们与母亲的亲密程度。
12:35
Twenty percent of kids do not have those relationships.
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两成没有这种关系的孩子
12:38
They are what we call avoidantly attached.
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我们称他们为回避型亲密关系。
12:40
They have trouble relating to other people.
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他们往往难以与他人建立关系。
12:42
They go through life
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他们走过人生
12:44
like sailboats tacking into the wind --
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像不停转变航线的小船--
12:46
wanting to get close to people,
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想和人更靠近，
12:48
but not really having the models of how to do that.
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但却没有模式能帮助他们。
12:51
And so this is one skill
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这是一种
12:53
of how to hoover up knowledge, one from another.
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向别人吸收知识的技术。
12:55
A second skill is equal poise,
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第二种能力也一样重要。
12:58
the ability to have the serenity
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平心静气地解读
13:00
to read the biases and failures in your own mind.
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自己的偏见和失败。
13:03
So for example, we are overconfidence machines.
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举例来说，我们是台过分自信的机器。
13:06
Ninety-five percent of our professors report
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95%的教授宣称
13:09
that they are above-average teachers.
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他们比普遍的教授都优秀。
13:11
Ninety-six percent of college students
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96％的大学生
13:13
say they have above-average social skills.
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认为他们的社交手腕胜于常人。
13:16
Time magazine asked Americans, "Are you in the top one percent of earners?"
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时代杂志问美国人“你是美国人中收入最好的那10％吗？”
13:19
Nineteen percent of Americans are in the top one percent of earners.
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19％的美国人是那10％。
13:22
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
13:24
This is a gender-linked trait, by the way.
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事实上，这是一个和性别有关的特点。
13:26
Men drown at twice the rate of women,
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淹死的男人比女人多上两倍，
13:28
because men think they can swim across that lake.
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因为男人都觉得他们可以游过那条河
13:31
But some people have the ability and awareness
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但有些人有能力可以辨识出
13:34
of their own biases, their own overconfidence.
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自己的偏见与过分自信。
13:37
They have epistemological modesty.
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他们在知识论上保持谦虚。
13:39
They are open-minded in the face of ambiguity.
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他们对暧昧不明的事物保持开放。
13:42
They are able to adjust strength of the conclusions
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他们可以随着证据强度
13:44
to the strength of their evidence.
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调整结论。
13:46
They are curious.
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他们好奇。
13:48
And these traits are often unrelated and uncorrelated with IQ.
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而这些特性和IQ没有直接关系。
13:51
The third trait is metis,
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第三个特性是medes，
13:53
what we might call street smarts -- it's a Greek word.
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这是希腊文，也可以说是见机行事。
13:56
It's a sensitivity to the physical environment,
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它是一种对身边事物保持敏感，
13:58
the ability to pick out patterns in an environment --
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从环境中找出模式
14:00
derive a gist.
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推演出重点的能力。
14:02
One of my colleagues at the Times
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我在时代杂志的一个同事
14:04
did a great story about soldiers in Iraq
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为伊拉克士兵做了一个专题
14:06
who could look down a street and detect somehow
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他们可以光靠看着一条街
14:09
whether there was an IED, a landmine, in the street.
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就知道有没有地雷。
14:11
They couldn't tell you how they did it,
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他们没办法告诉你他们是怎么办到的
14:13
but they could feel cold, they felt a coldness,
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但他们感觉到一种毛骨悚然，
14:16
and they were more often right than wrong.
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而他们往往是对的。
14:19
The third is what you might call sympathy,
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第三种能力也可以说是同感，
14:21
the ability to work within groups.
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在群体中共事的能力。
14:24
And that comes in tremendously handy,
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这种能力非常有用，
14:27
because groups are smarter than individuals.
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因为群体比个人聪明--
14:29
And face-to-face groups are much smarter
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面对面的群体比经由电子产品交流的群体
14:31
than groups that communicate electronically,
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更聪明，
14:34
because 90 percent of our communication is non-verbal.
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因为有九成资讯不是靠语言交流。
14:37
And the effectiveness of a group
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一个群体的影响力
14:39
is not determined by the IQ of the group;
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不是取决于群体成员的智商，
14:42
it's determined by how well they communicate,
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而是他们沟通的方法，
14:45
how often they take turns in conversation.
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他们是否轮流对话。
14:48
Then you could talk about a trait like blending.
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然后我们可以讨论“混合”的特性。
14:51
Any child can say, "I'm a tiger," pretend to be a tiger.
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任何小孩都可以说“我是老虎”然后假装自己是老虎。
14:54
It seems so elementary.
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它看起来很简单。
14:56
But in fact, it's phenomenally complicated
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但事实上，它出乎意料的复杂
14:58
to take a concept "I" and a concept "tiger"
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把“我”和“老虎”的概念
15:00
and blend them together.
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混合在一起。
15:02
But this is the source of innovation.
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但这就是创新的能力。
15:04
What Picasso did, for example,
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像毕卡索就是
15:06
was take the concept "Western art"
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结合西方艺术的概念
15:08
and the concept "African masks"
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和非洲面具的概念
15:10
and blend them together --
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将他们混合在一起--
15:12
not only the geometry,
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不只是几何图案，
15:14
but the moral systems entailed in them.
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还有它们所展示的伦理逻辑连为一体。
15:16
And these are skills, again, we can't count and measure.
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这些都是我们无法衡量的能力。
15:18
And then the final thing I'll mention
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最后我想提到的是
15:20
is something you might call limerence.
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一种叫热切的心理状态。
15:22
And this is not an ability;
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这不是一种能力，
15:24
it's a drive and a motivation.
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更像一种动力或激励。
15:27
The conscious mind hungers for success and prestige.
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意识想要的是成功和名望。
15:30
The unconscious mind hungers
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潜意识想要的是
15:32
for those moments of transcendence,
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那些超然的短暂时刻，
15:34
when the skull line disappears
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当我们全身心投入
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and we are lost in a challenge or a task --
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沉溺在一项任务或挑战中--
15:39
when a craftsman feels lost in his craft,
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就像工匠沉迷于它的技艺，
15:42
when a naturalist feels at one with nature,
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爱好自然者和自然合为一体，
15:45
when a believer feels at one with God's love.
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信徒感觉和神的爱合一。
15:48
That is what the unconscious mind hungers for.
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这些就是潜意识渴望的经历。
15:51
And many of us feel it in love
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我们当中的许多人在恋爱中体验
15:53
when lovers feel fused.
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这种合一的感觉。
15:55
And one of the most beautiful descriptions
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在这个研究中
15:57
I've come across in this research
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有关人脑如何互相影响沟通
16:00
of how minds interpenetrate
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的最美丽一段叙述
16:02
was written by a great theorist and scientist
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是来自一位印地安那大学的理论科学家
16:04
named Douglas Hofstadter at the University of Indiana.
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他叫道格拉斯·霍夫施塔特。
16:07
He was married to a woman named Carol,
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他的妻子叫卡罗尔，
16:09
and they had a wonderful relationship.
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他们有一段很美好的关系。
16:11
When their kids were five and two,
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孩子有五岁和两岁时，
16:13
Carol had a stroke and a brain tumor and died suddenly.
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卡罗尔中风，因脑瘤突然逝世。
16:17
And Hofstadter wrote a book
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霍夫施塔特写了一本书
16:19
called "I Am a Strange Loop."
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叫：《我是一个奇异的环》。
16:21
In the course of that book, he describes a moment --
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在书里他描述一个时刻，
16:23
just months after Carol has died --
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卡罗尔逝世后几个月，
16:26
he comes across her picture on the mantel,
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他在卧室或在壁炉架上
16:28
or on a bureau in his bedroom.
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看到她的照片。
16:30
And here's what he wrote:
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他这儿描写到：
16:32
"I looked at her face,
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“我看着她的脸，
16:34
and I looked so deeply
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我深深地看入迷了
16:36
that I felt I was behind her eyes.
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仿佛我就影射到她瞳孔里。
16:38
And all at once I found myself saying
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同时，我发现我流着泪
16:40
as tears flowed,
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说，
16:42
'That's me. That's me.'
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‘是我。是我。’
16:44
And those simple words
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这几个简单的字
16:46
brought back many thoughts that I had had before,
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让我再次感受之前有过的想法，
16:48
about the fusion of our souls
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有关灵魂的融合
16:50
into one higher-level entity,
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成为一个更高的存在，
16:52
about the fact that at the core of both our souls
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在我们彼此的灵魂深处
16:55
lay our identical hopes and dreams for our children,
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对我们的孩子有着一样的希望和梦想，
16:59
about the notion that those hopes
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这些希望
17:01
were not separate or distinct hopes,
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并不遥远或者是不可即的希望，
17:03
but were just one hope,
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只是一个小小的希望，
17:05
one clear thing that defined us both,
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一件让我俩合一
17:07
that welded us into a unit --
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让我们成为一体的希望--
17:09
the kind of unit I had but dimly imagined
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那些我在婚前，和有孩子前
17:12
before being married and having children.
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模糊想象过的连为一体的希望。
17:15
I realized that, though Carol had died,
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我意识到，虽然卡罗尔已经过世了，
17:17
that core piece of her had not died at all,
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她的核心思想并没有死去，
17:20
but had lived on very determinedly in my brain."
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而是在我的脑中继续活着。”
17:24
The Greeks say we suffer our way to wisdom.
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希腊人说我们只有经过痛苦，才能通向智慧的彼岸。
17:27
Through his suffering, Hofstadter understood
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经过霍夫施塔特的痛苦，他理解到
17:29
how deeply interpenetrated we are.
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我们相互影响的程度是如此深远。
17:32
Through the policy failures of the last 30 years,
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从过去30年来的政策失败，
17:35
we have come to acknowledge, I think,
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我想我们已经知道
17:38
how shallow our view of human nature has been.
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我们对人性的了解有多么肤浅。
17:41
And now as we confront that shallowness
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现在，当我们正面面对我们的肤浅
17:44
and the failures that derive from our inability
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和失败，它们是源自我们
17:46
to get the depths of who we are,
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不能够深入了解我们自身的人性，
17:48
comes this revolution in consciousness --
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随之便有了这种意识革命--
17:50
these people in so many fields
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许多不同领域的人
17:53
exploring the depth of our nature
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开始研究人性的深度
17:55
and coming away with this enchanted,
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发展出这个迷人的
17:57
this new humanism.
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新人道主义。
17:59
And when Freud discovered his sense of the unconscious,
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当弗洛伊德发现了潜意识，
18:01
it had a vast effect on the climate of the times.
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这巨大的影响了当时的学术状况。
18:04
Now we are discovering a more accurate vision
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现在我们发现了一个有关我们潜意识的更准确看法
18:07
of the unconscious, of who we are deep inside,
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--我们内心里究竟是谁。
18:10
and it's going to have a wonderful and profound
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它将会对我们的文化带来一种美妙、深刻
18:12
and humanizing effect on our culture.
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和更为人性的影响。
18:14
Thank you.
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谢谢各位。
18:16
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Brooks - Op-ed columnistWriter and thinker David Brooks has covered business, crime and politics over a long career in journalism.
Why you should listen
David Brooks became an Op-Ed columnist for The New York Times in September 2003. He is currently a commentator on "The PBS Newshour," NPR’s "All Things Considered" and NBC's "Meet the Press."
He is the author of Bobos in Paradise and The Social Animal. In April 2015, he released with his fourth book, The Road to Character, which was a #1 New York Times bestseller.
Brooks also teaches at Yale University, and is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences.
Born on August 11, 1961 in Toronto, Canada, Brooks graduated a bachelor of history from the University of Chicago in 1983. He became a police reporter for the City News Bureau, a wire service owned jointly by the Chicago Tribune and Sun-Times.
He worked at The Washington Times and then The Wall Street Journal for nine years. His last post at the Journal was as Op-ed Editor. Prior to that, he was posted in Brussels, covering Russia, the Middle East, South Africa and European affairs. His first post at the Journal was as editor of the book review section, and he filled in as the Journal's movie critic.
He also served as a senior editor at The Weekly Standard for 9 years, as well as contributing editor for The Atlantic and Newsweek.
David Brooks | Speaker | TED.com