TEDGlobal 2014
Severine Autesserre: To solve mass violence, look to locals
Severin Oteser (Severine Autesserre): Da biste rešili masovno nasilje, okrenite se lokalnom
Filmed:
Readability: 6.3
779,846 views
Severin Oteser izučava Demokratsku republiku Kongo, koja se nalazi usred najsmrtonosnijeg konflikta posle Drugog svetskog rata; nazvan je "najvećom tekućom humanitarnom krizom na svetu". Konflikt deluje beznadežno, nerešivo veliko. Ali njen uvid iz decenija slušanja i uključivanja je: konflikti su često zasnovani na lokalnom nivou. Umesto usmerenosti na rešenja koja dosežu do nacionalnog nivoa, vođama i grupama pomoći može više pomoći rešavanje lokalnih kriza pre nego što se rasplamsaju.
Severine Autesserre - Peace and conflict researcher
Severine Autesserre traces civil war and endemic violence to its roots, and its resolution, in local and interpersonal conflicts. Full bio
Severine Autesserre traces civil war and endemic violence to its roots, and its resolution, in local and interpersonal conflicts. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I want to speak about
a forgotten conflict.
a forgotten conflict.
0
662
2812
Želim da govorim
o zaboravljenom konfliktu.
o zaboravljenom konfliktu.
00:15
It's a conflict that rarely
hits the headlines.
hits the headlines.
1
3474
3706
To je konflikt koji retko dospeva u vesti.
00:19
It happens right here,
in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
2
7180
4220
Dešava se upravo ovde,
u Demokratskoj Republici Kongo.
u Demokratskoj Republici Kongo.
00:24
Now, most people outside of Africa
don't know much about the war in Congo,
don't know much about the war in Congo,
3
12244
4598
Većina ljudi van Afrike
ne zna puno o ratu u Kongu,
ne zna puno o ratu u Kongu,
00:28
so let me give you a couple of key facts.
4
16842
3257
pa dozvolite da vam iznesem
nekoliko ključnih podataka.
nekoliko ključnih podataka.
00:32
The Congolese conflict is the deadliest
conflict since World War II.
conflict since World War II.
5
20099
5588
Konflikt u Kongu
je najsmrtonosniji konflikt
je najsmrtonosniji konflikt
od Drugog svetskog rata.
00:37
It has caused almost four million deaths.
6
25687
3300
Prouzrokovao je skoro
četiri miliona smrtnih slučajeva.
četiri miliona smrtnih slučajeva.
00:40
It has destabilized most of Central Africa
for the past 18 years.
for the past 18 years.
7
28987
4594
Destabilizovao je
veći deo centralne Afrike
veći deo centralne Afrike
tokom poslednjih 18 godina.
00:45
It is the largest ongoing
humanitarian crisis in the world.
humanitarian crisis in the world.
8
33581
4920
To je najveća tekuća
humanitarna kriza na svetu.
humanitarna kriza na svetu.
00:50
That's why I first went to Congo in 2001.
9
38501
3661
Zato sam i otišla u Kongo
prvi put 2001. godine.
prvi put 2001. godine.
00:54
I was a young humanitarian aid worker,
and I met this woman who was my age.
and I met this woman who was my age.
10
42162
5132
Bila sam mladi humanitarni radnik
i srela sam ženu
koja je bila mojih godina.
koja je bila mojih godina.
Zvala se Izabel.
00:59
She was called Isabelle.
11
47294
2474
01:02
Local militias
had attacked Isabelle's village.
had attacked Isabelle's village.
12
50868
3311
Lokalna policija
je napala Izabelino selo.
je napala Izabelino selo.
01:06
They had killed many men,
raped many women.
raped many women.
13
54179
3048
Ubili su mnogo muškaraca,
silovali mnogo žena.
silovali mnogo žena.
01:09
They had looted everything.
14
57227
1997
Sve su opljačkali.
01:11
And then they wanted to take Isabelle,
15
59224
2623
A zatim su želeli da odvedu Izabel,
01:13
but her husband stepped in,
16
61847
1377
ali je njen muž uskočio,
01:15
and he said, "No,
please don't take Isabelle.
please don't take Isabelle.
17
63224
3198
i rekao je: "Ne, molim vas,
ne uzimajte Izabel.
ne uzimajte Izabel.
01:18
Take me instead."
18
66422
3287
Uzmite mene umesto nje."
01:21
So he had gone to the forest
with the militias,
with the militias,
19
69709
2991
Tako je on otišao u šumu
sa policijom,
sa policijom,
01:24
and Isabelle had never seen him again.
20
72700
4171
i Izabel ga nikada više nije videla.
01:28
Well, it's because of people
like Isabelle and her husband
like Isabelle and her husband
21
76871
3970
Zbog ljudi kao što su Izabela i njen muž
01:32
that I have devoted my career
to studying this war
to studying this war
22
80841
3019
posvetila sam svoju karijeru
izučavanju ovog rata
izučavanju ovog rata
01:35
that we know so little about.
23
83860
2778
o kome tako malo znamo.
01:38
Although there is one story
about Congo that you may have heard.
about Congo that you may have heard.
24
86638
4624
Mada postoji jedna priča o Kongu
koju ste možda čuli.
koju ste možda čuli.
01:43
It's a story about minerals and rape.
25
91262
3952
To je priča o mineralima i silovanju.
01:47
Policy statements and media reports
26
95214
2586
Izjave policije i izveštaji medija
01:49
both usually focus on a primary cause
of violence in Congo --
of violence in Congo --
27
97800
4734
se obično fokusiraju
na primarni uzrok nasilja u Kongu -
na primarni uzrok nasilja u Kongu -
01:54
the illegal exploitation and trafficking
of natural resources --
of natural resources --
28
102534
4778
ilegalno iskorišćavanje
i trgovina prirodnim resursima -
i trgovina prirodnim resursima -
01:59
and on a main consequence --
29
107312
2737
i na glavnu posledicu -
02:02
sexual abuse of women and girls
as a weapon of war.
as a weapon of war.
30
110049
5194
seksualno zlostavljanje žena i devojčica
kao oružje rata.
kao oružje rata.
02:07
So, not that these two issues
aren't important and tragic. They are.
aren't important and tragic. They are.
31
115243
5977
Nije da ta dva problema
nisu važna i tragična. Oni to jesu.
nisu važna i tragična. Oni to jesu.
02:14
But today I want to tell you
a different story.
a different story.
32
122080
3898
Ali danas želim da vam ispričam
drugačiju priču.
drugačiju priču.
02:17
I want to tell you a story
that emphasizes a core cause
that emphasizes a core cause
33
125978
3618
Želim da vam ispričam priču
koja naglašava suštinski uzrok
koja naglašava suštinski uzrok
02:21
of the ongoing conflict.
34
129596
2687
tekućeg konflikta.
02:24
Violence in Congo is in large part driven
by local bottom-up conflicts
by local bottom-up conflicts
35
132283
7117
Nasiljem u Kongu velikim delom upravljaju
lokalni konflikti odozdo
lokalni konflikti odozdo
02:31
that international peace efforts
have failed to help address.
have failed to help address.
36
139400
4945
kojima međunarodna mirovna nastojanja
nisu uspela da pomognu.
nisu uspela da pomognu.
02:37
The story starts from the fact
that not only is Congo notable
that not only is Congo notable
37
145325
5243
Priča počinje od činjenice
da ne samo da se Kongo ističe
da ne samo da se Kongo ističe
02:42
for being the world's worst
ongoing humanitarian crisis,
ongoing humanitarian crisis,
38
150568
4317
kao najgora svetska
tekuća humanitarna kriza,
tekuća humanitarna kriza,
02:46
but it is also home to some of the largest
39
154885
3526
već je takođe i dom nekih od najvećih
02:50
international peacebuilding
efforts in the world.
efforts in the world.
40
158411
4161
međunarodnih nastojanja
za izgradnju mira na svetu.
za izgradnju mira na svetu.
02:54
Congo hosts the largest
41
162572
2113
Kongo je domaćin najveće
02:56
and most expensive United Nations
peacekeeping mission in the world.
peacekeeping mission in the world.
42
164685
4845
i najskuplje mirovne misije
Ujedinjenih Nacija na svetu.
Ujedinjenih Nacija na svetu.
03:01
It was also the site of the first
European-led peacekeeping mission,
European-led peacekeeping mission,
43
169530
4699
Takođe je bio mesto gde se odvijala prva
evropska mirovna misija,
evropska mirovna misija,
03:06
and for its first cases ever,
44
174229
2674
i za njene prve slučajeve,
03:08
the International Criminal Court
chose to prosecute Congolese warlords.
chose to prosecute Congolese warlords.
45
176903
6632
Međunarodni kriminalni sud
je odlučio da goni ratne diktatore Konga.
je odlučio da goni ratne diktatore Konga.
03:15
In 2006, when Congo held the first
free national elections in its history,
free national elections in its history,
46
183535
6500
2006. godine, kada je Kongo održao prve
slobodne narodne izbore u svojoj istoriji,
slobodne narodne izbore u svojoj istoriji,
03:22
many observers thought that an end to
violence in the region had finally come.
violence in the region had finally come.
47
190035
6136
mnogi posmatrači su mislili da je
konačno došao kraj nasilju u regionu.
konačno došao kraj nasilju u regionu.
03:28
The international community lauded the
successful organization of these elections
successful organization of these elections
48
196171
6129
Međunarodna zajednica je hvalila
uspešnu organizaciju ovih izbora
uspešnu organizaciju ovih izbora
03:34
as finally an example
of successful international intervention
of successful international intervention
49
202300
4337
kao konačni primer
uspešne međunarodne intervencije
uspešne međunarodne intervencije
03:38
in a failed state.
50
206637
2458
u neuspešnoj državi.
03:41
But the eastern provinces
51
209095
1758
Ali istočne provincije
03:42
have continued to face
massive population displacements
massive population displacements
52
210853
3407
su nastavile da se suočavaju
sa masivnim raseljavanjem stanovništva
sa masivnim raseljavanjem stanovništva
03:46
and horrific human rights violations.
53
214260
3573
i užasnim narušavanjem ljudskih prava.
03:49
Shortly before I went
back there last summer,
back there last summer,
54
217833
2485
Malo pre nego
što sam se vratila tamo prošlog leta,
što sam se vratila tamo prošlog leta,
03:52
there was a horrible massacre
in the province of South Kivu.
in the province of South Kivu.
55
220318
4891
desio se užasni masakr
u provinciji Južni Kivu.
u provinciji Južni Kivu.
03:57
Thirty-three people were killed.
56
225217
2028
Tridesettroje ljudi je ubijeno.
03:59
They were mostly women and children,
57
227245
2732
To su uglavnom bile žene i deca,
04:01
and many of them were hacked to death.
58
229977
3189
i mnogi od njih su bili iskasapljeni.
04:06
During the past eight years,
59
234116
1953
Tokom proteklih osam godina,
04:08
fighting in the eastern provinces
has regularly reignited
has regularly reignited
60
236069
3938
borbe u istočnim provincijama
su redovno raspirivale
su redovno raspirivale
04:12
full-scale civil and international war.
61
240007
3067
bezrezervan građanski i međunarodni rat.
04:15
So basically, every time we feel
that we are on the brink of peace,
that we are on the brink of peace,
62
243074
4981
Tako da u suštini, svaki put kad pomislimo
da smo nadomak mira,
da smo nadomak mira,
04:20
the conflict explodes again.
63
248055
2842
konflikt ponovo eksplodira.
04:22
Why?
64
250897
1718
Zašto?
04:24
Why have the massive international efforts
65
252615
2972
Zašto snažna međunarodna delovanja
04:27
failed to help Congo
achieve lasting peace and security?
achieve lasting peace and security?
66
255587
6509
nisu uspela da pomognu Kongu
da postigne trajni mir i sigurnost?
da postigne trajni mir i sigurnost?
04:34
Well, my answer to this question
revolves around two central observations.
revolves around two central observations.
67
262096
6968
Pa, moj odgovor na ovo pitanje
se vrti oko dva centralna zapažanja.
se vrti oko dva centralna zapažanja.
04:41
First, one of the main reasons
for the continuation of violence in Congo
for the continuation of violence in Congo
68
269064
6033
Prvo, jedan od glavnih razloga
za nastavak nasilja u Kongu
za nastavak nasilja u Kongu
04:47
is fundamentally local --
69
275097
2908
je u osnovi lokalni -
04:50
and when I say local,
70
278005
1287
a kada kažem lokalni,
04:51
I really mean at the level
of the individual, the family,
of the individual, the family,
71
279292
3531
u stvari mislim
na nivou pojedinca, porodice,
na nivou pojedinca, porodice,
04:54
the clan, the municipality,
the community, the district,
the community, the district,
72
282823
3889
klana, opštine, zajednice, okruga,
04:58
sometimes the ethnic group.
73
286712
3239
ponekad etničke grupe.
05:01
For instance, you remember the story
of Isabelle that I told you.
of Isabelle that I told you.
74
289951
4528
Na primer, sećate se priče
koju sam vam ispričala o Izabeli.
koju sam vam ispričala o Izabeli.
05:06
Well, the reason why militias
had attacked Isabelle's village
had attacked Isabelle's village
75
294479
4204
Pa, razlog zbog kojeg je policija
napala Izabelino selo
napala Izabelino selo
05:10
was because they wanted to take the land
76
298683
3110
jeste zato što su hteli da oduzmu zemlju
05:13
that the villagers needed
to cultivate food and to survive.
to cultivate food and to survive.
77
301793
4715
koja je seljanima potrebna
da bi uzgajali hranu i preživeli.
da bi uzgajali hranu i preživeli.
05:18
The second central observation
is that international peace efforts
is that international peace efforts
78
306508
4770
Drugo centralno zapažanje je
da međunarodna mirovna delovanja
da međunarodna mirovna delovanja
05:23
have failed to help
address local conflicts
address local conflicts
79
311278
3964
nisu uspela da pomognu
u obuzdavanju lokalnih konflikata
u obuzdavanju lokalnih konflikata
05:27
because of the presence
of a dominant peacebuilding culture.
of a dominant peacebuilding culture.
80
315242
4919
zbog prisustva
dominantne kulture izgradnje mira.
dominantne kulture izgradnje mira.
05:32
So what I mean is that
81
320161
3616
Ono što mislim pod tim je da
05:35
Western and African diplomats,
82
323777
2373
zapadnjačke i afričke diplomate,
05:38
United Nations peacekeepers, donors,
83
326150
2847
mirotvorci Ujedinjenih nacija, donatori,
05:40
the staff of most
nongovernmental organizations
nongovernmental organizations
84
328997
2604
zaposleni u većini nevladinih organizacija
05:43
that work with the resolution of conflict,
85
331601
2836
koje rade na razrešavanju konflikata,
05:46
they all share a specific way
of seeing the world.
of seeing the world.
86
334437
4778
svi oni dele specifičan način
sagledavanja sveta.
sagledavanja sveta.
05:51
And I was one of these people,
and I shared this culture,
and I shared this culture,
87
339215
4006
Ja sam bila jedna od ovih ljudi,
i delila sam tu kulturu,
i delila sam tu kulturu,
05:55
so I know all too well how powerful it is.
88
343221
3992
tako da dobro znam koliko je moćna.
05:59
Throughout the world,
and throughout conflict zones,
and throughout conflict zones,
89
347213
4269
Širom sveta, i širom konfliktnih zona,
06:03
this common culture shapes
the intervener's understanding
the intervener's understanding
90
351482
3808
ova rasprostranjena kultura oblikuje
razumevanje onog ko interveniše
razumevanje onog ko interveniše
06:07
of the causes of violence
91
355290
2484
u vezi sa uzrocima nasilja
06:09
as something that is primarily located
in the national and international spheres.
in the national and international spheres.
92
357774
6743
kao nešto što se primarno nalazi
u narodnim i međunarodnim sferama.
u narodnim i međunarodnim sferama.
06:16
It shapes our understanding
of the path toward peace
of the path toward peace
93
364517
3391
Oblikuje naše razumevanje puta ka miru
06:19
as something again that requires
top-down intervention
top-down intervention
94
367908
3848
kao nešto što zahteva intervenciju odozgo
06:23
to address national
and international tensions.
and international tensions.
95
371756
4123
radi obračunavanja sa narodnim
i međunarodnim tenzijama.
i međunarodnim tenzijama.
06:27
And it shapes our understanding
of the roles of foreign actors
of the roles of foreign actors
96
375879
3719
I oblikuje naše razumevanje
uloga stranih aktera
uloga stranih aktera
06:31
as engaging in national
and international peace processes.
and international peace processes.
97
379598
5561
kao aktivnim u narodnim
i međunarodnim mirovnim procesima.
i međunarodnim mirovnim procesima.
06:37
Even more importantly,
this common culture
this common culture
98
385159
3875
Još važnije, ova rasprostranjena kultura
06:41
enables international peacebuilders
to ignore the micro-level tensions
to ignore the micro-level tensions
99
389034
6200
omogućava međunarodnim mirotvorcima
da ignorišu tenzije na mikro nivou
da ignorišu tenzije na mikro nivou
06:47
that often jeopardize
the macro-level settlements.
the macro-level settlements.
100
395234
5246
koje često ugrožavaju
dogovore na makro nivou.
dogovore na makro nivou.
06:52
So for instance, in Congo,
101
400480
2101
Tako na primer, u Kongu,
06:54
because of how they are
socialized and trained,
socialized and trained,
102
402581
4214
zbog načina na koji
su socijalizovani i obučeni,
su socijalizovani i obučeni,
06:58
United Nations officials,
donors, diplomats,
donors, diplomats,
103
406795
2386
zvaničnici Ujedinjenih nacija,
donatori, diplomate,
donatori, diplomate,
07:01
the staff of most
nongovernmental organizations,
nongovernmental organizations,
104
409181
3159
radnici iz većine nevladinih organizacija,
07:04
they interpret continued fighting
and massacres as a top-down problem.
and massacres as a top-down problem.
105
412340
7010
tumače produžene borbe i masakre
kao problem odozgo nadole.
kao problem odozgo nadole.
07:11
To them, the violence they see
106
419350
2224
Za njih, nasilje koje vide
07:13
is the consequence of tensions
between President Kabila
between President Kabila
107
421574
4980
je posledica tenzija
između predsednika Kabile
između predsednika Kabile
07:18
and various national opponents,
108
426554
2670
i raznih nacionalnih protivnika,
07:21
and tensions between Congo,
Rwanda and Uganda.
Rwanda and Uganda.
109
429224
4993
i tenzija između Konga,
Ruande i Ugande.
Ruande i Ugande.
07:26
In addition, these international
peacebuilders view local conflicts
peacebuilders view local conflicts
110
434217
6071
Pored toga, ovi međunarodni mirotvorci
sagledavaju lokalne konflikte
sagledavaju lokalne konflikte
07:32
as simply the result
of national and international tensions,
of national and international tensions,
111
440288
5793
prosto kao rezultat
narodnih i međunarodnih tenzije,
narodnih i međunarodnih tenzije,
07:38
insufficient state authority,
112
446081
2415
nedovoljnog autoriteta države,
07:40
and what they call the Congolese people's
so-called inherent penchant for violence.
so-called inherent penchant for violence.
113
448496
5664
i onoga što nazivaju takozvanom
prirodnom sklonošću
naroda Konga ka nasilju.
naroda Konga ka nasilju.
07:47
The dominant culture
also constructs intervention
also constructs intervention
114
455364
3952
Dominantna kultura
takođe gradi intervenciju
takođe gradi intervenciju
07:51
at the national and international levels
115
459316
2833
na narodnim i međunarodnim nivoima
07:54
as the only natural and legitimate task
for United Nations staffers and diplomats.
for United Nations staffers and diplomats.
116
462149
7213
kao jedini prirodni i legitimni zadatak
za članove Ujedinjenih nacija i diplomate.
za članove Ujedinjenih nacija i diplomate.
08:01
And it elevates the organization
of general elections,
of general elections,
117
469362
4359
I to izdiže organizaciju opštih izbora,
08:05
which is now a sort of cure-all,
118
473721
2086
koja je sada neka vrsta
univerzalnog rešenja,
univerzalnog rešenja,
08:07
as the most crucial state
reconstruction mechanism
reconstruction mechanism
119
475807
3784
kao najvažniji mehanizam
rekonstrukcije države
rekonstrukcije države
08:11
over more effective
state-building approaches.
state-building approaches.
120
479591
3525
iznad efektivnijih pristupa
izgradnji države.
izgradnji države.
08:15
And that happens not only in Congo
but also in many other conflict zones.
but also in many other conflict zones.
121
483116
6227
I to se dešava ne samo u Kongu već
i u mnogim drugim konfliktnim zonama.
i u mnogim drugim konfliktnim zonama.
08:21
But let's dig deeper,
122
489343
1900
Ali hajde da proniknemo dublje,
08:23
into the other main sources of violence.
123
491243
3090
u druge glavne izvore nasilja.
08:27
In Congo, continuing violence
124
495193
2669
U Kongu, produženo nasilje
08:29
is motivated not only by the national
and international causes
and international causes
125
497862
5013
je motivisano ne samo
narodnim i međunarodnim uzrocima
narodnim i međunarodnim uzrocima
08:34
but also by longstanding
bottom-up agendas
bottom-up agendas
126
502875
4307
već i dugogodišnjim programima
odozdo nagore
odozdo nagore
08:39
whose main instigators
are villagers, traditional chiefs,
are villagers, traditional chiefs,
127
507182
3961
čiji glavni podstrekači
su seljani, tradicionalni čelnici,
su seljani, tradicionalni čelnici,
08:43
community chiefs or ethnic leaders.
128
511143
2998
šefovi zajednice ili etničke vođe.
08:46
Many conflicts revolve around political,
social and economic stakes
social and economic stakes
129
514141
5975
Mnogi konflikti se vrte oko političkih,
društvenih i ekonomskih uloga
društvenih i ekonomskih uloga
08:52
that are distinctively local.
130
520116
2828
koje su izrazito lokalne.
08:54
For instance, there is
a lot of competition
a lot of competition
131
522944
2976
Na primer, postoji mnogo nadmetanja
08:57
at the village or district level
132
525920
2388
na nivou sela ili okruga
09:00
over who can be chief of village
or chief of territory
or chief of territory
133
528308
3586
oko toga ko može biti
šef sela ili šef teritorije
šef sela ili šef teritorije
09:03
according to traditional law,
134
531894
2574
prema tradicionalnom zakonu,
09:06
and who can control
the distribution of land
the distribution of land
135
534468
3228
i ko može kontrolisati raspodelu zemlje
09:09
and the exploitation
of local mining sites.
of local mining sites.
136
537696
3519
i eksploataciju lokalnih rudnika.
09:13
This competition often results
in localized fighting,
in localized fighting,
137
541215
4221
Ovo nadmetanje često ima za posledicu
lokalizovanu borbu,
lokalizovanu borbu,
09:17
for instance in one village or territory,
138
545436
3784
na primer u jednom selu ili teritoriji,
09:21
and quite frequently,
it escalates into generalized fighting,
it escalates into generalized fighting,
139
549220
3943
i prilično često, eskalira u opštu borbu,
09:25
so across a whole province,
140
553163
2129
kroz celu oblast,
09:27
and even at times
into neighboring countries.
into neighboring countries.
141
555292
3339
čak ponekad i na susedne zemlje.
09:30
Take the conflict between Congolese
of Rwandan descent
of Rwandan descent
142
558631
5067
Uzmite konflikt između
naslednika Konga i Ruande
naslednika Konga i Ruande
09:35
and the so-called indigenous
communities of the Kivus.
communities of the Kivus.
143
563698
4911
i takozvanih
starosedelačkih zajednica Kivua.
starosedelačkih zajednica Kivua.
09:40
This conflict started in the 1930s
during Belgian colonization,
during Belgian colonization,
144
568609
5386
Ovaj konflikt je započet 1930-ih godina
za vreme belgijskog kolonizovanja,
za vreme belgijskog kolonizovanja,
09:45
when both communities competed
over access to land and to local power.
over access to land and to local power.
145
573995
5333
kada su se obe zajednice nadmetale
oko pristupa zemlji i lokalnoj moći.
oko pristupa zemlji i lokalnoj moći.
09:51
Then, in 1960,
after Congolese independence,
after Congolese independence,
146
579328
3399
Zatim, 1960. godine,
nakon nezavisnosti Konga,
nakon nezavisnosti Konga,
09:54
it escalated because each camp
tried to align with national politicians,
tried to align with national politicians,
147
582727
5845
to je eskaliralo
jer je svaki tabor pokušao
da se poveže sa narodnim političarima,
da se poveže sa narodnim političarima,
10:00
but still to advance their local agendas.
148
588578
3934
ali još uvek da bi unapredili
svoje lokalne programe.
svoje lokalne programe.
10:04
And then, at the time
of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda,
of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda,
149
592512
4368
A zatim, u vreme genocida u Ruandi
1994. godine,
1994. godine,
10:08
these local actors allied
with Congolese and Rwandan armed groups,
with Congolese and Rwandan armed groups,
150
596880
6179
ovi lokalni akteri su se udružili
sa naoružanim grupama Konga i Ruande,
sa naoružanim grupama Konga i Ruande,
10:15
but still to advance their local agendas
in the provinces of the Kivus.
in the provinces of the Kivus.
151
603059
5330
ali još uvek da bi unapredili
svoje lokalne programe u oblasti Kivua.
svoje lokalne programe u oblasti Kivua.
10:20
And since then, these local disputes
over land and local power
over land and local power
152
608389
5634
I od tada, ovi lokalni sporovi
oko zemlje i lokalne moći
oko zemlje i lokalne moći
10:26
have fueled violence,
153
614023
1720
su podstakli nasilje,
10:27
and they have regularly jeopardized
154
615743
2246
i redovno su ugrožavali
10:29
the national and
international settlements.
international settlements.
155
617989
3723
narodne i međunarodne dogovore.
10:35
So we can wonder why
in these circumstances
in these circumstances
156
623542
3805
Možemo se zapitati
zašto u ovim okolnostima
zašto u ovim okolnostima
10:39
the international peacebuilders
have failed to help implement
have failed to help implement
157
627347
4682
međunarodni mirotvorci
nisu uspeli da pomognu u primeni
nisu uspeli da pomognu u primeni
10:44
local peacebuilding programs.
158
632029
3378
lokalnih programa za izradnju mira.
10:47
And the answer is that
international interveners
international interveners
159
635407
4846
A odgovor je da međunarodni posrednici
10:52
deem the resolution of grassroots conflict
160
640253
3523
smatraju rešavanje
provincijskih konflikata
provincijskih konflikata
10:55
an unimportant, unfamiliar,
and illegitimate task.
and illegitimate task.
161
643776
5234
nevažnim, nepoznatim
i bespravnim zadatkom.
i bespravnim zadatkom.
11:02
The very idea of becoming involved
at the local level clashes fundamentally
at the local level clashes fundamentally
162
650410
5979
Sama ideja o uplitanju na lokalnom nivou
suštinski se sukobljava
suštinski se sukobljava
11:08
with existing cultural norms,
163
656389
2108
sa postojećim kulturnim normama,
11:10
and it threatens
key organizational interests.
key organizational interests.
164
658497
3883
i preti ključnim interesima organizacije.
11:14
For instance, the very identity
of the United Nations
of the United Nations
165
662380
4617
Na primer,
sam identitet Ujedinjenih nacija
sam identitet Ujedinjenih nacija
11:18
as this macro-level
diplomatic organization
diplomatic organization
166
666997
3356
kao diplomatske organizacije
na makro nivou
na makro nivou
11:22
would be upended
if it were to refocus on local conflicts.
if it were to refocus on local conflicts.
167
670353
6408
bio bi srušen kada bi se preusmerili
na lokalne konflikte.
na lokalne konflikte.
11:28
And the result is that
neither the internal resistance
neither the internal resistance
168
676761
4725
A rezultat je da ni unutrašnji otpor
11:33
to the dominant ways of working
169
681486
2347
dominantnim načinima funkcionisanja
11:35
nor the external shocks
170
683833
2743
niti spoljašnji udari
nisu uspeli da ubede međunarodne aktere
11:38
have managed to convince international
actors that they should reevaluate
actors that they should reevaluate
171
686576
4442
da treba da ponovo procene
svoje razumevanje nasilja i intervencije.
svoje razumevanje nasilja i intervencije.
11:43
their understanding
of violence and intervention.
of violence and intervention.
172
691018
3840
11:47
And so far, there have been
only very few exceptions.
only very few exceptions.
173
695560
3773
Do sada je bilo veoma malo izuzetaka.
11:51
There have been exceptions,
but only very few exceptions,
but only very few exceptions,
174
699333
3463
Bilo je izuzetaka, ali veoma malo,
11:54
to this broad pattern.
175
702796
2148
od ovog opšteg pristupa.
11:58
So to wrap up,
the story I just told you
the story I just told you
176
706214
3312
Da zaokružimo,
priča koju sam vam upravo ispričala
priča koju sam vam upravo ispričala
12:01
is a story about how
a dominant peacebuilding culture
a dominant peacebuilding culture
177
709526
4949
je priča o tome kako
dominantna kultura izgradnje mira
dominantna kultura izgradnje mira
12:06
shapes the intervener's understanding
of what the causes of violence are,
of what the causes of violence are,
178
714475
4807
oblikuje razumevanje posrednika
o tome koji su uzroci nasilja,
o tome koji su uzroci nasilja,
12:11
how peace is made,
179
719282
1681
kako se ostvaruje mir,
12:12
and what interventions should accomplish.
180
720963
3612
i šta intervencije treba da postignu.
12:16
These understandings enable
international peacebuilders
international peacebuilders
181
724575
3749
Ovo razumevanje omogućava
međunarodnim mirotvorcima
međunarodnim mirotvorcima
12:20
to ignore the micro-level foundations
182
728324
3078
da ignorišu temelje mikro nivoa
12:23
that are so necessary
for sustainable peace.
for sustainable peace.
183
731402
4649
koje su toliko neophodne
za održiv mir.
za održiv mir.
12:28
The resulting inattention
to local conflicts
to local conflicts
184
736051
2993
Posledično neobraćanje pažnje
na lokalne konflikte
na lokalne konflikte
12:31
leads to inadequate peacebuilding
in the short term
in the short term
185
739044
4018
vodi neadekvatnoj izgradnji mira
u kratkoročnom periodu
u kratkoročnom periodu
12:35
and potential war resumption
in the long term.
in the long term.
186
743062
4006
i potencijalnom obnavljanju rata
na duge staze.
na duge staze.
12:39
And what's fascinating
is that this analysis
is that this analysis
187
747068
3146
A ono što je fascinantno
je da nam ova analiza
je da nam ova analiza
12:42
helps us to better understand
many cases of lasting conflict
many cases of lasting conflict
188
750214
4010
pomaže da bolje razumemo
mnoge slučajeve dugotrajnog konflikta
mnoge slučajeve dugotrajnog konflikta
12:46
and international intervention failures,
in Africa and elsewhere.
in Africa and elsewhere.
189
754224
5289
i neuspehe međunarodnih intervencija,
u Africi i na drugim mestima.
u Africi i na drugim mestima.
12:51
Local conflicts fuel violence
in most war and post-war environments,
in most war and post-war environments,
190
759513
5561
Lokalni konflikti podstiču nasilje
u većini ratnih i posleratnih sredina,
u većini ratnih i posleratnih sredina,
12:57
from Afghanistan to Sudan
to Timor-Leste,
to Timor-Leste,
191
765074
3691
od Avganistana i Sudana
do Istočnog Timora,
do Istočnog Timora,
13:00
and in the rare cases
where there have been comprehensive,
where there have been comprehensive,
192
768765
3601
i u retkim slučajevima
gde je bilo obuhvatnih
gde je bilo obuhvatnih
13:04
bottom-up peacebuilding initiatives,
193
772366
3087
inicijativa za izgradnju mira
odozdo na gore,
odozdo na gore,
13:07
these attempts have been successful
at making peace sustainable.
at making peace sustainable.
194
775453
5494
ti pokušaji su bili uspešni
u postizanju mira koji je održiv.
u postizanju mira koji je održiv.
13:12
One of the best examples is the contrast
195
780947
2810
Jedan od najboljih primera je kontrast
13:15
between the relatively peaceful
situation in Somaliland,
situation in Somaliland,
196
783757
4411
između relativno
mirne situacije u Somalilendu,
mirne situacije u Somalilendu,
13:20
which benefited from sustained
grassroots peacebuilding initiatives,
grassroots peacebuilding initiatives,
197
788168
5210
koji je imao koristi od održivih
mirotvornih inicijativa na nižim nivoima,
mirotvornih inicijativa na nižim nivoima,
13:25
and the violence prevalent
in the rest of Somalia,
in the rest of Somalia,
198
793378
4208
i nasilja koji preovlađuje
u ostatku Somalije,
u ostatku Somalije,
13:29
where peacebuilding
has been mostly top-down.
has been mostly top-down.
199
797586
3359
gde je izgradnja mira
uglavnom išla odozgo na dole.
uglavnom išla odozgo na dole.
13:32
And there are several other cases
200
800945
2301
Postoji i nekoliko drugih slučajeva
13:35
in which local, grassroots
conflict resolution
conflict resolution
201
803246
3715
u kojima je lokalno razrešenje konflikta
13:38
has made a crucial difference.
202
806961
3019
imalo ključnog uticaja.
13:41
So if we want international
peacebuilding to work,
peacebuilding to work,
203
809980
4072
Zato ako želimo
da međunarodna izgradnja mira uspe,
da međunarodna izgradnja mira uspe,
13:46
in addition to any top-down intervention,
204
814052
3822
pored intervencija odozgo na dole,
13:49
conflicts must be resolved
from the bottom up.
from the bottom up.
205
817874
3671
konflikti se moraju rešavati odozdo.
13:53
And again, it's not that national
and international tensions don't matter.
and international tensions don't matter.
206
821545
4652
Još jednom, nije da narodne
i međunarodne tenzije nisu bitne.
i međunarodne tenzije nisu bitne.
13:58
They do.
207
826197
1726
Bitne su.
13:59
And it's not that national
and international peacebuilding
and international peacebuilding
208
827923
3232
I nije da narodna
i međunarodna izgradnja mira
i međunarodna izgradnja mira
14:03
isn't necessary.
209
831155
1462
nije potrebna.
14:04
It is.
210
832617
1383
Potrebna je.
14:06
Instead, it is that both macro-level
and micro-level peacebuilding are needed
and micro-level peacebuilding are needed
211
834000
7255
Umesto toga, potrebna je izgradnja mira
i na makro i na mikro nivou
i na makro i na mikro nivou
14:13
to make peace sustainable,
212
841255
2717
da bi učinili mir održivim,
14:15
and local nongovernmental organizations,
213
843972
2141
i lokalne nevladine organizacije,
14:18
local authorities and
civil society representatives
civil society representatives
214
846113
2979
lokalni organi vlasti
i predstavnici građanskog društva
i predstavnici građanskog društva
14:21
should be the main actors
in the bottom-up process.
in the bottom-up process.
215
849092
4610
bi trebalo da budu glavni akteri
u procesu odozdo na gore.
u procesu odozdo na gore.
14:25
So of course, there are obstacles.
216
853702
2429
Naravno, ima prepreka.
14:28
Local actors often lack the funding
217
856131
2655
Lokalnim akterima
često nedostaju finansije
često nedostaju finansije
14:30
and sometimes the logistical means
and the technical capacity
and the technical capacity
218
858786
3537
i ponekad logistička sredstva
i tehnički kapacitet
i tehnički kapacitet
14:34
to implement effective,
local peacebuilding programs.
local peacebuilding programs.
219
862323
4534
za primenu efikasnih lokalnih
programa za izgradnju mira.
programa za izgradnju mira.
14:38
So international actors
should expand their funding and support
should expand their funding and support
220
866857
5056
Zato međunarodni akteri treba da prošire
svoje finansiranje i podršku
svoje finansiranje i podršku
14:43
for local conflict resolution.
221
871913
3787
na rešavanje lokalnih konflikata.
14:47
As for Congo, what can be done?
222
875700
3356
A što se tiče Konga, šta se može učiniti?
14:51
After two decades of conflict
and the deaths of millions,
and the deaths of millions,
223
879056
3724
Nakon dve decenije konflikata
i smrti miliona ljudi,
i smrti miliona ljudi,
14:54
it's clear that we need
to change our approach.
to change our approach.
224
882780
3035
jasno je da moramo
da promenimo naš pristup.
da promenimo naš pristup.
Na osnovu mog terenskog istraživanja,
14:58
Based on my field research,
225
886545
1678
15:00
I believe that international
and Congolese actors
and Congolese actors
226
888223
3510
verujem da bi međunarodni akteri
i akteri Konga
i akteri Konga
15:03
should pay more attention
to the resolution of land conflict
to the resolution of land conflict
227
891733
3426
trebalo da obrate više pažnje
na rešavanje domaćih konflikata
na rešavanje domaćih konflikata
15:07
and the promotion
of inter-community reconciliation.
of inter-community reconciliation.
228
895159
4520
i podsticanje pomirenja između zajednica.
15:11
So for instance,
in the province of the Kivus,
in the province of the Kivus,
229
899679
2642
Tako na primer, u provinciji Kivua,
15:14
the Life and Peace Institute
and its Congolese partners
and its Congolese partners
230
902321
3268
institut Život i mir
i njegovi partneri iz Konga
i njegovi partneri iz Konga
15:17
have set up inter-community forums
231
905589
3095
su pokrenuli forume između zajednica
15:20
to discuss the specifics
of local conflicts over land,
of local conflicts over land,
232
908684
4352
kako bi razgovarali o specifičnostima
lokalnih konflikata oko poseda,
lokalnih konflikata oko poseda,
15:25
and these forums have found solutions
to help manage the violence.
to help manage the violence.
233
913036
4925
i ovi forumi su pronašli rešenja
za pomoć u obuzdavanju nasilja.
za pomoć u obuzdavanju nasilja.
15:30
That's the kind of program
that is sorely needed
that is sorely needed
234
918671
3619
Takav program je preko potreban
15:34
throughout eastern Congo.
235
922290
2807
širom istočnog Konga.
15:37
It's with programs like this
236
925097
1878
Ovakvim programima
15:38
that we can help people
like Isabelle and her husband.
like Isabelle and her husband.
237
926975
4950
možemo pomoći ljudima
kao što su Izabela i njen muž.
kao što su Izabela i njen muž.
15:43
So these will not be magic wands,
238
931925
2523
To neće biti kao magičnim štapićem,
15:46
but because they take into account
deeply rooted causes of the violence,
deeply rooted causes of the violence,
239
934448
5668
ali pošto obuhvataju
duboko ukorenjene uzroke nasilja,
duboko ukorenjene uzroke nasilja,
15:52
they could definitely be game-changers.
240
940116
2834
definitivno mogu promeniti situaciju.
15:54
Thank you.
241
942950
2554
Hvala.
15:57
(Applause)
242
945504
3232
(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Severine Autesserre - Peace and conflict researcherSeverine Autesserre traces civil war and endemic violence to its roots, and its resolution, in local and interpersonal conflicts.
Why you should listen
For Barnard College, Columbia University political science professor Severine Autesserre, solutions to large-scale instability and widespread violence aren’t devised in the academy or mapped out internationally. They’re negotiated, village by village, with the people affected.
Calling for a far greater attention to a bottom-up approach to peacebuilding, along with more top-down ways, the author of The Trouble with Congo (and the recent Peaceland) shows that resolving local disputes over land, resources and political power is key to securing the long-term stability of countries.
More profile about the speakerCalling for a far greater attention to a bottom-up approach to peacebuilding, along with more top-down ways, the author of The Trouble with Congo (and the recent Peaceland) shows that resolving local disputes over land, resources and political power is key to securing the long-term stability of countries.
Severine Autesserre | Speaker | TED.com