TEDGlobal 2014
Severine Autesserre: To solve mass violence, look to locals
瑟薇瑞尼.奥泰瑟瑞: 解决大量暴乱从局部开始
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瑟薇瑞尼.奥泰瑟瑞研究了刚果共和国，一个处在第二次世界大战以来最致命战斗中的国家。它被称作世界上正在进行的最大人道危机。这场站战争看似无从解决。但经过长时间的倾听与参与，她发现大部分战斗只限于局部。比起寻找全国性问题的解决方案，指挥和援助组织应更容易在地区性危机燃起之前解决它们。
Severine Autesserre - Peace and conflict researcher
Severine Autesserre traces civil war and endemic violence to its roots, and its resolution, in local and interpersonal conflicts. Full bio
Severine Autesserre traces civil war and endemic violence to its roots, and its resolution, in local and interpersonal conflicts. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I want to speak about
a forgotten conflict.
a forgotten conflict.
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我想讲述一场被遗忘的战争。
00:15
It's a conflict that rarely
hits the headlines.
hits the headlines.
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一个几乎从不占据头条的斗争。
00:19
It happens right here,
in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
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它在这里发生，
在刚果共和国。
在刚果共和国。
00:24
Now, most people outside of Africa
don't know much about the war in Congo,
don't know much about the war in Congo,
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现在，大部分不生活在非洲的人
并不知晓刚果的战争，
并不知晓刚果的战争，
00:28
so let me give you a couple of key facts.
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所以让我来告诉你几个重要的事实。
00:32
The Congolese conflict is the deadliest
conflict since World War II.
conflict since World War II.
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刚果战争是第二次世界大战以来最致命的战斗。
00:37
It has caused almost four million deaths.
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它已经导致了将近四百万死亡。
00:40
It has destabilized most of Central Africa
for the past 18 years.
for the past 18 years.
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它已经让过去18年的中非颠沛流离。
00:45
It is the largest ongoing
humanitarian crisis in the world.
humanitarian crisis in the world.
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它是世界上正在进行的最大人道危机。
00:50
That's why I first went to Congo in 2001.
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这就是为什么我在2001去了刚果。
00:54
I was a young humanitarian aid worker,
and I met this woman who was my age.
and I met this woman who was my age.
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当时还是个人道主义救援人员的我，
遇到了一个年龄相仿的女孩。
遇到了一个年龄相仿的女孩。
00:59
She was called Isabelle.
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她叫伊莎贝拉。
01:02
Local militias
had attacked Isabelle's village.
had attacked Isabelle's village.
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当地的义勇军袭击了伊莎贝拉的村庄。
01:06
They had killed many men,
raped many women.
raped many women.
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他们杀了许多男人，强暴了许多女人。
01:09
They had looted everything.
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他们洗劫了一切。
01:11
And then they wanted to take Isabelle,
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后来他们想带走伊莎贝拉，
01:13
but her husband stepped in,
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但是她丈夫站了出来，
01:15
and he said, "No,
please don't take Isabelle.
please don't take Isabelle.
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他说，“不，求你们不要带走她，
01:18
Take me instead."
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让我代替她吧。“
01:21
So he had gone to the forest
with the militias,
with the militias,
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就这样他跟着民兵进了森林，
01:24
and Isabelle had never seen him again.
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伊莎贝拉再也没有见过他。
01:28
Well, it's because of people
like Isabelle and her husband
like Isabelle and her husband
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因为像伊莎贝拉和她丈夫这样的人
我为研究这场战争贡献了我的职业生涯
01:32
that I have devoted my career
to studying this war
to studying this war
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这场我们少有知晓的战争。
01:35
that we know so little about.
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01:38
Although there is one story
about Congo that you may have heard.
about Congo that you may have heard.
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不过你应该听说过一个关于刚果的故事。
01:43
It's a story about minerals and rape.
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一个关于矿产和强暴的故事。
01:47
Policy statements and media reports
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政策声明和媒体报道
01:49
both usually focus on a primary cause
of violence in Congo --
of violence in Congo --
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大部分时间都集中于刚果暴力的主要原因--
01:54
the illegal exploitation and trafficking
of natural resources --
of natural resources --
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自然资源的非法开采与交易--
01:59
and on a main consequence --
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和一个主要后果--
02:02
sexual abuse of women and girls
as a weapon of war.
as a weapon of war.
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把性虐待女人和女孩作为战争武器。
02:07
So, not that these two issues
aren't important and tragic. They are.
aren't important and tragic. They are.
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的确这些问题很重要也很悲惨。
02:14
But today I want to tell you
a different story.
a different story.
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不过我今天要讲一个不同的故事。
02:17
I want to tell you a story
that emphasizes a core cause
that emphasizes a core cause
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我想告诉你一个强调
战争主要原因的故事。
02:21
of the ongoing conflict.
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02:24
Violence in Congo is in large part driven
by local bottom-up conflicts
by local bottom-up conflicts
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在刚果，暴力的起因主要是本地由下到上的，
02:31
that international peace efforts
have failed to help address.
have failed to help address.
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国际和平努力未能提到的斗争。
02:37
The story starts from the fact
that not only is Congo notable
that not only is Congo notable
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这个故事的开始，是刚果不仅是
02:42
for being the world's worst
ongoing humanitarian crisis,
ongoing humanitarian crisis,
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世界正在进行的最糟人道危机，
02:46
but it is also home to some of the largest
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也是一些最大的国际
02:50
international peacebuilding
efforts in the world.
efforts in the world.
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建设和平力量的所在地。
02:54
Congo hosts the largest
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刚果拥有全球最大并且
02:56
and most expensive United Nations
peacekeeping mission in the world.
peacekeeping mission in the world.
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最贵的联合国维护和平团队。
03:01
It was also the site of the first
European-led peacekeeping mission,
European-led peacekeeping mission,
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它也是第一支欧洲和平维护队伍所选之地。
03:06
and for its first cases ever,
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国际刑事执法也是第一次
03:08
the International Criminal Court
chose to prosecute Congolese warlords.
chose to prosecute Congolese warlords.
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选择控告刚果军阀。
03:15
In 2006, when Congo held the first
free national elections in its history,
free national elections in its history,
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2006年，刚果举行历史上
第一次全国自由选举时，
第一次全国自由选举时，
03:22
many observers thought that an end to
violence in the region had finally come.
violence in the region had finally come.
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许多旁观者以为暴乱终于结束了。
03:28
The international community lauded the
successful organization of these elections
successful organization of these elections
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国际社区大力赞扬了
成功推动选举的机构
成功推动选举的机构
03:34
as finally an example
of successful international intervention
of successful international intervention
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作为在一个失败的国家里
成功进行国际调停的例子。
03:38
in a failed state.
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03:41
But the eastern provinces
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但是东边的省份
03:42
have continued to face
massive population displacements
massive population displacements
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依旧面临着大量的人口流失
03:46
and horrific human rights violations.
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和可怕的人权侵犯。
03:49
Shortly before I went
back there last summer,
back there last summer,
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在我回刚果前不久，
03:52
there was a horrible massacre
in the province of South Kivu.
in the province of South Kivu.
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南基伏发生了一起惨烈的屠杀。
03:57
Thirty-three people were killed.
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三十三人被杀。
03:59
They were mostly women and children,
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他们中大部分是女人和孩子，
04:01
and many of them were hacked to death.
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很多都是被砍伤致死。
04:06
During the past eight years,
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在过去的八年里，
04:08
fighting in the eastern provinces
has regularly reignited
has regularly reignited
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东刚果的战斗定期
重燃全面内战和国际战争。
04:12
full-scale civil and international war.
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04:15
So basically, every time we feel
that we are on the brink of peace,
that we are on the brink of peace,
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简单来说，每次当我们感觉和平快要到来时，
04:20
the conflict explodes again.
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战争就会爆发。
04:22
Why?
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为什么？
04:24
Why have the massive international efforts
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为什么大量国际的努力
04:27
failed to help Congo
achieve lasting peace and security?
achieve lasting peace and security?
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依旧无法让刚果达到长期的和平稳定？
04:34
Well, my answer to this question
revolves around two central observations.
revolves around two central observations.
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我对这些问题的回答
围绕着两个主要观察。
围绕着两个主要观察。
04:41
First, one of the main reasons
for the continuation of violence in Congo
for the continuation of violence in Congo
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第一，刚果暴乱持续的主要原因之一
04:47
is fundamentally local --
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其实是局部的--
04:50
and when I say local,
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当我说局部，
04:51
I really mean at the level
of the individual, the family,
of the individual, the family,
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我其实指的是个人级别，家庭，
04:54
the clan, the municipality,
the community, the district,
the community, the district,
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宗族，城市，社区，片区，
04:58
sometimes the ethnic group.
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有时种族。
05:01
For instance, you remember the story
of Isabelle that I told you.
of Isabelle that I told you.
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比如，你记得我给你们讲过的
伊莎贝拉的故事吧。
伊莎贝拉的故事吧。
05:06
Well, the reason why militias
had attacked Isabelle's village
had attacked Isabelle's village
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民兵袭击她的村庄
05:10
was because they wanted to take the land
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是因为他们想要村民们
05:13
that the villagers needed
to cultivate food and to survive.
to cultivate food and to survive.
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赖以生存的耕地。
05:18
The second central observation
is that international peace efforts
is that international peace efforts
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我的第二个主要观察是，国际和平努力
05:23
have failed to help
address local conflicts
address local conflicts
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因为现今建设和平的文化氛围，
05:27
because of the presence
of a dominant peacebuilding culture.
of a dominant peacebuilding culture.
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没能顾及地方性斗争。
05:32
So what I mean is that
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我想说的是，
05:35
Western and African diplomats,
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从事于解决战争的
05:38
United Nations peacekeepers, donors,
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西方和非洲的外交官们，
05:40
the staff of most
nongovernmental organizations
nongovernmental organizations
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联合国和平卫士，捐赠者们，
05:43
that work with the resolution of conflict,
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大部分民间机构工作人员，
05:46
they all share a specific way
of seeing the world.
of seeing the world.
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都用同样的视角在看待这个世界。
05:51
And I was one of these people,
and I shared this culture,
and I shared this culture,
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我以前也是他们之一，我也在这样的文化下,
05:55
so I know all too well how powerful it is.
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所以我知道它有多强大。
05:59
Throughout the world,
and throughout conflict zones,
and throughout conflict zones,
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这个遍布世界和战争地区
的普遍文化
的普遍文化
06:03
this common culture shapes
the intervener's understanding
the intervener's understanding
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让调停者认为
06:07
of the causes of violence
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暴乱的原因主要
06:09
as something that is primarily located
in the national and international spheres.
in the national and international spheres.
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是在全国和国际范围内的。
06:16
It shapes our understanding
of the path toward peace
of the path toward peace
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它使我们认为
达到和平需要
达到和平需要
06:19
as something again that requires
top-down intervention
top-down intervention
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自上而下的干预
06:23
to address national
and international tensions.
and international tensions.
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来解决全国和国际范围的紧张关系。
06:27
And it shapes our understanding
of the roles of foreign actors
of the roles of foreign actors
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它也使我们认为
外国角色的任务
外国角色的任务
06:31
as engaging in national
and international peace processes.
and international peace processes.
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是参与到全国与国际范围的和平进程。
06:37
Even more importantly,
this common culture
this common culture
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更重要的是，这个普遍文化
06:41
enables international peacebuilders
to ignore the micro-level tensions
to ignore the micro-level tensions
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使国际和平建设者们忽略了
危害宏观级别和解的
危害宏观级别和解的
06:47
that often jeopardize
the macro-level settlements.
the macro-level settlements.
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微级矛盾。
06:52
So for instance, in Congo,
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举个例子，在刚果，
06:54
because of how they are
socialized and trained,
socialized and trained,
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因为他们受到的社会和专业教育
06:58
United Nations officials,
donors, diplomats,
donors, diplomats,
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联合国工作人员，捐赠者，外交官，
07:01
the staff of most
nongovernmental organizations,
nongovernmental organizations,
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非政府机构工作人员
07:04
they interpret continued fighting
and massacres as a top-down problem.
and massacres as a top-down problem.
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都把持续的战争与屠杀
视为由上而下解决的问题。
视为由上而下解决的问题。
07:11
To them, the violence they see
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对他们来说，他们所见的暴乱
07:13
is the consequence of tensions
between President Kabila
between President Kabila
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是卡比拉总统和各个国家政敌
的紧张关系，还有刚果、卢旺达、
07:18
and various national opponents,
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07:21
and tensions between Congo,
Rwanda and Uganda.
Rwanda and Uganda.
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乌干达紧张关系的结果。
07:26
In addition, these international
peacebuilders view local conflicts
peacebuilders view local conflicts
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此外，这些国际和平使者们
仅仅把地区性矛盾
仅仅把地区性矛盾
07:32
as simply the result
of national and international tensions,
of national and international tensions,
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看作是全国和国际紧张局势，
07:38
insufficient state authority,
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薄弱的政府，
07:40
and what they call the Congolese people's
so-called inherent penchant for violence.
so-called inherent penchant for violence.
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和他们所谓的刚果人民
天生暴力倾向的结果。
天生暴力倾向的结果。
07:47
The dominant culture
also constructs intervention
also constructs intervention
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主流文化也使全国和国际层面调停
07:51
at the national and international levels
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成为联合国工作人员和外交官
07:54
as the only natural and legitimate task
for United Nations staffers and diplomats.
for United Nations staffers and diplomats.
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唯一自然正当的任务。
08:01
And it elevates the organization
of general elections,
of general elections,
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它也把现在类似万灵药的
普选组织升为
08:05
which is now a sort of cure-all,
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最重要的国家重建机制，
08:07
as the most crucial state
reconstruction mechanism
reconstruction mechanism
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08:11
over more effective
state-building approaches.
state-building approaches.
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甚至超过其他更有效的国家建设途径。
08:15
And that happens not only in Congo
but also in many other conflict zones.
but also in many other conflict zones.
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这现象不仅在刚果，也发生在许多其他纷争地带。
08:21
But let's dig deeper,
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不过让我们再深入，
08:23
into the other main sources of violence.
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去探究暴乱的其他主要原因。
08:27
In Congo, continuing violence
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在刚果，持续暴乱
08:29
is motivated not only by the national
and international causes
and international causes
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不仅由全国与国际原因造成，
08:34
but also by longstanding
bottom-up agendas
bottom-up agendas
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也因为长期存在的由下到上的议程。
08:39
whose main instigators
are villagers, traditional chiefs,
are villagers, traditional chiefs,
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村民们，酋长们，社区首领们和
08:43
community chiefs or ethnic leaders.
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民族领袖们是它们的主要煽动者。
08:46
Many conflicts revolve around political,
social and economic stakes
social and economic stakes
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许多矛盾都围绕着明显地区性的
政治，社会和经济利益。
08:52
that are distinctively local.
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08:54
For instance, there is
a lot of competition
a lot of competition
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比如说，村庄和片区有
08:57
at the village or district level
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许多关于谁能根据
09:00
over who can be chief of village
or chief of territory
or chief of territory
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传统条律成为村庄或区域的首领，
09:03
according to traditional law,
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谁能控制地产分布
09:06
and who can control
the distribution of land
the distribution of land
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和矿产开采的竞争。
09:09
and the exploitation
of local mining sites.
of local mining sites.
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09:13
This competition often results
in localized fighting,
in localized fighting,
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这样的竞争经常造成地区的打斗，
09:17
for instance in one village or territory,
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比如说在某村庄或片区，
09:21
and quite frequently,
it escalates into generalized fighting,
it escalates into generalized fighting,
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经常升级为广泛的战争，
09:25
so across a whole province,
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横跨整个省份，
09:27
and even at times
into neighboring countries.
into neighboring countries.
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甚至有时附近的国家。
09:30
Take the conflict between Congolese
of Rwandan descent
of Rwandan descent
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举个例子，在刚果的卢旺达后裔
09:35
and the so-called indigenous
communities of the Kivus.
communities of the Kivus.
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和所谓的基伏原住民团体的战争
09:40
This conflict started in the 1930s
during Belgian colonization,
during Belgian colonization,
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从1930年左右，比利时殖民期，
09:45
when both communities competed
over access to land and to local power.
over access to land and to local power.
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由土地使用权和当地政权的竞争开始。
09:51
Then, in 1960,
after Congolese independence,
after Congolese independence,
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接着，在1960年，刚果独立后，
09:54
it escalated because each camp
tried to align with national politicians,
tried to align with national politicians,
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斗争因为双方尝试与国内政治家联盟而扩张，
10:00
but still to advance their local agendas.
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不过依旧只是为推动他们本地的议程。
10:04
And then, at the time
of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda,
of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda,
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后来，在1994乌干达种族屠杀时，
10:08
these local actors allied
with Congolese and Rwandan armed groups,
with Congolese and Rwandan armed groups,
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这些地区性角色与刚果和乌干达武装分子联盟，
10:15
but still to advance their local agendas
in the provinces of the Kivus.
in the provinces of the Kivus.
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依旧为推动基伏片区的议程。
10:20
And since then, these local disputes
over land and local power
over land and local power
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从那时开始，这些关于土地和政权
的地区性矛盾
的地区性矛盾
10:26
have fueled violence,
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便已为暴乱加油，
10:27
and they have regularly jeopardized
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它们也经常危害到
10:29
the national and
international settlements.
international settlements.
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国内和国际的和议。
10:35
So we can wonder why
in these circumstances
in these circumstances
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所以我们可以纳闷为什么在这些情况下
10:39
the international peacebuilders
have failed to help implement
have failed to help implement
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国际和平使者无法实施
10:44
local peacebuilding programs.
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本地和平建设计划。
10:47
And the answer is that
international interveners
international interveners
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它的答案是，国际调和者们
10:52
deem the resolution of grassroots conflict
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把解决草根矛盾看作是
10:55
an unimportant, unfamiliar,
and illegitimate task.
and illegitimate task.
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不重要，不熟悉和不正当的任务。
11:02
The very idea of becoming involved
at the local level clashes fundamentally
at the local level clashes fundamentally
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参与地区性矛盾的概念从根本上就与
11:08
with existing cultural norms,
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现今文化的标准不符，
11:10
and it threatens
key organizational interests.
key organizational interests.
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它也威胁重要机构的兴趣。
11:14
For instance, the very identity
of the United Nations
of the United Nations
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比如说，如果联合国
11:18
as this macro-level
diplomatic organization
diplomatic organization
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重新专注于地区性矛盾，它的定位，
11:22
would be upended
if it were to refocus on local conflicts.
if it were to refocus on local conflicts.
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一个宏观层面的外交机构，
就会被颠倒。
就会被颠倒。
11:28
And the result is that
neither the internal resistance
neither the internal resistance
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这些的结果就是，无论是内部对主要
运行方式的反抗，
11:33
to the dominant ways of working
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11:35
nor the external shocks
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还是外部打击，
11:38
have managed to convince international
actors that they should reevaluate
actors that they should reevaluate
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都没有说服国际角色去重新评估
他们对暴乱和调和的理解。
11:43
their understanding
of violence and intervention.
of violence and intervention.
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11:47
And so far, there have been
only very few exceptions.
only very few exceptions.
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到目前为止只发生过几起例外。
11:51
There have been exceptions,
but only very few exceptions,
but only very few exceptions,
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有例外发生过，但是与主流格局相比
11:54
to this broad pattern.
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这些例外微乎其微。
11:58
So to wrap up,
the story I just told you
the story I just told you
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总的来说，我刚为你们讲的故事
12:01
is a story about how
a dominant peacebuilding culture
a dominant peacebuilding culture
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是一个关于主流和平建设文化
12:06
shapes the intervener's understanding
of what the causes of violence are,
of what the causes of violence are,
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如何形成调和者们对暴乱的起因，
12:11
how peace is made,
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和平的建设，
12:12
and what interventions should accomplish.
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和介入调停需要达到目的理解的故事。
12:16
These understandings enable
international peacebuilders
international peacebuilders
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这些理解使国际和平使者们
12:20
to ignore the micro-level foundations
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忽视对可以持续的和平
12:23
that are so necessary
for sustainable peace.
for sustainable peace.
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极其重要的微级根基。
12:28
The resulting inattention
to local conflicts
to local conflicts
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所致使的对地区性矛盾的不注意
12:31
leads to inadequate peacebuilding
in the short term
in the short term
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造成不充分和平建设的短期结果
12:35
and potential war resumption
in the long term.
in the long term.
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和可能回归战争的长期结果。
12:39
And what's fascinating
is that this analysis
is that this analysis
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吸引人的是这个分析
12:42
helps us to better understand
many cases of lasting conflict
many cases of lasting conflict
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帮助我们更好理解许多持续的矛盾
12:46
and international intervention failures,
in Africa and elsewhere.
in Africa and elsewhere.
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和国际调和在非洲和其他区域的失败。
12:51
Local conflicts fuel violence
in most war and post-war environments,
in most war and post-war environments,
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在战中和战后环境下，本地矛盾鼓动暴乱
12:57
from Afghanistan to Sudan
to Timor-Leste,
to Timor-Leste,
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3691
从阿富汗到苏丹到帝摩尔莱斯塔，
13:00
and in the rare cases
where there have been comprehensive,
where there have been comprehensive,
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在少有的拥有全面从下到上
13:04
bottom-up peacebuilding initiatives,
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和平建设动机的例子里，
13:07
these attempts have been successful
at making peace sustainable.
at making peace sustainable.
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这些尝试都成功地创造了长期和平。
13:12
One of the best examples is the contrast
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最好的例子之一是
13:15
between the relatively peaceful
situation in Somaliland,
situation in Somaliland,
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相对平静的索马里兰，受益于
13:20
which benefited from sustained
grassroots peacebuilding initiatives,
grassroots peacebuilding initiatives,
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维持的草根和平建设动机，
13:25
and the violence prevalent
in the rest of Somalia,
in the rest of Somalia,
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和暴乱遍布的，和平建设主要由上到下的
13:29
where peacebuilding
has been mostly top-down.
has been mostly top-down.
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剩余索马里地区的对比。
13:32
And there are several other cases
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也有数个其他地区性、
13:35
in which local, grassroots
conflict resolution
conflict resolution
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草根的矛盾决议有重大
13:38
has made a crucial difference.
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成效的案例。
13:41
So if we want international
peacebuilding to work,
peacebuilding to work,
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所以如果我们想国际和平建设成功，
13:46
in addition to any top-down intervention,
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在从上到下调停的基础上，
13:49
conflicts must be resolved
from the bottom up.
from the bottom up.
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矛盾需要从下到上解决。
13:53
And again, it's not that national
and international tensions don't matter.
and international tensions don't matter.
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再说一次，并不是全国和国际矛盾不重要。
13:58
They do.
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他们很重要。
13:59
And it's not that national
and international peacebuilding
and international peacebuilding
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全国和国际和平建设也并不是
14:03
isn't necessary.
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不必要。
14:04
It is.
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它是需要的。
14:06
Instead, it is that both macro-level
and micro-level peacebuilding are needed
and micro-level peacebuilding are needed
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反之，要使和平持久，微观和宏观层面的和平建设
14:13
to make peace sustainable,
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都是需要的，
14:15
and local nongovernmental organizations,
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而且本地非政府机构，
14:18
local authorities and
civil society representatives
civil society representatives
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本地权威和民间社区代表
14:21
should be the main actors
in the bottom-up process.
in the bottom-up process.
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才应是从下到上过程的主要角色。
14:25
So of course, there are obstacles.
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所以障碍当然存在。
14:28
Local actors often lack the funding
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本地角色时常缺少资金
14:30
and sometimes the logistical means
and the technical capacity
and the technical capacity
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或者有时后勤物资和技术能力
14:34
to implement effective,
local peacebuilding programs.
local peacebuilding programs.
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去执行有效的本地和平建设计划。
14:38
So international actors
should expand their funding and support
should expand their funding and support
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所以国际角色应该为本地矛盾解决
14:43
for local conflict resolution.
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扩展他们的募资和支持。
14:47
As for Congo, what can be done?
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至于刚果，能为它做什么呢？
14:51
After two decades of conflict
and the deaths of millions,
and the deaths of millions,
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二十年战争和数百万死亡清楚地证明
14:54
it's clear that we need
to change our approach.
to change our approach.
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我们必须改变我们的方法。
14:58
Based on my field research,
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根据我的实地调查，
15:00
I believe that international
and Congolese actors
and Congolese actors
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我认为国际和刚果角色
15:03
should pay more attention
to the resolution of land conflict
to the resolution of land conflict
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应该多加关注如何解决土地斗争
15:07
and the promotion
of inter-community reconciliation.
of inter-community reconciliation.
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和促进社区之间的和平共处。
15:11
So for instance,
in the province of the Kivus,
in the province of the Kivus,
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比如说，在基伏地带，
15:14
the Life and Peace Institute
and its Congolese partners
and its Congolese partners
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生命与和平协会和它的刚果合作伙伴
15:17
have set up inter-community forums
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建立了社区之间的论坛
15:20
to discuss the specifics
of local conflicts over land,
of local conflicts over land,
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用于讨论地区性土地斗争的细节，
15:25
and these forums have found solutions
to help manage the violence.
to help manage the violence.
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并且这些论坛有找到控制暴乱的方案。
15:30
That's the kind of program
that is sorely needed
that is sorely needed
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当下整个东刚果极其需要的
就是这类计划。
15:34
throughout eastern Congo.
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15:37
It's with programs like this
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我们只有通过这样的计划
15:38
that we can help people
like Isabelle and her husband.
like Isabelle and her husband.
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才能帮助像伊莎贝拉和她丈夫那样的人。
15:43
So these will not be magic wands,
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这些并不是魔法棒，
15:46
but because they take into account
deeply rooted causes of the violence,
deeply rooted causes of the violence,
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但是因为囊括了根深蒂固的暴乱起因，
15:52
they could definitely be game-changers.
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它们一定能成为转折点。
15:54
Thank you.
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谢谢。
15:57
(Applause)
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(掌声)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Severine Autesserre - Peace and conflict researcherSeverine Autesserre traces civil war and endemic violence to its roots, and its resolution, in local and interpersonal conflicts.
Why you should listen
For Barnard College, Columbia University political science professor Severine Autesserre, solutions to large-scale instability and widespread violence aren’t devised in the academy or mapped out internationally. They’re negotiated, village by village, with the people affected.
Calling for a far greater attention to a bottom-up approach to peacebuilding, along with more top-down ways, the author of The Trouble with Congo (and the recent Peaceland) shows that resolving local disputes over land, resources and political power is key to securing the long-term stability of countries.
More profile about the speakerCalling for a far greater attention to a bottom-up approach to peacebuilding, along with more top-down ways, the author of The Trouble with Congo (and the recent Peaceland) shows that resolving local disputes over land, resources and political power is key to securing the long-term stability of countries.
Severine Autesserre | Speaker | TED.com