TED2015
Neri Oxman: Design at the intersection of technology and biology
Neri Oksman (Neri Oxman): Dizajn na preseku tehnologije i biologije
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Dizajnerka i arhitektkinja, Neri Oksman, predvodi potragu za načinima na koje tehnologija digitalne proizvodnje može uzajamno da deluje sa biološkim svetom. Radeći na preseku računarskog dizajna, 3D štampanja, inženjeringa materijala i sintetičke biologije, njena laboratorija je pionir u novom dobu simbioze među mikroorganizmima, našim telima, našim proizvodima, pa čak i našim građevinama.
Neri Oxman - Architect, designer
From the micro scale to the building scale, Neri Oxman imagines and creates structures and objects that are inspired, informed and engineered by, for and with nature. Full bio
From the micro scale to the building scale, Neri Oxman imagines and creates structures and objects that are inspired, informed and engineered by, for and with nature. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Two twin domes,
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Dve srodne kupole,
00:15
two radically opposed design cultures.
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dva radikalno suprotna
kulturološka dizajna.
kulturološka dizajna.
00:19
One is made of thousands of steel parts,
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Jednu čini na hiljade čeličnih delova,
00:22
the other of a single silk thread.
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druga je napravljena
od samo jedne svilene niti.
od samo jedne svilene niti.
00:26
One is synthetic, the other organic.
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Prva je sintetička, druga je organska.
00:28
One is imposed on the environment,
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Prva je nametnuta životnoj sredini,
00:31
the other creates it.
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druga je stvara.
00:33
One is designed for nature,
the other is designed by her.
the other is designed by her.
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Prva je dizajnirana za prirodu,
drugu je dizajnirala priroda.
drugu je dizajnirala priroda.
00:38
Michelangelo said that
when he looked at raw marble,
when he looked at raw marble,
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Mikelanđelo je rekao
da kada posmatra neobrađen mermer,
da kada posmatra neobrađen mermer,
00:40
he saw a figure struggling to be free.
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vidi oblike koji se bore
da budu oslobođeni.
da budu oslobođeni.
00:43
The chisel was Michelangelo's only tool.
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Dleto je bilo jedino Mikelanđelovo oruđe.
00:49
But living things are not chiseled.
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Ali živa bića nisu isklesana.
00:51
They grow.
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Ona rastu.
00:53
And in our smallest units of life,
our cells, we carry all the information
our cells, we carry all the information
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I u našim najmanjim jedinicama života,
našim ćelijama, nosimo sve informacije
našim ćelijama, nosimo sve informacije
00:59
that's required for every other cell
to function and to replicate.
to function and to replicate.
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koje su potrebne da bi bilo koja druga
ćelija funkcionisala i replicirala se.
ćelija funkcionisala i replicirala se.
01:06
Tools also have consequences.
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S oruđima dolaze i posledice.
01:08
At least since the Industrial Revolution,
the world of design has been dominated
the world of design has been dominated
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Bar nakon Industrijske revolucije,
svetom dizajna dominira
svetom dizajna dominira
01:13
by the rigors of manufacturing
and mass production.
and mass production.
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krutost fabrikovanja
i masovne proizvodnje.
i masovne proizvodnje.
01:16
Assembly lines have dictated
a world made of parts,
a world made of parts,
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Montažne trake su diktirale
svet sačinjen od delova,
svet sačinjen od delova,
01:19
framing the imagination
of designers and architects
of designers and architects
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oblikujući maštu dizajnera i arhitekata
01:22
who have been trained to think
about their objects as assemblies
about their objects as assemblies
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koji su obučavani da razmišljaju
o svojim objektima
o svojim objektima
kao o sklopovima odvojenih delova
s različitim funkcijama.
s različitim funkcijama.
01:25
of discrete parts with distinct functions.
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01:30
But you don't find homogenous
material assemblies in nature.
material assemblies in nature.
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Ali u prirodi nećete naći
sklopove homogenih materijala.
sklopove homogenih materijala.
01:35
Take human skin, for example.
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Uzmite ljudsku kožu, na primer.
01:38
Our facial skins are thin
with large pores.
with large pores.
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Naša koža na licu
je tanka, sa širokim porama.
je tanka, sa širokim porama.
01:41
Our back skins are thicker,
with small pores.
with small pores.
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Naša koža na leđima ja deblja,
sa uskim porama.
sa uskim porama.
01:45
One acts mainly as filter,
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Prva se uglavnom ponaša kao filter,
01:48
the other mainly as barrier,
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druga je uglavnom barijera,
01:49
and yet it's the same skin:
no parts, no assemblies.
no parts, no assemblies.
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pa ipak, to je ista koža:
nema delova, nema sklapanja.
nema delova, nema sklapanja.
01:54
It's a system that gradually
varies its functionality
varies its functionality
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To je sistem koji postepeno
varira svoju funkcionalnost
varira svoju funkcionalnost
01:57
by varying elasticity.
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tako što varira elastičnost.
01:59
So here this is a split screen
to represent my split world view,
to represent my split world view,
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Dakle, ovo je podeljen ekran koji
predstavlja moj podeljen pogled na svet,
predstavlja moj podeljen pogled na svet,
02:03
the split personality of every designer
and architect operating today
and architect operating today
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podeljenu ličnost svakog dizajnera
i arhitekte koji danas posluju,
i arhitekte koji danas posluju,
02:08
between the chisel and the gene,
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između dleta i gena,
02:10
between machine and organism,
between assembly and growth,
between assembly and growth,
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između mašine i organizma,
između sklapanja i rasta,
između sklapanja i rasta,
02:15
between Henry Ford and Charles Darwin.
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između Henrija Forda i Čarlsa Darvina.
02:18
These two worldviews,
my left brain and right brain,
my left brain and right brain,
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Ova dva pogleda na svet,
mog levog i desnog mozga,
mog levog i desnog mozga,
02:21
analysis and synthesis, will play out
on the two screens behind me.
on the two screens behind me.
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analize i sinteze, će da se prikazuju
na dva ekrana iza mene.
na dva ekrana iza mene.
02:29
My work, at its simplest level,
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Moj posao, najprostije rečeno,
02:32
is about uniting these two worldviews,
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je u ujedinjavanju
ova dva pogleda na svet,
ova dva pogleda na svet,
02:34
moving away from assembly
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pomerajući se od sklapanja
02:37
and closer into growth.
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sve bliže rastu.
02:41
You're probably asking yourselves:
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Verovatno se pitate:
02:43
Why now?
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zašto sada?
02:44
Why was this not possible 10
or even five years ago?
or even five years ago?
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Zašto ovo nije bilo moguće
pre deset ili bar pre pet godina?
pre deset ili bar pre pet godina?
02:50
We live in a very special time in history,
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Živimo u veoma posebnom
istorijskom vremenu,
istorijskom vremenu,
02:52
a rare time,
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u nesvakidašnjem vremenu,
02:54
a time when the confluence of four fields
is giving designers access to tools
is giving designers access to tools
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vremenu u kome stapanje četiri oblasti
pruža dizajnerima pristup oruđima
pruža dizajnerima pristup oruđima
02:59
we've never had access to before.
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kojima nikad do sada nismo imali pristup.
03:02
These fields are computational design,
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Ove oblasti su: računarski dizajn,
03:05
allowing us to design
complex forms with simple code;
complex forms with simple code;
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koji nam omogućava da dizajniramo
složene oblike jednostavnim kodom;
složene oblike jednostavnim kodom;
03:10
additive manufacturing,
letting us produce parts
letting us produce parts
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3D štampa nam omogućuje
proizvodnju delova
proizvodnju delova
03:14
by adding material
rather than carving it out;
rather than carving it out;
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dodavanjem materijala,
umesto rezanja istih;
umesto rezanja istih;
03:17
materials engineering, which lets us
design the behavior of materials
design the behavior of materials
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inženjering materijala nam omogućuje
da dizajniramo svojstva materijala
da dizajniramo svojstva materijala
03:21
in high resolution;
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u visokoj rezoluciji;
03:23
and synthetic biology,
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i sintetička biologija
03:24
enabling us to design new biological
functionality by editing DNA.
functionality by editing DNA.
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nam omogućuje da dizajniramo
nova biološka svojstva obradom DNK.
nova biološka svojstva obradom DNK.
03:29
And at the intersection
of these four fields,
of these four fields,
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A na preseku ove četiri oblasti
03:31
my team and I create.
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je stvaralaštvo moje ekipe i mene.
03:33
Please meet the minds and hands
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Molim vas, upoznajte umove i ruke
03:35
of my students.
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mojih studenata.
03:39
We design objects and products
and structures and tools across scales,
and structures and tools across scales,
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Mi dizajniramo predmete i proizvode
i strukture i oruđa raznih veličina,
i strukture i oruđa raznih veličina,
03:45
from the large-scale,
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od velikih,
03:47
like this robotic arm
with an 80-foot diameter reach
with an 80-foot diameter reach
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poput ove robotske ruke
sa obimom opsega od 24,4 metra
sa obimom opsega od 24,4 metra
03:50
with a vehicular base that will
one day soon print entire buildings,
one day soon print entire buildings,
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sa osnovom u vidu vozila
koja će uskoro da štampa čitave zgrade,
koja će uskoro da štampa čitave zgrade,
do nanometarskih grafika
03:54
to nanoscale graphics made entirely
of genetically engineered microorganisms
of genetically engineered microorganisms
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skroz napravljenih
od genetski konstruisanih mikroorganizama
od genetski konstruisanih mikroorganizama
03:59
that glow in the dark.
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koji svetle u mraku.
04:01
Here we've reimagined the mashrabiya,
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Ovde smo nanovo osmislili mašrabiju,
04:03
an archetype of ancient
Arabic architecture,
Arabic architecture,
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arhetip antičke arapske arhitekture,
04:06
and created a screen where
every aperture is uniquely sized
every aperture is uniquely sized
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i napravili smo zaslon na kome je
svaki otvor jedinstvene veličine,
svaki otvor jedinstvene veličine,
04:10
to shape the form of light and heat
moving through it.
moving through it.
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kako bismo uobličili prirodu svetlosti
i toplote koja prolazi kroz njega.
i toplote koja prolazi kroz njega.
04:14
In our next project,
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U našem sledećem projektu
04:16
we explore the possibility
of creating a cape and skirt --
of creating a cape and skirt --
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istražujemo mogućnost
kreiranja ogrtača i suknje -
kreiranja ogrtača i suknje -
04:19
this was for a Paris fashion show
with Iris van Herpen --
with Iris van Herpen --
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ovo je bilo na Pariskoj nedelji mode
sa Irisom van Herpenom -
sa Irisom van Herpenom -
04:23
like a second skin
that are made of a single part,
that are made of a single part,
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koji bi bili poput druge kože,
napravljeni iz jednog dela,
napravljeni iz jednog dela,
04:25
stiff at the contours,
flexible around the waist.
flexible around the waist.
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kruti na obodima, fleksibilni oko struka.
04:29
Together with my long-term
3D printing collaborator Stratasys,
3D printing collaborator Stratasys,
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Zajedno sa mojim dugogodišnjim saradnikom
u 3D štampanju, Stratasisom,
u 3D štampanju, Stratasisom,
04:33
we 3D-printed this cape and skirt
with no seams between the cells,
with no seams between the cells,
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ištampali smo u 3D ovaj plašt i ovu suknju
bez šavova među ćelijama,
bez šavova među ćelijama,
04:38
and I'll show more objects like it.
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i pokazaću vam još sličnih objekata.
04:41
This helmet combines
stiff and soft materials
stiff and soft materials
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Ovaj šlem je kombinacija
krutih i mekih materijala
krutih i mekih materijala
04:44
in 20-micron resolution.
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u rezoluciji od 20 mikrona.
04:48
This is the resolution of a human hair.
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To je rezolucija ljudske dlake.
04:50
It's also the resolution of a CT scanner.
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Takođe je to rezolucija CT skenera.
04:53
That designers have access
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To što dizajneri imaju pristup
04:55
to such high-resolution
analytic and synthetic tools,
analytic and synthetic tools,
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ovakvim analitičkim i sintetičkim alatima
u tako visokoj rezoluciji
u tako visokoj rezoluciji
04:59
enables to design products that fit
not only the shape of our bodies,
not only the shape of our bodies,
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omogućuje im da dizajniraju artikle
koji se uklapaju s našim telima,
koji se uklapaju s našim telima,
05:04
but also the physiological
makeup of our tissues.
makeup of our tissues.
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ne samo oblikom, već su i fiziološki
sačinjeni od naših tkiva.
sačinjeni od naših tkiva.
05:08
Next, we designed an acoustic chair,
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Potom smo dizajnirali akustičnu stolicu,
05:10
a chair that would be at once
structural, comfortable
structural, comfortable
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stolicu koja bi ujedno bila
strukturna, udobna
strukturna, udobna
05:13
and would also absorb sound.
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i takođe bi upijala zvuk.
05:16
Professor Carter, my collaborator, and I
turned to nature for inspiration,
turned to nature for inspiration,
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Profesor Karter, moj saradnik, i ja
smo u prirodi potražili inspiraciju
smo u prirodi potražili inspiraciju
05:20
and by designing this irregular
surface pattern,
surface pattern,
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i dizajniravši ovaj šablon
sa nepravilnom površinom,
sa nepravilnom površinom,
05:23
it becomes sound-absorbent.
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on je postao upijač zvuka.
05:26
We printed its surface
out of 44 different properties,
out of 44 different properties,
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Ištampali smo njegovu površinu
od 44 različita svojstva,
od 44 različita svojstva,
05:30
varying in rigidity, opacity and color,
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koja variraju u krutosti,
prozirnosti i boji,
prozirnosti i boji,
05:34
corresponding to pressure points
on the human body.
on the human body.
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i koja se poklapaju
sa tačkama dodira ljudskog tela.
sa tačkama dodira ljudskog tela.
05:38
Its surface, as in nature,
varies its functionality
varies its functionality
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Njegova površina, kao što je i u prirodi,
ima varijacije u funkcionalnosti,
ima varijacije u funkcionalnosti,
05:42
not by adding another material
or another assembly,
or another assembly,
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a postignuta je ne dodavanjem
novih materijala ili novih sklopova,
novih materijala ili novih sklopova,
05:45
but by continuously and delicately
varying material property.
varying material property.
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već konstantnom i delikatnom
varijacijom svojstva materijala.
varijacijom svojstva materijala.
05:52
But is nature ideal?
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Ali da li je priroda savršena?
05:56
Are there no parts in nature?
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Zar i u njoj ne postoje delovi?
06:01
I wasn't raised
in a religious Jewish home,
in a religious Jewish home,
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Nisam odgajana u religioznoj
jevrejskoj porodici,
jevrejskoj porodici,
06:04
but when I was young,
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ali kad sam bila mala,
06:05
my grandmother used to tell me
stories from the Hebrew Bible,
stories from the Hebrew Bible,
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moja baka mi je pričala priče
iz jevrejske Biblije
iz jevrejske Biblije
06:09
and one of them stuck with me and came
to define much of what I care about.
to define much of what I care about.
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i jedna od njih mi se urezala
i ona definiše veći deo mojih vrednosti.
i ona definiše veći deo mojih vrednosti.
06:13
As she recounts:
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Prema njenim rečima:
06:15
"On the third day of Creation,
God commands the Earth
God commands the Earth
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"Trećega dana stvaranja, Bog naredi Zemlji
06:18
to grow a fruit-bearing fruit tree."
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da podari drvo rodno, koje rađa."
06:20
For this first fruit tree,
there was to be no differentiation
there was to be no differentiation
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Kod ove prve voćke, nisu se razlikovali
06:23
between trunk, branches,
leaves and fruit.
leaves and fruit.
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stablo, grane, lišće i voće.
06:28
The whole tree was a fruit.
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Čitavo drvo je bilo voćka.
06:32
Instead, the land grew trees
that have bark and stems and flowers.
that have bark and stems and flowers.
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Nasuprot tome, na zemljištu raste drveće
koje ima koru, stabljike i cveće.
koje ima koru, stabljike i cveće.
06:38
The land created a world made of parts.
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Zemljište je stvorilo
svet sačinjen od delova.
svet sačinjen od delova.
06:42
I often ask myself,
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Često se pitam:
06:44
"What would design be like
if objects were made of a single part?
if objects were made of a single part?
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"Kako bi izgledao dizajn kad bi predmeti
bili napravljeni iz jednog dela?
bili napravljeni iz jednog dela?
06:49
Would we return to a better
state of creation?"
state of creation?"
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Da li bismo se vratili
boljem stadijumu stvaranja?"
boljem stadijumu stvaranja?"
06:54
So we looked for that biblical material,
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Pa smo potražili taj biblijski materijal,
06:56
that fruit-bearing fruit tree
kind of material, and we found it.
kind of material, and we found it.
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taj materijal poput drveta rodnog,
koje rađa i pronašli smo ga.
koje rađa i pronašli smo ga.
07:03
The second-most abundant biopolymer
on the planet is called chitin,
on the planet is called chitin,
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Drugi po izobilju biopolimer na planeti
se zove hitin
se zove hitin
07:07
and some 100 million tons of it
are produced every year
are produced every year
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i oko 100 miliona tona ovog biopolimera
svakodnevno proizvedu
svakodnevno proizvedu
07:10
by organisms such as shrimps,
crabs, scorpions and butterflies.
crabs, scorpions and butterflies.
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organizmi, poput škampi,
rakova, škorpija i leptira.
rakova, škorpija i leptira.
07:15
We thought if we could tune
its properties,
its properties,
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Mislili smo da ako bismo
podesili njegova svojstva,
podesili njegova svojstva,
07:17
we could generate structures
that are multifunctional
that are multifunctional
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mogli bismo da dobijemo strukture
sa višestrukom namenom
sa višestrukom namenom
07:20
out of a single part.
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iz samo jednog dela.
07:22
So that's what we did.
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Pa smo to i uradili.
07:24
We called Legal Seafood --
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Pozvali smo restoran Ligal sifud -
07:27
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
07:28
we ordered a bunch of shrimp shells,
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poručili smo gomilu ljuštura škampi,
07:30
we grinded them
and we produced chitosan paste.
and we produced chitosan paste.
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samleli smo ih i napravili hitonsku pastu.
07:34
By varying chemical concentrations,
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Varirajući hemijski sastav,
07:36
we were able to achieve
a wide array of properties --
a wide array of properties --
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bili smo u stanju da dobijemo
širok spektar svojstava,
širok spektar svojstava,
07:39
from dark, stiff and opaque,
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od mračnih, krutih i neprozirnih,
07:41
to light, soft and transparent.
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do svetlih, mekih i prozirnih.
07:44
In order to print the structures
in large scale,
in large scale,
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Kako bismo štampali strukture
većih razmera,
većih razmera,
07:47
we built a robotically controlled
extrusion system with multiple nozzles.
extrusion system with multiple nozzles.
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sagradili smo sistem za istiskanje
sa više mlaznica, koga kontroliše robot.
sa više mlaznica, koga kontroliše robot.
07:52
The robot would vary
material properties on the fly
material properties on the fly
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Robot u hodu vrši varijacije materijala
07:55
and create these 12-foot-long structures
made of a single material,
made of a single material,
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i stvara ove građevine od 3,7 metara
napravljene iz jednog materijala,
napravljene iz jednog materijala,
08:00
100 percent recyclable.
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100 posto razgradljive.
08:03
When the parts are ready,
they're left to dry
they're left to dry
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Kada su delovi gotovi,
ostvljamo ih da se suše
ostvljamo ih da se suše
08:06
and find a form naturally
upon contact with air.
upon contact with air.
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i da pronađu prirodan oblik
u kontaktu s vazduhom.
u kontaktu s vazduhom.
08:10
So why are we still
designing with plastics?
designing with plastics?
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Pa zašto i dalje dizajniramo za plastiku?
08:15
The air bubbles that were a byproduct
of the printing process
of the printing process
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Vazdušni mehuri koji su bili nusproizvod
procesa štampanja
procesa štampanja
08:19
were used to contain
photosynthetic microorganisms
photosynthetic microorganisms
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su korišćeni za gajenje
fotosintetičkih mikroorganizama
fotosintetičkih mikroorganizama
koji su se prvi put pojavili
na našoj planeti pre 3,5 mil. god,
na našoj planeti pre 3,5 mil. god,
08:22
that first appeared on our planet
3.5 billion year ago,
3.5 billion year ago,
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08:25
as we learned yesterday.
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kako smo juče saznali.
08:27
Together with our collaborators
at Harvard and MIT,
at Harvard and MIT,
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Zajedno sa saradnicima
sa Harvarda i MIT-a,
sa Harvarda i MIT-a,
08:30
we embedded bacteria
that were genetically engineered
that were genetically engineered
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napravili smo bakteriju
koja je genetski konstruisana
koja je genetski konstruisana
08:33
to rapidly capture carbon
from the atmosphere
from the atmosphere
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da brzo hvata ugljenik iz atmosfere
08:36
and convert it into sugar.
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i pretvara ga u šećer.
08:39
For the first time,
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Prvi put
08:41
we were able to generate structures
that would seamlessly transition
that would seamlessly transition
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smo bili u stanju da napravimo strukture
koje bi neprimetno prelazile
koje bi neprimetno prelazile
08:45
from beam to mesh,
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iz snopa u mrežu,
08:48
and if scaled even larger, to windows.
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a bile su veće i od prozora.
08:52
A fruit-bearing fruit tree.
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Drvo rodno, koje rađa.
08:54
Working with an ancient material,
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Radeći sa drevnim materijalom,
08:57
one of the first lifeforms on the planet,
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jednim od prvih oblika života na planeti,
08:59
plenty of water and a little bit
of synthetic biology,
of synthetic biology,
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uz mnogo vode i malo sintetičke biologije,
09:03
we were able to transform a structure
made of shrimp shells
made of shrimp shells
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bili smo u stanju da preobratimo
strukture napravljene od ljuski škampa
strukture napravljene od ljuski škampa
09:07
into an architecture
that behaves like a tree.
that behaves like a tree.
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u arhitekturu koja se ponaša kao drvo.
09:11
And here's the best part:
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A ovo je najbolji deo:
09:14
for objects designed to biodegrade,
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kako su to biorazgradljivi objekti,
09:16
put them in the sea,
and they will nourish marine life;
and they will nourish marine life;
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stavite ih u more i hraniće morski život;
09:19
place them in soil,
and they will help grow a tree.
and they will help grow a tree.
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stavite ih u tlo
i pospešiće rast drveća.
i pospešiće rast drveća.
09:24
The setting for our next exploration
using the same design principles
using the same design principles
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Prostor našeg sledećeg istraživanja,
koristeći iste principe
koristeći iste principe
09:28
was the solar system.
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je bio solarni sistem.
09:30
We looked for the possibility
of creating life-sustaining clothing
of creating life-sustaining clothing
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Razmatrali smo mogućnost stvaranja
odeće koja sadrži žive organizme
odeće koja sadrži žive organizme
09:34
for interplanetary voyages.
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za međuplanetarna putovanja.
09:38
To do that, we needed to contain bacteria
and be able to control their flow.
and be able to control their flow.
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Da bismo to uradili, morali smo da uzmemo
bakterije i kontrolišemo njihov tok.
bakterije i kontrolišemo njihov tok.
09:43
So like the periodic table, we came up
with our own table of the elements:
with our own table of the elements:
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Slično periodnom sistemu, mi smo osmislili
sopstveni sistem elemenata:
sopstveni sistem elemenata:
09:48
new lifeforms that
were computationally grown,
were computationally grown,
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nove oblike života
koji su uzgajani računarski,
koji su uzgajani računarski,
09:51
additively manufactured
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3D odštampani
09:53
and biologically augmented.
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i biološki uvećani.
09:58
I like to think of synthetic biology
as liquid alchemy,
as liquid alchemy,
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Volim da razmišljam o sintetičkoj
biologiji kao o alhemiji tečnosti,
biologiji kao o alhemiji tečnosti,
10:01
only instead of transmuting
precious metals,
precious metals,
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samo što umesto pretvaranja
plemenitih metala,
plemenitih metala,
10:04
you're synthesizing new biological
functionality inside very small channels.
functionality inside very small channels.
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sintetizujete nove biološke funkcije
unutar veoma malih kanala.
unutar veoma malih kanala.
10:08
It's called microfluidics.
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To se zove mikrofluidika.
10:11
We 3D-printed our own channels
in order to control the flow
in order to control the flow
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Ištampali smo u 3D sopstvene kanale,
kako bismo kontrolisali tok
kako bismo kontrolisali tok
10:15
of these liquid bacterial cultures.
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ovih tečnih bakterijskih kultura.
10:19
In our first piece of clothing,
we combined two microorganisms.
we combined two microorganisms.
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U našem prvom komadu odeće,
kombinovali smo dva mikroorganizma.
kombinovali smo dva mikroorganizma.
10:23
The first is cyanobacteria.
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Prvi je modrozelena alga.
10:25
It lives in our oceans
and in freshwater ponds.
and in freshwater ponds.
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Živi u našim okeanima
i u slatkovodnim jezerima.
i u slatkovodnim jezerima.
10:28
And the second, E. coli, the bacterium
that inhabits the human gut.
that inhabits the human gut.
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A drugi je ešerihija koli,
bakterija koja živi u ljudskim crevima.
bakterija koja živi u ljudskim crevima.
10:32
One converts light into sugar,
the other consumes that sugar
the other consumes that sugar
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Prvi pretvara svetlost u šećer,
drugi se hrani tim šećerom
drugi se hrani tim šećerom
10:36
and produces biofuels
useful for the built environment.
useful for the built environment.
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i proizvodi biogoriva
koja su korisna za konstruisanu sredinu.
koja su korisna za konstruisanu sredinu.
10:39
Now, these two microorganisms
never interact in nature.
never interact in nature.
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Sad, ova dva mikroorganizma
nikada ne dolaze u kontakt u prirodi.
nikada ne dolaze u kontakt u prirodi.
10:44
In fact, they never met each other.
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Zapravo, nikada se ne sreću.
10:46
They've been here,
engineered for the first time,
engineered for the first time,
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Ovde su napravljeni prvi put
10:49
to have a relationship
inside a piece of clothing.
inside a piece of clothing.
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kako bi ostvarili vezu
unutar komada odeće.
unutar komada odeće.
10:53
Think of it as evolution
not by natural selection,
not by natural selection,
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Razmišljajte o tome kao o evoluciji,
ne prirodnim odabirom,
ne prirodnim odabirom,
10:56
but evolution by design.
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1818
već kao o evoluciji po dizajnu.
10:59
In order to contain these relationships,
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Kako bismo zadržali ove veze,
11:01
we've created a single channel
that resembles the digestive tract,
that resembles the digestive tract,
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napravili smo samo jedan kanal
koji liči na digestivni trakt,
koji liči na digestivni trakt,
11:05
that will help flow these bacteria
and alter their function along the way.
and alter their function along the way.
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koji će da pomogne protok ovih bakterija
i da usput izmeni njihove funkcije.
i da usput izmeni njihove funkcije.
11:10
We then started growing
these channels on the human body,
these channels on the human body,
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Potom smo počeli da uzgajamo
ove kanale na ljudskom telu,
ove kanale na ljudskom telu,
11:14
varying material properties
according to the desired functionality.
according to the desired functionality.
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varirajući svojstva materijala
prema željenim svojstvima.
prema željenim svojstvima.
11:17
Where we wanted more photosynthesis,
we would design more transparent channels.
we would design more transparent channels.
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Gde smo želeli više fotosinteze,
dizajnirali bi transparentnije kanale.
dizajnirali bi transparentnije kanale.
11:23
This wearable digestive system,
when it's stretched end to end,
when it's stretched end to end,
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Ovaj nosivi digestivni sistem,
kada se razvuče s kraja na kraj,
kada se razvuče s kraja na kraj,
11:28
spans 60 meters.
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proteže se 60 metara.
11:30
This is half the length
of a football field,
of a football field,
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To je polovina dužine fudbalskog terena
11:32
and 10 times as long
as our small intestines.
as our small intestines.
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i 10 puta je duže od našeg tankog creva.
11:37
And here it is for the first time
unveiled at TED --
unveiled at TED --
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I evo, prvi put to prikazujemo na TED-u -
11:40
our first photosynthetic wearable,
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naša prva fotosintetička odeća,
11:42
liquid channels glowing with life
inside a wearable clothing.
inside a wearable clothing.
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kanali tečnosti usijani od života
unutar nosive odeće.
unutar nosive odeće.
11:46
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
11:47
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
11:51
Mary Shelley said, "We are unfashioned
creatures, but only half made up."
creatures, but only half made up."
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Meri Šeli je rekla: "Mi smo
bezoblična bića, tek do pola formirana."
bezoblična bića, tek do pola formirana."
11:55
What if design could provide
that other half?
that other half?
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Šta ako dizajn može
da nam obezbedi tu drugu polovinu?
da nam obezbedi tu drugu polovinu?
11:59
What if we could create structures
that would augment living matter?
that would augment living matter?
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Šta ako možemo da napravimo strukture
koje bi uvećale živu tvar?
koje bi uvećale živu tvar?
12:06
What if we could create
personal microbiomes
personal microbiomes
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Šta ako bismo stvorili lične mikrobiome
12:09
that would scan our skins,
repair damaged tissue
repair damaged tissue
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koji bi skenirali našu kožu,
popravljajući oštećeno tkivo
popravljajući oštećeno tkivo
12:13
and sustain our bodies?
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i koji bi održavali naša tela?
12:16
Think of this as a form of edited biology.
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Razmišljajte o ovome
kao o vidu redigovane biologije.
kao o vidu redigovane biologije.
12:18
This entire collection, Wanderers,
that was named after planets,
that was named after planets,
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Čitava ova kolekcija, "Vonderers",
koja je nazvana po planetama,
koja je nazvana po planetama,
12:22
was not to me really about fashion per se,
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meni zaista nije važna moda sama po sebi,
12:25
but it provided an opportunity
to speculate about the future
to speculate about the future
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pružila mi je priliku
da razmišljam o budućnosti
da razmišljam o budućnosti
12:29
of our race on our planet and beyond,
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2622
o našoj vrsti na našoj planeti i dalje,
12:31
to combine scientific insight
with lots of mystery
with lots of mystery
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da kombinujem naučni pogled
sa mnogo misterije
sa mnogo misterije
12:35
and to move away
from the age of the machine
from the age of the machine
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i da napravim otklon od doba mašina
12:38
to a new age of symbiosis
between our bodies,
between our bodies,
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do novog doba simbioze
među našim telima,
među našim telima,
12:42
the microorganisms that we inhabit,
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mikroorganizmima koji žive u nama,
našim proizvodima, pa i našim građevinama.
12:44
our products and even our buildings.
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12:46
I call this material ecology.
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Ovaj materijal zovem ekologijom.
12:49
To do this, we always need
to return back to nature.
to return back to nature.
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Kako bismo to postigli,
uvek moramo da se vratimo prirodi.
uvek moramo da se vratimo prirodi.
12:54
By now, you know that a 3D printer
prints material in layers.
prints material in layers.
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Za sada vam je poznato da 3D štampač
štampa materijale u slojevima.
štampa materijale u slojevima.
12:59
You also know that nature doesn't.
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Takođe znate da priroda tako ne radi.
13:02
It grows. It adds with sophistication.
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Ona uzgaja. Dodaje sofisticirano.
13:06
This silkworm cocoon, for example,
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Čaura svilene bube, na primer,
13:08
creates a highly
sophisticated architecture,
sophisticated architecture,
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3320
stvara veoma prefinjenu arhitekturu,
13:12
a home inside which to metamorphisize.
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dom unutar koga metamorfozira.
13:14
No additive manufacturing today gets even
close to this level of sophistication.
close to this level of sophistication.
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Nijedan današnji 3D štampač
nije ni blizu tog nivoa prefinjenosti.
nije ni blizu tog nivoa prefinjenosti.
13:20
It does so by combining not two materials,
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Ona to radi kombinujući,
ne dva materijala,
ne dva materijala,
13:23
but two proteins
in different concentrations.
in different concentrations.
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već dva proteina
u različitim koncentracijama.
u različitim koncentracijama.
13:27
One acts as the structure,
the other is the glue, or the matrix,
the other is the glue, or the matrix,
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Jedan se ponaša kao građa,
drugi je lepak iliti matrica,
drugi je lepak iliti matrica,
13:31
holding those fibers together.
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on drži na okupu sva ta vlakna.
13:33
And this happens across scales.
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A to se dešava bez obzira na veličinu.
13:36
The silkworm first attaches itself
to the environment --
to the environment --
235
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2732
Svilena buba se prvo zakači za okolinu -
13:39
it creates a tensile structure --
236
807473
2016
stvara rastegljivu građu -
13:41
and it then starts spinning
a compressive cocoon.
a compressive cocoon.
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3097
a potom počinje da prede zbijenu čauru.
13:44
Tension and compression,
the two forces of life,
the two forces of life,
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Rastegljivost i zbijenost,
dve sile života,
dve sile života,
13:48
manifested in a single material.
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ispoljene u jednom materijalu.
13:53
In order to better understand
how this complex process works,
how this complex process works,
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Kako bismo bolje razumeli
kako ovaj složeni proces funkcioniše,
kako ovaj složeni proces funkcioniše,
13:56
we glued a tiny earth magnet
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2187
zalepili smo sićušni zemljani magnet
13:58
to the head of a silkworm,
to the spinneret.
to the spinneret.
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2999
na glavu svilene bube, na prelju.
14:01
We placed it inside a box
with magnetic sensors,
with magnetic sensors,
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Smestili smo je u kutiju
sa magnetskim senzorima,
sa magnetskim senzorima,
14:04
and that allowed us to create
this 3-dimensional point cloud
this 3-dimensional point cloud
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a to nam je omogućilo da stvorimo
ovaj 3D oblak od tačaka
ovaj 3D oblak od tačaka
14:07
and visualize the complex architecture
of the silkworm cocoon.
of the silkworm cocoon.
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i da vizualizujemo složenu arhitekturu
čaure svilene bube.
čaure svilene bube.
14:13
However, when we placed
the silkworm on a flat patch,
the silkworm on a flat patch,
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Međutim, kada smo stavili
svilenu bubu na ravno tlo,
svilenu bubu na ravno tlo,
14:17
not inside a box,
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1738
ne unutar kutije,
14:19
we realized it would spin a flat cocoon
248
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shvatili smo da tada ispreda ravnu čauru
14:22
and it would still
healthily metamorphisize.
healthily metamorphisize.
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i da i dalje zdravo metamorfozira.
14:25
So we started designing different
environments, different scaffolds,
environments, different scaffolds,
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Pa smo počeli da dizajniramo
različite sredine, različite skele
različite sredine, različite skele
14:29
and we discovered that
the shape, the composition,
the shape, the composition,
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i otkrili smo da na oblik, kompoziciju,
14:32
the structure of the cocoon, was directly
informed by the environment.
informed by the environment.
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strukturu čaure, sredina direktno utiče.
14:36
Silkworms are often boiled to death
inside their cocoons,
inside their cocoons,
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Svilene bube se često skuvaju na smrt
unutar svojih čaura,
unutar svojih čaura,
14:41
their silk unraveled and used
in the textile industry.
in the textile industry.
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potom se njihova svila razvija
i koristi u tekstilnoj industriji.
i koristi u tekstilnoj industriji.
14:44
We realized that designing these templates
allowed us to give shape to raw silk
allowed us to give shape to raw silk
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Shvatili smo da nam dizajniranje ovih
šablona omogućuje oblikovanje sirove svile
šablona omogućuje oblikovanje sirove svile
14:51
without boiling a single cocoon.
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a da pri tom ne skuvamo ni jednu čauru.
14:54
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
14:58
They would healthily metamorphisize,
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One bi zdravo metamorfozirale,
15:00
and we would be able
to create these things.
to create these things.
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a mi bismo bili u stanju
da napravimo sve ovo.
da napravimo sve ovo.
15:03
So we scaled this process up
to architectural scale.
to architectural scale.
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Pa smo uvećali ovaj proces
do arhitektonskih razmera.
do arhitektonskih razmera.
15:07
We had a robot spin
the template out of silk,
the template out of silk,
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Robot nam je ispreo šablon od svile,
15:10
and we placed it on our site.
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koji smo postavili na mesto gradnje.
15:12
We knew silkworms migrated
toward darker and colder areas,
toward darker and colder areas,
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Znali smo da se svilene bube
sele ka mračnijim i hladnijim mestima,
sele ka mračnijim i hladnijim mestima,
15:17
so we used a sun path diagram
to reveal the distribution
to reveal the distribution
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pa smo koristili dijagram sunčevog hoda
kako bismo otkrili raspored
kako bismo otkrili raspored
15:20
of light and heat on our structure.
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svetla i toplote na našoj građevini.
15:23
We then created holes, or apertures,
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Potom smo napravili rupe ili otvore,
15:26
that would lock in the rays
of light and heat,
of light and heat,
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koji bi zarobili
svetlosne i toplotne zrake,
svetlosne i toplotne zrake,
15:29
distributing those silkworms
on the structure.
on the structure.
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raspoređujući sve te svilene bube
po građevini.
po građevini.
15:34
We were ready to receive the caterpillars.
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Bili smo spremni za isporuku gusenica.
15:37
We ordered 6,500 silkworms
from an online silk farm.
from an online silk farm.
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Poručili smo preko interneta
6,500 svilenih buba sa farme.
6,500 svilenih buba sa farme.
15:42
And after four weeks of feeding,
they were ready to spin with us.
they were ready to spin with us.
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I nakon četiri nedelje uzgajanja,
bile su spremne da sa nama predu.
bile su spremne da sa nama predu.
15:45
We placed them carefully
at the bottom rim of the scaffold,
at the bottom rim of the scaffold,
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Pažljivo smo ih smestili
na donje obode skela,
na donje obode skela,
15:49
and as they spin they pupate,
they mate, they lay eggs,
they mate, they lay eggs,
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a kako predu, one se učauravaju,
pare, legu jaja
pare, legu jaja
15:53
and life begins all over again --
just like us but much, much shorter.
just like us but much, much shorter.
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i život kreće ispočetka -
baš kao i naš, samo mnogo, mnogo kraći.
baš kao i naš, samo mnogo, mnogo kraći.
16:00
Bucky Fuller said that tension
is the great integrity,
is the great integrity,
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Baki Fuler je rekao
da je rastegljivost veliki integritet
da je rastegljivost veliki integritet
16:05
and he was right.
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i bio je u pravu.
16:06
As they spin biological silk
over robotically spun silk,
over robotically spun silk,
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Kako predu biološku svilu
preko robotski ispredene svile,
preko robotski ispredene svile,
16:10
they give this entire
pavilion its integrity.
pavilion its integrity.
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one pružaju čitavom
ovom paviljonu integritet.
ovom paviljonu integritet.
16:13
And over two to three weeks,
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I za dve do tri nedelje,
16:15
6,500 silkworms spin 6,500 kilometers.
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6,500 svilenih buba
isprede 6,500 kilometara.
isprede 6,500 kilometara.
16:19
In a curious symmetry, this is also
the length of the Silk Road.
the length of the Silk Road.
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Zanimljiva podudarnost:
ovo je takođe i dužina Puta svile.
ovo je takođe i dužina Puta svile.
16:24
The moths, after they hatch,
produce 1.5 million eggs.
produce 1.5 million eggs.
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Moljci prilikom polaganja jaja
proizvedu 1,5 miliona jajašaca.
proizvedu 1,5 miliona jajašaca.
16:28
This could be used for 250
additional pavilions for the future.
additional pavilions for the future.
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Ovo može da se iskoristi
za još 250 paviljona u budućnosti.
za još 250 paviljona u budućnosti.
16:33
So here they are, the two worldviews.
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Dakle, to su dva pogleda na svet.
16:36
One spins silk out of a robotic arm,
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Jedan prede svilu robotskom rukom,
16:40
the other fills in the gaps.
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drugi popunjava rupe.
16:44
If the final frontier of design
is to breathe life into the products
is to breathe life into the products
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Ako je krajnji cilj dizajna
udisanje života u proizvode
udisanje života u proizvode
16:47
and the buildings around us,
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i građevine oko nas,
16:49
to form a two-material ecology,
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formiranje ekologije od dva materijala,
16:51
then designers must unite
these two worldviews.
these two worldviews.
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onda dizajneri moraju da ujedine
ova dva pogleda na svet.
ova dva pogleda na svet.
16:55
Which brings us back, of course,
to the beginning.
to the beginning.
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Što nas vraća, naravno, na početak.
17:00
Here's to a new age of design,
a new age of creation,
a new age of creation,
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Živelo novo doba dizajna,
novo doba stvaranja,
novo doba stvaranja,
17:03
that takes us from
a nature-inspired design
a nature-inspired design
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koje će nas udaljiti od dizajna
inspirisanog prirodom
inspirisanog prirodom
17:07
to a design-inspired nature,
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do prirode inspirisane dizajnom
17:09
and that demands of us for the first time
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i koji će zahtevati od nas, prvi put,
17:13
that we mother nature.
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da budemo majka prirodi.
17:18
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
17:19
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
17:26
Thank you very much. Thank you.
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Mnogo vam hvala. Hvala vam.
17:28
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Neri Oxman - Architect, designerFrom the micro scale to the building scale, Neri Oxman imagines and creates structures and objects that are inspired, informed and engineered by, for and with nature.
Why you should listen
Neri Oxman creates designs that usher the next building revolution by constructing products that transcend parts and assemblies. Head of the Mediated Matter research group at the MIT Media Lab, an architect and designer, she leads the search for ways in which digital fabrication technologies interact with natural environments and the biological world. Oxman’s approach, termed "Material Ecology," spans biology, computation, materials and digital fabrication. Her works are included in permanent collections in museums worldwide including the MoMA, Centre Pompidou, the Boston MFA and the Smithsonian Institution.
Neri Oxman | Speaker | TED.com