TED2018
Mikhail Zygar: What the Russian Revolution would have looked like on social media
米哈伊尔·扎格: 社交媒体上的俄国革命看起来可能是怎样的呢？
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有一种说法认为，历史是由胜利者书写的——但是，如果每个人都可以写历史，它会是什么样子呢？记者、TED学者米哈伊尔·扎格（Mikhail Zygar）的使命是向我们展示项目 Project1917，一个 "逝者社交网络"，网站上贴出了生活在俄罗斯革命期间的 3000 多人的真实日记和信件。通过展示列宁、托洛茨基和许多名气略小的人物的日常想法, 这个项目让人们重新看到历史的本貌，或者说历史可能的模样。了解更多关于这个数字化复述过去的项目，以及扎格关于变革年1968年的最新项目吧。
Mikhail Zygar - Journalist, writer, filmmaker
Mikhail Zygar is the founder of Future History, the creative digital studio behind Project1917 and 1968.digital. Full bio
Mikhail Zygar is the founder of Future History, the creative digital studio behind Project1917 and 1968.digital. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
What is history?
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历史是什么？
00:15
It is something written by the winners.
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历史是由胜利者书写而成的。
00:20
There is a stereotype that history
should be focused on the rulers,
should be focused on the rulers,
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这是一种固有观念，
认为历史的主角应该是统治者，
认为历史的主角应该是统治者，
比如列宁，或托洛茨基。
00:24
like Lenin or Trotsky.
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因此，许多国家的人民，
像我的国家俄罗斯，
像我的国家俄罗斯，
00:27
As a result, people
in many countries, like mine, Russia,
in many countries, like mine, Russia,
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认为历史是预先确定的，
00:31
look at history as something
that was predetermined
that was predetermined
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或是由领导者决定的，
00:35
or determined by the leaders,
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而普通人无论如何
都无法影响历史。
都无法影响历史。
00:38
and common people could not
influence it in any way.
influence it in any way.
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现在的许多俄罗斯人
00:41
Many Russians today do not believe
that Russia could ever have been
that Russia could ever have been
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不相信俄罗斯曾经是
或将会是一个真正的民主国家，
或将会是一个真正的民主国家，
00:45
or ever will be a truly democratic nation,
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因为俄罗斯人民所了解的历史
00:48
and this is due to the way
history has been framed
history has been framed
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是被精心设计过的，
00:51
to the citizens of Russia.
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但这并非真实的历史。
00:52
And this is not true.
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为证明这一点，我花两年时间
试图回到 100 年前，
试图回到 100 年前，
00:55
To prove it, I spent two years
of my life trying to go 100 years back,
of my life trying to go 100 years back,
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回到 1917 年，
01:00
to the year 1917,
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俄国革命的那一年。
01:03
the year of the Russian Revolution.
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我问自己，假设100年前
就有互联网和脸书，会怎样呢？
就有互联网和脸书，会怎样呢？
01:05
I asked myself, what if the internet
and Facebook existed 100 years ago?
and Facebook existed 100 years ago?
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于是，我们在去年为这些逝者
创建了一个社交网站：
创建了一个社交网站：
01:12
So last year, we built
a social network for dead people,
a social network for dead people,
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01:17
named Project1917.com.
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名为 Project1917.com。
01:22
My team and I created our software,
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我和我的团队通过编写软件,
将 100 年前由 3000 余人写的
01:24
digitized and uploaded
all possible real diaries and letters
all possible real diaries and letters
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真实日记和信件尽可能多的数字化，
01:30
written by more than 3,000 people
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然后上传到网站。
01:33
100 years ago.
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如此一来，我们的网站用户
以及应用程序的用户
以及应用程序的用户
01:34
So any user of our website or application
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可以根据 1917 年的每日新闻提要,
01:38
can follow a news feed
for each day of 1917
for each day of 1917
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阅读斯特拉文斯基
或托洛茨基、
或托洛茨基、
01:42
and read what people
like Stravinsky or Trotsky,
like Stravinsky or Trotsky,
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列宁或帕夫洛娃等人的
想法和感受。
想法和感受。
01:46
Lenin or Pavlova
and others thought and felt.
and others thought and felt.
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01:50
We watch all those personalities
being ordinary people like you and me,
being ordinary people like you and me,
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我们看到了那些名人
作为普通人的一面，就像你我，
作为普通人的一面，就像你我，
而不是神化的人；
01:55
not demigods,
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我们可以看到，历史里的他们
有错误、 恐惧和弱点，
有错误、 恐惧和弱点，
01:57
and we see that history consists
of their mistakes, fears, weaknesses,
of their mistakes, fears, weaknesses,
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而不仅仅是他们的“天才的想法”。
02:04
not only their "genius ideas."
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02:08
Our project was a shock for many Russians,
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我们这个网站项目
让许多俄罗斯人大为震惊,
让许多俄罗斯人大为震惊,
他们曾认为我们国家
一直是专制的帝国,
一直是专制的帝国,
02:10
who used to think that our country
has always been an autocratic empire
has always been an autocratic empire
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自由和民主的思想绝不可能占上风,
02:16
and the ideas of freedom and democracy
could never have prevailed,
could never have prevailed,
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仅仅是因为我们国家
注定不适合民主。
注定不适合民主。
02:19
just because democracy
was not our destiny.
was not our destiny.
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02:23
But if we take a broader look,
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但是，如果把眼界放宽一些，
就知道事情并不是非黑即白。
02:26
it's not that black and white.
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02:29
Yes, 1917 led to 70 years
of communist dictatorship.
of communist dictatorship.
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没错，1917 的俄国革命导致了
随后 70 年的共产主义专政，
随后 70 年的共产主义专政，
02:35
But with this project, we see that Russia
could have had a different history
could have had a different history
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但通过这个项目，我们看到俄罗斯
本来可能有一个不同的历史
本来可能有一个不同的历史
和民主的未来，
就像任何其他国家一样。
就像任何其他国家一样。
02:40
and a democratic future,
as any other country could or still can.
as any other country could or still can.
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02:45
Reading the posts from 1917,
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读一下 1917 年的那些帖子，
你就会知道俄罗斯是世界上第一个
02:49
you learn that Russia
was the first country in the world
was the first country in the world
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废除死刑的国家，
02:52
to abolish the death penalty,
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也是第一个赋予妇女投票权的国家。
02:54
or one of the first ones
to grant women voting rights.
to grant women voting rights.
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02:59
Knowing history and understanding
how ordinary people influenced history
how ordinary people influenced history
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了解历史，以及
了解普通人对历史的影响，
了解普通人对历史的影响，
可以帮助我们
创造一个更加美好的未来，
创造一个更加美好的未来，
03:05
can help us create a better future,
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因为历史只是
对当下正在发生的事情的预演，
对当下正在发生的事情的预演，
03:07
because history is just a rehearsal
of what's happening right now.
of what's happening right now.
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03:12
We do need new ways of telling history,
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我们确实需要
用新的方式来复述历史。
用新的方式来复述历史。
例如，今年，
03:15
and this year, for example,
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我们开始了一个新的在线项目：
名为 1968Digital.com，
名为 1968Digital.com，
03:17
we started a new online project
that is called 1968Digital.com,
that is called 1968Digital.com,
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这是一个在线纪录片系列，
03:23
and that is an online documentary series
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它带你回顾了 1968 年，
03:28
that gives you an impression
of that year, 1968,
of that year, 1968,
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这一年里的全球社会变化，
03:32
a year marked by global social change
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从多个方面创造了
我们所熟知的这个世界。
我们所熟知的这个世界。
03:36
that, in many ways,
created the world as we know it now.
created the world as we know it now.
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但是我们通过想象，
03:40
But we are making that history alive
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如果所有的主角都能
使用手机，让那段历史
使用手机，让那段历史
03:43
by imagining what if all the main
characters could use mobile phones ...
characters could use mobile phones ...
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再次鲜活起来呢？
03:49
just like that?
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03:51
And we see that a lot of individuals
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我们看到很多人
03:57
were facing the same challenges
and were fighting for the same values,
and were fighting for the same values,
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都面临同样的挑战，
他们为同样的价值观而奋斗，
他们为同样的价值观而奋斗，
不论他们是住在美国，
或是住在苏联，
或是住在苏联，
04:02
no matter if they lived
in the US or in USSR
in the US or in USSR
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在法国，或是在中国，
或是在捷克斯洛伐克。
或是在捷克斯洛伐克。
04:07
or in France or in China
or in Czechoslovakia.
or in Czechoslovakia.
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04:11
By exposing history
in such a democratic way,
in such a democratic way,
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借助社交媒体以这种民主的方式
展现历史，
04:14
through social media,
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我们让大家看到：掌权者
并不是唯一做出选择的人。
并不是唯一做出选择的人。
04:16
we show that people in power
are not the only ones making choices.
are not the only ones making choices.
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04:22
That gives any user a possibility
of reclaiming history.
of reclaiming history.
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这种方式给了每个用户
还原历史的可能，
还原历史的可能，
平凡的人也很重要，
04:27
Ordinary people matter.
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他们也会对历史产生影响。
04:29
They have an impact.
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想法也很重要。
04:31
Ideas matter.
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记者、科学家、
哲学家们都很重要。
哲学家们都很重要。
04:33
Journalists, scientists,
philosophers matter.
philosophers matter.
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我们塑造了社会，
04:38
We shape society.
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我们大家共同创造了历史。
04:40
We all make history.
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谢谢！
04:43
Thank you.
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（掌声）
04:44
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mikhail Zygar - Journalist, writer, filmmakerMikhail Zygar is the founder of Future History, the creative digital studio behind Project1917 and 1968.digital.
Why you should listen
Mikhail Zygar is a Russian journalist, writer, filmmaker and the founding editor-in-chief of the Russian independent news TV-channel, Dozhd (2010 - 2015). Prior to Dozhd, Zygar worked for Newsweek Russia and the business daily Kommersant, where he covered the conflicts in Palestine, Lebanon, Iraq, Serbia and Kosovo. His bestseller All the Kremlin's Men is based on an unprecedented series of interviews with Vladimir Putin’s inner circle, presenting a radically different view of power and politics in Russia. His recent book The Empire Must Die was released in Russian and English in 2017. It portrays the years leading up to the Russian revolution and the vivid drama of Russia's brief and exotic experiment with civil society before it was swept away by the Communist Revolution.
Mikhail Zygar | Speaker | TED.com