TED2018
Luhan Yang: How to create a world where no one dies waiting for a transplant
杨璐涵: 如何构建一个器官移植新世界，让患者不再在等待中死去？
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经历了几乎一整个世纪，科学家们不断尝试将动物器官移植到人类身上，这是一个理论上可行的梦想，能够拯救成千上万个需要器官移植的病人的性命。但这样的风险在于，会将猪身上的逆转录病毒（PERV）传染到人类身上，而这个难题长久以来都极大的拖延了研究进程——直到最近才被攻克。
在这个激动人心的演讲中，遗传学家杨璐涵为我们讲述了异种移植的一个巨大突破： 她和同事们使用基因编辑技术（CRISPR），成功培育了不携带逆转录病毒（PERV）的猪 ，而这也为将猪的器官安全移植到人类身上创造了可能性。一起从这篇演讲中了解最先进的科学技术，以及它是如何帮助克服器官短缺危机的。
Luhan Yang - Biologist, geneticist
Dr. Luhan Yang is the co-founder and chief scientific officer at eGenesis, working to make xenotransplantation a routine medical procedure for the delivery of safe and effective human transplantable cells, tissues and organs. Full bio
Dr. Luhan Yang is the co-founder and chief scientific officer at eGenesis, working to make xenotransplantation a routine medical procedure for the delivery of safe and effective human transplantable cells, tissues and organs. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Hi everyone.
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大家好，
我想给大家介绍一下莱卡。
00:14
I would like to introduce you to Laika.
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00:17
To most of us, Laika is simply
a very cute pig.
a very cute pig.
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对于大多数人来说，
莱卡只是一只非常可爱的猪，
莱卡只是一只非常可爱的猪，
00:22
However, to hundreds of thousands
of patients in need of a lifesaving organ
of patients in need of a lifesaving organ
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但是，对于成千上万个需要器官移植
来重获新生的患者而言，
来重获新生的患者而言，
00:29
Laika is a symbol of hope.
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莱卡则是希望的象征。
00:32
You see, ever since the 1970s,
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自1970年以来，
00:36
when organ transplants
became a real option
became a real option
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器官移植成为了一种现实的选择，
00:39
for patients with kidney failure
and other organ diseases,
and other organ diseases,
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对于肾脏衰竭以及其他患有
器官疾病的患者而言，
器官疾病的患者而言，
00:43
organ supply has been an issue.
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器官短缺一直都是个问题。
00:46
Over the last few decades,
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在过去的几十年，
00:48
the issue only worsened as organ demand
has exponentially increased.
has exponentially increased.
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这个问题日益严峻，因为
器官需求呈现了指数性增长。
器官需求呈现了指数性增长。
00:55
Currently in the US,
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目前在美国，
00:57
there are close to 115,000 patients
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大概有11万5千名患者，
01:01
in need of a lifesaving organ transplant.
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需要器官移植才能继续活下去。
01:05
By the end of my talk,
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在我的演讲结束时，
01:07
one more patient
will be added to this list.
will be added to this list.
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又会有一名新的病人加入到
器官移植的候选名单上。
器官移植的候选名单上。
01:12
Today, about 100 people
will get a new organ,
will get a new organ,
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如今，大约有100个病人
会得到一个新鲜的器官，
会得到一个新鲜的器官，
01:16
a chance to start their life anew,
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一个重新开始新生活的机会，
01:19
and yet by the end of today,
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但是，在今天结束时，
01:22
20 others will die waiting.
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同样会有20人死于等待。
01:26
The situation is heartbreaking
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这样的情况令人心碎，
01:28
for patients, for their families
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无论是对病人，对他们的家人，
01:31
and for the doctors who want to do more.
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还是对于尽力挽救的
医生而言，都是如此。
医生而言，都是如此。
01:36
In some parts of the world,
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在世界上的一些地方，
01:37
the situation also becomes
a disturbing social issue.
a disturbing social issue.
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器官供应不足更成为了一种
令人忧心的社会问题，
令人忧心的社会问题，
01:42
In Asia, for example,
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比方说，在亚洲，
01:44
media outlets reported
that desperate patients
that desperate patients
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根据新闻媒体报道，许多绝望的病人
01:48
are obtaining organs
from the cruel black market.
from the cruel black market.
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残忍的在黑市购买新鲜的器官。
01:53
It is clear that a solution
is needed to this crisis.
is needed to this crisis.
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很显然，这个问题亟待解决，
01:59
Human lives are at stake.
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因为人类的生存已经危若累卵。
02:03
As a biologist and a geneticist,
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作为一名生物学家和遗传学家，
02:06
it has become my mission
to help solve this problem.
to help solve this problem.
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我的使命就是想办法解决这个问题。
02:10
Today, I am optimistic to say
that we are on our way there,
that we are on our way there,
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今天，我可以很乐观的说，
我们已经正在朝向这个目标前进，
我们已经正在朝向这个目标前进，
02:15
thanks to Laika.
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这一切全靠莱卡。
02:17
Using gene editing technology,
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基因编辑技术的使用，
02:19
it's now possible to exquisitely create
a human-transplantable organ
a human-transplantable organ
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将精巧的创造人类
可移植器官变为了可能，
可移植器官变为了可能，
02:25
that can be safely grown in pigs.
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让这些器官能够
在猪身上安全的生长。
在猪身上安全的生长。
02:29
Before we jump into the incredible
science that makes it happen,
science that makes it happen,
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在我们沉浸于实现了这个
可能性的不可思议的技术前，
可能性的不可思议的技术前，
02:34
let's have a better understanding
what xenotransplantation is.
what xenotransplantation is.
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先好好了解一下什么是异种移植术。
02:39
It's a process of transplanting
animal organs into humans.
animal organs into humans.
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它是将动物的器官移植到
人类体内的一个过程。
人类体内的一个过程。
02:44
You may want to ask, why pig organs?
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也许你会想问，为什么非得是猪的器官呢？
02:47
Because some pigs carry organs
with similar size and physiology
with similar size and physiology
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因为一些猪的器官与人类器官的
02:52
to human organs.
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大小和形态十分类似。
02:54
Over the last half a century,
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在过去的半个世纪，
02:56
pioneers of transplantation
have tried hard to make it happen,
have tried hard to make it happen,
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器官移植的先驱们
在努力实现这一目标，
在努力实现这一目标，
03:01
but with limited to no success.
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但基本上都以失败告终。
03:05
Why is that?
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为什么会这样呢？
03:06
Two fundamental hurdles stood in the way.
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因为存在两个难以跨越的障碍，
03:10
First is a problem of rejection.
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其一，就是排斥反应的问题。
03:13
When our immune system
sees a new organ as foreign,
sees a new organ as foreign,
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当我们的免疫系统识别出异体器官时，
就会发生排斥反应。
03:17
it will reject it.
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03:19
Second, and this one is specific
to the organs from the pig,
to the organs from the pig,
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其二，这种排斥反应
尤其针对猪的器官来源，
尤其针对猪的器官来源，
03:24
every pig carries a virus
that is benign to the pig,
that is benign to the pig,
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每一只猪都携带着一种
对猪来说是良性的病毒，
对猪来说是良性的病毒，
03:29
but can be transmitted into humans.
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但这种病毒是可以传染到人类身上的，
03:31
It is called the porcine
endogenous retrovirus (PERV),
endogenous retrovirus (PERV),
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它被称为猪内源性逆转录病毒（PERV），
03:37
and this virus has the potential
to cause a viral epidemic similar to HIV.
to cause a viral epidemic similar to HIV.
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而这种病毒很有可能会产生
类似于HIV (艾滋病病毒) 的病毒性传染病。
类似于HIV (艾滋病病毒) 的病毒性传染病。
03:44
Without an effective way
to address these issues,
to address these issues,
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因为没有能有效解决这些问题的方法，
03:49
the field of xenotransplantation
has been on hold for more than one decade.
has been on hold for more than one decade.
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异种移植这个领域被搁置了十多年，
03:55
Little progress has been made, until now.
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期间几乎毫无进展。
04:01
Let me share with you
how I got here today with Laika.
how I got here today with Laika.
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我想跟大家分享一下我跟莱卡的故事。
04:06
My journey started
from Emei Mountain in China.
from Emei Mountain in China.
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我的旅途始于中国峨眉山，
04:10
That is the place well described
in a lot of legendary stories,
in a lot of legendary stories,
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这是一个被许多
传奇故事渲染过的地方，
传奇故事渲染过的地方，
04:14
like the "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon."
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如《卧虎藏龙》，
04:17
That is the place I call home.
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那是一个我称为家的地方。
04:20
Growing up in the mountain,
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因为在这座山里长大，
04:22
I started to have
a strong connection with nature.
a strong connection with nature.
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我与自然有了一种强烈的联系。
04:26
This is me when I was seven years old
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这是我七岁时候的样子，
04:29
standing in front
of an ancient Buddhist temple
of an ancient Buddhist temple
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站在一座古老的佛寺面前，
04:33
with a monkey on my shoulder.
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一只猴子站在我的肩上。
我依然清楚的记得，我和朋友们
04:35
I still vividly remember
how my friends and I
how my friends and I
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是如何在周围抛洒一些花生
来转移猴子们的注意力的，
来转移猴子们的注意力的，
04:38
would toss peanuts around
to distract the monkeys
to distract the monkeys
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04:42
so that we could cross
to hike through the valley.
to hike through the valley.
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这样才能开出一条路穿过那个村庄。
04:45
I love nature.
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我热爱自然，
04:47
When it was time
to choose a field of study,
to choose a field of study,
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到了选择研究领域的时候，
04:50
I chose to study biology
at Peking University in Beijing.
at Peking University in Beijing.
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我选择了在北京大学学习生物。
04:55
However, the more I learned,
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然而，随着我学习的越多，
04:58
the more questions I had.
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我内心的疑问也越多。
05:00
How could our genetic makeup
be so similar to animals
be so similar to animals
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人类的基因组成与动物是那么的类似，
05:05
and yet we look so different?
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但为何我们却看起来如此不同呢？
05:07
How is our immune system capable
of fighting off so many pathogens
of fighting off so many pathogens
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我们的免疫系统是如何能够
在对抗入侵的病原体同时，
在对抗入侵的病原体同时，
05:12
but smart enough not to attack ourselves.
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却又聪明到不会伤害自身？
05:16
Questions like this tormented me.
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这些问题一直折磨着我。
05:19
I know it sounds nerdy,
but you know I'm a scientist.
but you know I'm a scientist.
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我知道这么说听起来很书呆子气，
但是你懂的，我是一名科学家。
但是你懂的，我是一名科学家。
05:24
After college, I decided
I didn't want to just ask the questions,
I didn't want to just ask the questions,
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在大学毕业之后，我决定了，
我不要只是提出问题而已。
我不要只是提出问题而已。
05:29
I wanted to answer them, so I did.
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我想要解决这些问题，
而我也确实这么做了。
而我也确实这么做了。
05:33
In 2008, I was lucky enough to be accepted
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在2008年，我很幸运的收到了
05:37
into the PhD program at Harvard University
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来自哈佛大学博士项目的录取通知书，
05:41
and worked with Dr. George Church.
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能够和乔治 · 丘奇
（George Church）博士一起共事。
（George Church）博士一起共事。
05:43
While working in Church's lab,
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在邱奇博士的实验室工作时，
05:45
I started to learn and experiment
with the genetic makeup of mammals.
with the genetic makeup of mammals.
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我开始学习和使用
哺乳动物的基因组成进行实验。
哺乳动物的基因组成进行实验。
05:51
Among all the experiments,
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在所有的这些实验中，
05:53
one particular one
took me closer to Laika.
took me closer to Laika.
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其中一个特别的实验
让我向莱卡迈进了一步。
让我向莱卡迈进了一步。
05:57
In 2013, my colleagues and I
made changes in a human cell
made changes in a human cell
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在2013年，我和同事们
成功修改了人类细胞，
成功修改了人类细胞，
06:03
using a tool you may have heard about
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使用的是也许各位已经听说过的，
06:05
called CRISPR.
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一种叫基因编辑的技术（CRISPR）。
06:07
We were one of the first two groups
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我们是首批实验成功的
两组里的其中一组，
两组里的其中一组，
06:10
to report the successful use
of such a tool in changing our DNA.
of such a tool in changing our DNA.
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使用这项工具来编辑我们的DNA，
06:16
It was an exciting moment
in scientific discovery.
in scientific discovery.
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这是科学发现史上令人振奋的一刻。
06:20
The gene-editing tool CRISPR
has two components.
has two components.
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基因编辑工具CRISPR由两个部分组成，
06:25
It has a scissor called the enzyme CRISPR
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一个叫做酶CRISPR的剪刀，
06:28
and what is called a guide RNA.
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还有一个称为 向导RNA。
06:31
Think about it as genetic scissors
with a microscope.
with a microscope.
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我们可以把这套工具看作是
一个带有显微镜的遗传剪刀，
一个带有显微镜的遗传剪刀，
06:36
The microscope is a guide RNA,
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而这个显微镜就是 向导RNA，
06:39
which brings the scissors
to the place we want to cut
to the place we want to cut
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它将遗传剪刀带到我们想要剪切的部位，
06:43
and says, "Here it is,"
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告诉我们，“就是这儿了”，
06:45
and the enzyme CRISPR just cuts
and repairs the DNA in the way we want.
and repairs the DNA in the way we want.
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这样我们就能够准确地，
用酶CRISPR 对 DNA 进行剪切和修复。
用酶CRISPR 对 DNA 进行剪切和修复。
06:51
Shortly after we reported our study,
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在我们报道了我们的研究后不久，
06:54
physicians at Mass General Hospital
were intrigued by the medical applications
were intrigued by the medical applications
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几名麻省总医院的内科医生
对此项研究的医学应用前景深感兴趣，
07:00
of our research.
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于是他们联系了我们，
07:02
They reached out to us,
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07:04
and together, we began to see
the potential to use CRISPR
the potential to use CRISPR
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然后我们就合作研究使用 CRISPR
来解决器官供不应求的危机。
07:08
to solve the organ shortage crisis.
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07:11
How do we do it?
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那么我们是怎么做的呢？
07:13
It is simple, yet very complex.
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说起来很简单，但实际操作很复杂。
07:18
We started by making changes
in a pig's cell to make it virus-free
in a pig's cell to make it virus-free
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我们首先编辑了猪的细胞，
让它不再携带病毒，
让它不再携带病毒，
07:24
and human-immune-compatible.
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能够和人类免疫系统兼容。
再从脱毒了的细胞里提取细胞核，
植入到猪的卵细胞中，
植入到猪的卵细胞中，
07:26
The nucleus of that cell
is then implanted into a pig egg
is then implanted into a pig egg
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07:31
and allowed to divide into an embryo.
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让其分裂成一个胚胎。
07:34
The resulting embryo is then placed
into the uterus of a surrogate mother
into the uterus of a surrogate mother
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然后将形成的胚胎置于
代孕母猪的子宫中，
代孕母猪的子宫中，
07:39
and allowed to divide into a pig.
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发育成一只完整的猪。
07:42
Basically, it's a process of cloning.
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说到底，其实就是克隆的过程。
07:45
The piglet then carries organs
whose genetic makeup
whose genetic makeup
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如果幸运的话，
那只小猪器官中的基因组成，
那只小猪器官中的基因组成，
07:49
hopefully wouldn't be rejected
by the human immune system.
by the human immune system.
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将不会受到人类免疫系统的排斥。
07:54
In 2015, our team decided to tackle
the viral transmission problem first.
the viral transmission problem first.
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2015年，我们的团队决定
先解决病毒传染的问题。
先解决病毒传染的问题。
08:01
We wanted to take out
all 62 copies of the PERV virus
all 62 copies of the PERV virus
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我们想要从猪的基因组中取出所有62份
08:07
from the pig genome,
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PERV 病毒的拷贝，
08:10
but at the time,
it was nearly mission impossible.
it was nearly mission impossible.
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但在那个时候，
这基本上是不可能完成的任务。
这基本上是不可能完成的任务。
08:14
Even with CRISPR,
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即使使用CRISPR，
08:15
we could only do one or two
modifications within a cell.
modifications within a cell.
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我们也只能在一个细胞内
对其中一或两处做出修改，
对其中一或两处做出修改，
08:20
The record for number of modifications
we can do in a particular cell was five.
we can do in a particular cell was five.
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我们在一个特定的细胞内所做过
修改的最高记录是五处。
修改的最高记录是五处。
08:27
We had to increase the throughput
by more than tenfold to achieve that.
by more than tenfold to achieve that.
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想要达到取出所有病毒这个目标，
我们就得将数据提高十倍以上。
我们就得将数据提高十倍以上。
08:33
With very careful design
and hundreds of trials,
and hundreds of trials,
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经过仔细的设计和数百次实验，
08:37
we successfully took out all the virus,
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我们最终成功的取出了所有病毒，
08:40
broke the record.
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打破了基因修改的记录。
08:41
More importantly, our studies showed
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更重要的是，我们的研究表明，
08:44
that we could eliminate
the possibility of this dangerous virus
the possibility of this dangerous virus
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我们有可能消灭这些会被传播到
人类身上的危险病毒。
08:49
being transmitted into humans.
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08:53
Last year, with a modified cell
and cloning technology,
and cloning technology,
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去年，凭借改良的细胞和克隆技术，
08:57
our startup, eGenesis, produced Laika,
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我们的公司，eGenesis，
成功培育了莱卡，
成功培育了莱卡，
09:02
the first pig of its kind
born without PERV.
born without PERV.
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第一只相同品种，但天生
不携带PERV的猪。
不携带PERV的猪。
09:07
(Applause)
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（掌声）
09:11
Laika represents the first critical step
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莱卡代表着在建立安全的
09:15
in establishing safe xenotransplantation.
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异种移植过程中第一个关键步骤。
09:19
It is also a platform
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同样，它也是我们
09:20
that we can do further
genetic modification on
genetic modification on
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对基因修改进行进一步研究的平台，
09:23
to solve the immunology problem.
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用以解决免疫学问题。
09:26
Since then, we have created
more than 30 pigs without PERV,
more than 30 pigs without PERV,
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自那以后，我们又培育了
30多只不携带PERV的猪，
30多只不携带PERV的猪，
09:31
and they may be the most advanced
geno-modified animal living on earth.
geno-modified animal living on earth.
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它们也许是生活在地球上
最高级的转基因动物了。
最高级的转基因动物了。
09:38
We named Laika after the Soviet dog
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莱卡这个名字，取自苏联的一只狗，
09:41
who was the first animal
to orbit the earth.
to orbit the earth.
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它是第一只绕地球运行的动物。
09:45
We hope Laika and her siblings
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我们希望莱卡和它的兄弟姐妹们，
09:48
can lead us into a new frontier
of science and medicine.
of science and medicine.
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可以带领我们走向
科学和医学的最前沿。
科学和医学的最前沿。
09:55
Imagine a world where patients
who suffer from liver failure
who suffer from liver failure
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想象一下这样一个世界，
病人不再饱受肝脏衰竭的折磨，
病人不再饱受肝脏衰竭的折磨，
10:00
can be saved with a new liver
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有新的肝脏帮助他们重获新生，
10:03
without having to wait for a donation
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他们再也不需要等待器官捐献，
10:06
or another human to die.
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或者另一个生命的陨落。
10:09
Imagine a world where people with diabetes
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想象一个这样的世界，
糖尿病人们不再需要在
饭后摄入胰岛素，
饭后摄入胰岛素，
10:13
do not have to rely
on insulin after every meal
on insulin after every meal
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10:17
because we can provide them
with good pancreatic cells
with good pancreatic cells
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因为我们能够给他们提供
健康的胰岛素细胞，
健康的胰岛素细胞，
能够自行产生胰岛素。
10:21
that can produce insulin on their own.
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10:24
And imagine a world
where patients with kidney failure
where patients with kidney failure
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再想象一个这样的世界，
患有肾衰竭的病人们，
患有肾衰竭的病人们，
10:29
do not have to face
the burden of dialysis.
the burden of dialysis.
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不再需要面对透析
所带来的沉重负担。
所带来的沉重负担。
10:34
We are striving to create that world,
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我们一直都在创造那样的世界，
10:38
a world without organ shortage.
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一个器官不再短缺的世界。
10:41
We finally have the tool
to tackle the problem
to tackle the problem
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我们最终有了解决
器官供不应求的工具，
器官供不应求的工具，
10:45
we could never tackle before,
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这是我们以前所办不到的，
10:47
and Laika is just
the beginning of our journey.
the beginning of our journey.
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莱卡只是这漫漫征程中的第一步。
10:52
We have to be very humble
in front of nature,
in front of nature,
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在自然面前，我们必须得保持谦卑，
10:55
because there are more issues
to be addressed,
to be addressed,
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因为还有更多的问题需要解决，
10:58
including immunology
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包括免疫学，
10:59
and things we couldn't even
anticipate at this point.
anticipate at this point.
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以及我们此刻无法预料的一些事情。
11:04
However, it is our responsibility
to translate the cutting-edge science
to translate the cutting-edge science
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然而，将最前沿的科学应用到医学中，
11:10
into medicine to save the lives
of all the patients who are waiting.
of all the patients who are waiting.
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拯救那些还在等待器官移植的
病人的生命，我们义不容辞。
病人的生命，我们义不容辞。
11:17
Thank you very much.
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谢谢大家。
11:18
(Applause)
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（掌声）
11:29
Chris Anderson: I mean, Luhan,
this is extraordinary work here.
this is extraordinary work here.
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克里斯·安德森：璐涵，我想说，
你们走到这一步已经非常了不起了。
你们走到这一步已经非常了不起了。
11:33
Come forward.
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来，我们向前走一点。
11:35
So what's the next steps here?
You've got rid of the virus.
You've got rid of the virus.
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那么你们的下一步工作是什么呢？
你们现在已经去除了病毒了。
你们现在已经去除了病毒了。
11:40
The next steps involve
trying to get to the point
trying to get to the point
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下一步要做的是要试着解决
11:42
where a human body
won't reject a transplant.
won't reject a transplant.
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让人类身体不会排斥
移植器官的问题吧。
移植器官的问题吧。
11:46
What's involved in solving that?
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解决这个问题要涉及到什么呢？
11:49
Luhan Yang: It's a very
complicated process.
complicated process.
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杨璐涵：这是一个非常复杂的过程。
我们需要取出猪的抗原。
11:51
So we need to take out
the antigen of the pigs.
the antigen of the pigs.
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11:55
In addition, we can learn
a lot from cancer.
a lot from cancer.
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此外，我们还可以从癌症上
学习到很多东西，
学习到很多东西，
11:59
How can cancer invade
or circumvent our immune system
or circumvent our immune system
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比如通过研究癌细胞是如何
入侵或绕过我们的免疫系统的小技巧，
入侵或绕过我们的免疫系统的小技巧，
12:03
so that we can utilize the trick of cancer
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我们就可以照葫芦画瓢，
12:08
and implement that on the pig organ
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运用在猪的器官上，
12:10
to fool our immune system
to not attack the organ.
to not attack the organ.
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让我们的免疫系统不去
攻击移植的器官。
攻击移植的器官。
12:15
CA: When would you estimate,
when do you hope
when do you hope
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克里斯·安德森：你们预计
什么时候，或者你们希望
什么时候，或者你们希望
12:19
that the first successful
transplant would happen?
transplant would happen?
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什么时候能首次实现
成功的异种移植呢？
成功的异种移植呢？
12:23
LY: It would be irresponsible for me
to give you any number.
to give you any number.
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杨璐涵：我觉得现在就给出一个
数字是很不负责任的。
数字是很不负责任的。
12:28
CA: We're at TED.
We're always irresponsible.
We're always irresponsible.
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克里斯·安德森：没关系，在TED上
我们一向都是很不负责任的。
我们一向都是很不负责任的。
12:30
LY: But we are working day and night
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杨璐涵：但是我们已经夜以继日的
12:32
trying to make this happen
for the patients.
for the patients.
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在为等待器官移植的病人
实现这个目标了。
实现这个目标了。
12:35
CA: So not even, you won't say
that you think it could happen
that you think it could happen
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克里斯·安德森：
所以你不认为，这件事
所以你不认为，这件事
12:38
within a decade or within
five years or something?
five years or something?
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在十年或五年内，又或者
什么时候能够发生吗？
什么时候能够发生吗？
12:40
LY: For sure we hope it happens
within one decade.
within one decade.
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杨璐涵：我们当然希望能够
在十年内成功实现异种移植。
在十年内成功实现异种移植。
12:44
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
12:46
CA: So there's a lot of people here
who would be very, very excited at that,
who would be very, very excited at that,
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克里斯·安德森：这里有很多人，
将会非常非常期待这一成功，
将会非常非常期待这一成功，
异种移植的潜力是巨大的。
12:49
the potential is extraordinary.
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但是同时也有这样的一些声音，
12:51
There will be some other
people here who are going,
people here who are going,
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“那些小猪那么可爱，
12:53
"That pig is too cute.
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人类怎么可以因为一己私利
就去残害这些可爱的猪呢？”
就去残害这些可爱的猪呢？”
12:54
Humans shouldn't be exploiting
something so cute for our benefit."
something so cute for our benefit."
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对此你会作何回应？
12:59
Do you have any response to that?
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13:03
LY: Yeah, sure.
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杨璐涵：是的。
13:04
So imagine one pig
can save eight people's lives.
can save eight people's lives.
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让我们想象一下，
一只猪就可以拯救八条人命。
一只猪就可以拯救八条人命。
13:09
In addition, similar to human donation,
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此外，跟人类器官捐献原理类似的是，
13:12
if we only harvest
one kidney from the pig,
one kidney from the pig,
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如果我们一次只摘取猪一颗肾脏，
13:15
the pig can still be alive,
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那么这只猪将能够依然存活，
13:17
so we are very mindful about the issues,
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所以我们对这些问题十分关注。
13:21
but I think our goal is just to address
the unmet medical need
the unmet medical need
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但是我想我们的目标只是为了解决
无法满足的医疗需求，
无法满足的医疗需求，
为了那些需要等待器官移植的病人，
以及让他们的家人不再痛苦。
以及让他们的家人不再痛苦。
13:25
for those patients and their families.
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克里斯·安德森：还有就是，那些吃
培根的人也没有资格指责你们，对吗？
培根的人也没有资格指责你们，对吗？
13:28
CA: Plus, no one can say that to you
if they eat bacon, right?
if they eat bacon, right?
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13:32
LY: That's a good point.
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杨璐涵：说的不错。
13:33
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
13:35
CA: Luhan, thank you so much.
LY: Thank you so much.
LY: Thank you so much.
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克里斯·安德森：璐涵，非常感谢你。
杨璐涵：谢谢你。
杨璐涵：谢谢你。
13:37
(Applause)
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（掌声）
Translated by Ziyun Liao
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Luhan Yang - Biologist, geneticistDr. Luhan Yang is the co-founder and chief scientific officer at eGenesis, working to make xenotransplantation a routine medical procedure for the delivery of safe and effective human transplantable cells, tissues and organs.
Why you should listen
With the mission to translate scientific innovation into a life-saving medical procedure, Dr. Luhan Yang is leading a team of world-renowned scientists to leverage CRISPR technology and its potential to deliver safe and effective human transplantable organs to the hundreds of thousands of patients worldwide who are in dire need.
In the US alone, more than 116,000 people annually are in need of a lifesaving organ transplant, and 20 people die every day waiting for a transplant. To address this issue, scientists have been trying to engineer animal organs for human transplantation for more than 100 years. However, concern for issues such as pig-to-human immunological compatibility and cross-species transmission of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV) have proven to be two insurmountable obstacles -- until now.
In a breakthrough paper published in Science, Yang and her team demonstrated for the first time the inactivation of PERV to prevent cross-species viral transmission, an important milestone for xenotransplantation. As co-founder and chief scientific officer, Yang has been at the center of eGenesis' success. In addition to recruiting and leading a high-caliber scientific team, she has played an integral role in daily management of the company, business strategy and planning, as well as negotiating with investors for early round funding.
Yang holds BS degrees in biology and psychology from Peking University and a PhD in human biology and translational medicine from Harvard Medical School.
Luhan Yang | Speaker | TED.com