TED Talks Live
Sangeeta Bhatia: This tiny particle could roam your body to find tumors
桑吉塔·巴蒂亚: 可以在体内漫游寻找癌细胞的小颗粒
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没有昂贵的检测手段甚至稳定的电力，我们能够在癌细胞伤害我们之前找到癌变肿瘤么？医生，生物工程师，企业家桑吉塔·巴蒂亚领导的交叉学科实验室运用新奇的手段去研究，诊断和治愈人类疾病。她的目标是：三分之二致死的癌症是完全可以治愈的。思路清晰的她深入浅出地解释了复杂的纳米分子科学并且分享了她梦想通过检测挽救成千上万生命的想法。
Sangeeta Bhatia - Physician, bioengineer and entrepreneur
Sangeeta Bhatia is a cancer researcher, MIT professor and biotech entrepreneur who works to adapt technologies developed in the computer industry for medical innovation. Full bio
Sangeeta Bhatia is a cancer researcher, MIT professor and biotech entrepreneur who works to adapt technologies developed in the computer industry for medical innovation. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
In the space that used
to house one transistor,
to house one transistor,
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在以前，可以放置一个晶体管的空间
现在可以放10亿个。
00:16
we can now fit one billion.
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00:19
That made it so that a computer
the size of an entire room
the size of an entire room
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这导致曾经占据了一整个房间的电脑
现在可以放在你的口袋里。
00:23
now fits in your pocket.
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也许你会说
未来东西都会越来越小。
未来东西都会越来越小。
00:26
You might say the future is small.
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00:29
As an engineer,
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作为一个工程师，
我受到了电脑微型化的启发。
00:30
I'm inspired by this miniaturization
revolution in computers.
revolution in computers.
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作为一名医生，
00:34
As a physician,
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我想知道我们可否用
这个技术挽救更多的生命，
这个技术挽救更多的生命，
00:36
I wonder whether we could use it
to reduce the number of lives lost
to reduce the number of lives lost
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他们都死于地球上蔓延最快的疾病之一，
00:41
due to one of the fastest-growing
diseases on Earth:
diseases on Earth:
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癌症。
00:46
cancer.
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00:47
Now when I say that,
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如今当我这样说的时候，
许多人认为我说的是我们在研究治愈癌症。
00:48
what most people hear me say
is that we're working on curing cancer.
is that we're working on curing cancer.
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我们的确是。
00:52
And we are.
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但是结果是，
00:53
But it turns out
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通过及早发现和预防癌症
00:55
that there's an incredible
opportunity to save lives
opportunity to save lives
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就会有极大的机会拯救生命。
00:57
through the early detection
and prevention of cancer.
and prevention of cancer.
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01:01
Worldwide, over two-thirds of deaths
due to cancer are fully preventable
due to cancer are fully preventable
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在全球，用我们今天已有的技术，
超过三分之二因癌症导致的死亡
超过三分之二因癌症导致的死亡
都是完全可以避免的。
01:07
using methods that we already
have in hand today.
have in hand today.
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01:10
Things like vaccination, timely screening
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包括疫苗接种，定期筛查，
当然还有，停止抽烟。
01:13
and of course, stopping smoking.
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01:16
But even with the best tools
and technologies that we have today,
and technologies that we have today,
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但是就算使用如今我们拥有的
最先进的工具和手段，
最先进的工具和手段，
一些肿瘤仍然无法被探测到，
01:19
some tumors can't be detected
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直到它们已经生长了十年才被发现，
01:22
until 10 years after
they've started growing,
they've started growing,
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这时已经积累了5000万的癌细胞了。
01:25
when they are 50 million
cancer cells strong.
cancer cells strong.
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01:30
What if we had better technologies
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要是我们有更好的技术
在癌细胞刚刚产生时，
在还可以被铲除时就能更快
在还可以被铲除时就能更快
01:31
to detect some of these more
deadly cancers sooner,
deadly cancers sooner,
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监测到一些更为致命的癌症，
01:35
when they could be removed,
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01:36
when they were just getting started?
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会怎么样呢？
让我来告诉你们微型技术
如何可能让我们如愿。
如何可能让我们如愿。
01:38
Let me tell you about how
miniaturization might get us there.
miniaturization might get us there.
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01:43
This is a microscope in a typical lab
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这是一个普通实验室中的显微镜，
病理学家用它观察组织标本，
01:45
that a pathologist would use
for looking at a tissue specimen,
for looking at a tissue specimen,
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就像活体切片或巴氏涂片。
01:49
like a biopsy or a pap smear.
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01:51
This $7,000 microscope
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这个7000美元的显微镜
可以被受过几年专业训练的人
01:54
would be used by somebody
with years of specialized training
with years of specialized training
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用来检测癌细胞。
01:57
to spot cancer cells.
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02:00
This is an image from a colleague
of mine at Rice University,
of mine at Rice University,
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这张图片来自于我莱斯大学的同事，
丽贝卡·理查兹科图姆。
02:03
Rebecca Richards-Kortum.
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她和她的团队实现了微缩这整个显微镜
02:04
What she and her team have done
is miniaturize that whole microscope
is miniaturize that whole microscope
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到这个价值10美金的部件中，
02:08
into this $10 part,
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可以把它安装在光纤的一端。
02:10
and it fits on the end
of an optical fiber.
of an optical fiber.
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02:13
Now what that means is instead
of taking a sample from a patient
of taking a sample from a patient
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这意味着无需在患者身上取得一个样本，
并送到显微镜下检查，
02:17
and sending it to the microscope,
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你可以直接就把显微镜带入病人体内。
02:19
you can bring the microscope
to the patient.
to the patient.
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02:22
And then, instead of requiring
a specialist to look at the images,
a specialist to look at the images,
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并且，不用要求一个专业领域的人
来观察这个图像，
来观察这个图像，
你直接可以训练电脑去比对
正常和癌变的细胞。
正常和癌变的细胞。
02:26
you can train the computer to score
normal versus cancerous cells.
normal versus cancerous cells.
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02:32
Now this is important,
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这一点很重要，
因为他们发现在农村地区工作，
02:33
because what they found
working in rural communities,
working in rural communities,
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就算他们有移动的检查车，
02:36
is that even when they have
a mobile screening van
a mobile screening van
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可以走进农村进行检查
02:39
that can go out into the community
and perform exams
and perform exams
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并且收集样本，
02:42
and collect samples
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传输样本到中心医院进行分析，
02:43
and send them to the central
hospital for analysis,
hospital for analysis,
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几天之后，
02:47
that days later,
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女性们接到一个异常测试结果的电话，
02:48
women get a call
with an abnormal test result
with an abnormal test result
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并被要求来医院。
02:51
and they're asked to come in.
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有一半的人不会出现，
因为她们无法支付路费。
因为她们无法支付路费。
02:52
Fully half of them don't turn up
because they can't afford the trip.
because they can't afford the trip.
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02:57
With the integrated microscope
and computer analysis,
and computer analysis,
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有了集成显微镜和计算机分析技术，
丽贝卡和她的同事研发了
同时具有
同时具有
03:01
Rebecca and her colleagues
have been able to create a van
have been able to create a van
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诊断装置和治疗装置的医疗车。
03:04
that has both a diagnostic setup
and a treatment setup.
and a treatment setup.
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这意味着他们可以集诊断
03:07
And what that means
is that they can do a diagnosis
is that they can do a diagnosis
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和实施治疗于一车，
03:10
and perform therapy on the spot,
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每个病人都不会错过跟踪治疗。
03:13
so no one is lost to follow up.
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03:15
That's just one example of how
miniaturization can save lives.
miniaturization can save lives.
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这只是一个关于微型化
如何拯救生命的例子。
如何拯救生命的例子。
03:20
Now as engineers,
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作为工程师，
我们认为这个就是直接微型化。
03:21
we think of this
as straight-up miniaturization.
as straight-up miniaturization.
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你带来一个大东西并且把它变小。
03:24
You took a big thing
and you made it little.
and you made it little.
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但是我之前提到了电脑
03:26
But what I told you before about computers
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改变了我们的生活，
03:28
was that they transformed our lives
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它们小到我们可以随身携带。
03:31
when they became small enough
for us to take them everywhere.
for us to take them everywhere.
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03:35
So what is the transformational
equivalent like that in medicine?
equivalent like that in medicine?
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那么在药物领域
等效的转换会是什么样的呢？
等效的转换会是什么样的呢？
03:40
Well, what if you had a detector
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如果你有一个探测器，
它小到可以在你的体内循环，
03:43
that was so small that it could
circulate in your body,
circulate in your body,
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自己找到肿瘤
03:47
find the tumor all by itself
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并向外面的世界传送信号会怎样呢？
03:50
and send a signal to the outside world?
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03:53
It sounds a little bit
like science fiction.
like science fiction.
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这听起来有点像科幻小说。
但是实际上，运用纳米技术就能实现。
03:55
But actually, nanotechnology
allows us to do just that.
allows us to do just that.
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03:59
Nanotechnology allows us to shrink
the parts that make up the detector
the parts that make up the detector
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纳米技术可以让我们缩小
探测器组成部分的尺寸，
探测器组成部分的尺寸，
从到发丝的宽度的大小，
04:04
from the width of a human hair,
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也就是100微米
04:06
which is 100 microns,
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到再小1000倍的尺度。
04:07
to a thousand times smaller,
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也就是100纳米。
04:10
which is 100 nanometers.
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这就极大的扩展了应用范围。
04:12
And that has profound implications.
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04:15
It turns out that materials
actually change their properties
actually change their properties
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实际上在纳米级别尺寸的时候，
材料的性质会发生改变。
04:19
at the nanoscale.
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04:21
You take a common material like gold,
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你拿一个常见的金属比如金，
把它研磨成灰，研磨成纳米颗粒，
04:23
and you grind it into dust,
into gold nanoparticles,
into gold nanoparticles,
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它就会从金色外表变成红色。
04:27
and it changes from looking
gold to looking red.
gold to looking red.
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04:31
If you take a more exotic material
like cadmium selenide --
like cadmium selenide --
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如果你拿一个比较稀有的
材料比如硒化镉——
材料比如硒化镉——
会形成一块大的黑色晶体——
04:34
forms a big, black crystal --
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如果你用这种材料做成纳米结晶，
04:37
if you make nanocrystals
out of this material
out of this material
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然后把它放入液体中，
04:39
and you put it in a liquid,
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用光照一下，
04:41
and you shine light on it,
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它们就会发光。
04:43
they glow.
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它们可以发出
蓝绿黄橙红不同的光，
蓝绿黄橙红不同的光，
04:44
And they glow blue, green,
yellow, orange, red,
yellow, orange, red,
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仅仅根据尺寸的不同而变化。
04:50
depending only on their size.
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04:52
It's wild! Can you imagine an object
like that in the macro world?
like that in the macro world?
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这太疯狂了！
你可以想象宏观世界有这种材料么？
你可以想象宏观世界有这种材料么？
这就像你衣橱里所有的棉质牛仔裤
04:56
It would be like all the denim jeans
in your closet are all made of cotton,
in your closet are all made of cotton,
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依据尺寸不同，颜色也会不一样。
05:03
but they are different colors
depending only on their size.
depending only on their size.
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05:08
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
05:10
So as a physician,
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作为一位医生，
让我感兴趣的
05:12
what's just as interesting to me
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不仅仅是材料的颜色
05:14
is that it's not just
the color of materials
the color of materials
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在纳米尺寸会改变，
05:17
that changes at the nanoscale;
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它们在人体内运动的方式也将改变。
05:19
the way they travel
in your body also changes.
in your body also changes.
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05:23
And this is the kind of observation
that we're going to use
that we're going to use
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这也是一种我们即将使用的观察方式，
用来制造更好的癌症检测装置。
05:25
to make a better cancer detector.
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下面我来解释一下。
05:28
So let me show you what I mean.
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05:30
This is a blood vessel in the body.
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这是一条人体的血管。
包裹着血管的就是肿瘤。
05:32
Surrounding the blood vessel is a tumor.
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05:35
We're going to inject nanoparticles
into the blood vessel
into the blood vessel
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我们将要把纳米颗粒注射进血管，
并观察它们如何随着血流进入肿瘤。
05:38
and watch how they travel
from the bloodstream into the tumor.
from the bloodstream into the tumor.
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05:43
Now it turns out that the blood vessels
of many tumors are leaky,
of many tumors are leaky,
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事实证明有许多肿瘤的血管是有漏洞的,
05:47
and so nanoparticles can leak out
from the bloodstream into the tumor.
from the bloodstream into the tumor.
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所以纳米颗粒
可以从血流渗漏到肿瘤中。
可以从血流渗漏到肿瘤中。
05:52
Whether they leak out
depends on their size.
depends on their size.
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它们是否能渗透出去取决于它们的尺寸。
05:56
So in this image,
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在这张图中，
较小的百纳米尺寸的
蓝色纳米颗粒正在渗漏至血管外，
蓝色纳米颗粒正在渗漏至血管外，
05:57
the smaller, hundred-nanometer,
blue nanoparticles are leaking out,
blue nanoparticles are leaking out,
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大一点的500纳米的红色颗粒
06:01
and the larger, 500-nanometer,
red nanoparticles
red nanoparticles
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被困在了血管中。
06:05
are stuck in the bloodstream.
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所以这对于工程师来说，
06:06
So that means as an engineer,
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取决于我所制造的材料的大小，
06:09
depending on how big
or small I make a material,
or small I make a material,
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我可以控制它能够去你身体里的哪一部分。
06:13
I can change where it goes in your body.
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06:17
In my lab, we recently made
a cancer nanodetector
a cancer nanodetector
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在我的实验室，我们最近
研制出了一种癌症纳米检测器，
研制出了一种癌症纳米检测器，
小到可以进入全身血液循环并寻找肿瘤。
06:21
that is so small that it could travel
into the body and look for tumors.
into the body and look for tumors.
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06:27
We designed it to listen
for tumor invasion:
for tumor invasion:
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我们设计它用于监听肿瘤的侵袭：
即肿瘤扩散所需要的化学信号。
06:31
the orchestra of chemical signals
that tumors need to make to spread.
that tumors need to make to spread.
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06:36
For a tumor to break out
of the tissue that it's born in,
of the tissue that it's born in,
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一个肿瘤冲破包围它的组织时，
它需要产生一种叫做酶的化学物质
06:39
it has to make chemicals called enzymes
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来分解组织的组成结构。
06:42
to chew through
the scaffolding of tissues.
the scaffolding of tissues.
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06:45
We designed these nanoparticles
to be activated by these enzymes.
to be activated by these enzymes.
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我们设计了这些会被酶激发的纳米颗粒。
06:51
One enzyme can activate a thousand
of these chemical reactions in an hour.
of these chemical reactions in an hour.
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一个酶每小时
可激发一千个这种化学反应。
可激发一千个这种化学反应。
06:57
Now in engineering, we call
that one-to-a-thousand ratio
that one-to-a-thousand ratio
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用工程术语来描述的话，
我们叫它1比1000的
我们叫它1比1000的
放大比例，
07:01
a form of amplification,
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这就形成了一种超级灵敏的东西。
07:02
and it makes something ultrasensitive.
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所以我们已经做了一个
超灵敏的癌症检测器。
超灵敏的癌症检测器。
07:04
So we've made an ultrasensitive
cancer detector.
cancer detector.
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07:09
OK, but how do I get this activated
signal to the outside world,
signal to the outside world,
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好的，但我如何把这激发信号传递到外界，
好方便对其进行分析呢？
07:14
where I can act on it?
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针对这个问题，
我们将采用另一项纳米生物技术，
我们将采用另一项纳米生物技术，
07:15
For this, we're going to use
one more piece of nanoscale biology,
one more piece of nanoscale biology,
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与肾脏有关。
07:19
and that has to do with the kidney.
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07:21
The kidney is a filter.
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肾脏就是一个过滤装置。
07:23
Its job is to filter out the blood
and put waste into the urine.
and put waste into the urine.
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它的工作是把血液中的废物
过滤出来形成尿液。
过滤出来形成尿液。
07:29
It turns out that what the kidney filters
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事实发现肾脏的过滤系统
也是依据（过滤物的）大小。
07:31
is also dependent on size.
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07:34
So in this image, what you can see
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所以在这个图中，你可以看到
所有小于5纳米的东西
07:36
is that everything smaller
than five nanometers
than five nanometers
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都会从血液，穿过肾，变成尿液，
07:39
is going from the blood,
through the kidney, into the urine,
through the kidney, into the urine,
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其他所有更大尺寸的会留下来。
07:44
and everything else
that's bigger is retained.
that's bigger is retained.
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07:47
OK, so if I make a 100-nanometer
cancer detector,
cancer detector,
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好，那如果我制造一个
100纳米的癌症检测装置，
100纳米的癌症检测装置，
注射到血流中，
07:52
I inject it in the bloodstream,
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它可以渗漏到肿瘤
并被肿瘤的酶激发，
并被肿瘤的酶激发，
07:54
it can leak into the tumor
where it's activated by tumor enzymes
where it's activated by tumor enzymes
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释放出很小的信号，
08:00
to release a small signal
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小到可以被肾脏过滤出来
08:02
that is small enough to be
filtered out of the kidney
filtered out of the kidney
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并进入尿液中。
08:05
and put into the urine,
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我就有了一个可以在体外探测到的信号。
08:07
I have a signal in the outside world
that I can detect.
that I can detect.
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08:12
OK, but there's one more problem.
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好，但是还有另一个问题。
这是个小而微弱的信号，
08:14
This is a tiny little signal,
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我怎么来检测它？
08:16
so how do I detect it?
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08:18
Well, the signal is just a molecule.
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实际上，信号就是一个分子。
它们是我们作为工程师设计的分子。
08:20
They're molecules
that we designed as engineers.
that we designed as engineers.
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它们完全人工合成并且我们可以设计它们，
08:23
They're completely synthetic,
and we can design them
and we can design them
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所以它们和我们选用的工具相匹配。
08:26
so they are compatible
with our tool of choice.
with our tool of choice.
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如果我们想使用一种非常灵敏先进的仪器
08:30
If we want to use a really
sensitive, fancy instrument
sensitive, fancy instrument
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叫做质谱仪，
08:33
called a mass spectrometer,
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那我们可以让这个分子
有一个独特的质量。
有一个独特的质量。
08:35
then we make a molecule
with a unique mass.
with a unique mass.
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08:38
Or maybe we want make something
that's more inexpensive and portable.
that's more inexpensive and portable.
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或者我们也许想要研制出一种
更加便宜和便于携带的分析方式。
更加便宜和便于携带的分析方式。
那我们就制造出可以滞留在纸上的分子，
08:42
Then we make molecules
that we can trap on paper,
that we can trap on paper,
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就像测孕试纸。
08:46
like a pregnancy test.
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实际上试纸的应用已经非常广泛，
08:47
In fact, there's a whole
world of paper tests
world of paper tests
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以至于专门形成了试纸诊断领域。
08:50
that are becoming available
in a field called paper diagnostics.
in a field called paper diagnostics.
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08:55
Alright, where are we going with this?
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那好，我们现在进展如何呢？
08:58
What I'm going to tell you next,
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我接下来要告诉你们的，
作为一个终身的研究人员，
09:00
as a lifelong researcher,
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代表了我的一个梦想。
09:02
represents a dream of mine.
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09:04
I can't say that's it's a promise;
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我不敢说那是一个诺言；
这是一个梦想。
09:06
it's a dream.
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但是我想我们都应该有梦想来
鞭策我们前行，
鞭策我们前行，
09:08
But I think we all have to have dreams
to keep us pushing forward,
to keep us pushing forward,
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甚至——并且可能尤其是
针对癌症的研究者。
针对癌症的研究者。
09:11
even -- and maybe especially --
cancer researchers.
cancer researchers.
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我将告诉你们我所希望
用我的技术会发生的，
用我的技术会发生的，
09:15
I'm going to tell you what I hope
will happen with my technology,
will happen with my technology,
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我和我的团队将不遗余力
09:19
that my team and I will put
our hearts and souls
our hearts and souls
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让它变成现实。
09:23
into making a reality.
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09:25
OK, here goes.
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这就是：
我希望有一天
09:27
I dream that one day,
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不需要昂贵的筛选设备
09:30
instead of going into
an expensive screening facility
an expensive screening facility
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来进行结肠镜检查，
09:33
to get a colonoscopy,
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或乳房X线照片，
09:35
or a mammogram,
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或制作帕氏涂片，
09:36
or a pap smear,
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09:38
that you could get a shot,
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而是只需要扎一针，
等一个小时，
09:40
wait an hour,
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在试纸上进行一个尿检。
09:42
and do a urine test on a paper strip.
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09:45
I imagine that this could even happen
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我期待甚至可以不需要
稳定的电力供应，
09:48
without the need for steady electricity,
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或者一位医务工作者呆在诊室。
09:51
or a medical professional in the room.
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也许他们在很远的地方，
09:53
Maybe they could be far away
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只通过智能手机上的图像进行联系。
09:55
and connected only by the image
on a smartphone.
on a smartphone.
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09:58
Now I know this sounds like a dream,
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现在我知道这听起来不太现实，
但是在实验室中
我们已经在老鼠体内取得了进展，
我们已经在老鼠体内取得了进展，
10:00
but in the lab we already
have this working in mice,
have this working in mice,
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它对于肺癌和卵巢癌的检测结果
10:03
where it works better
than existing methods
than existing methods
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比现行的任何一种方法都要好。
10:05
for the detection of lung,
colon and ovarian cancer.
colon and ovarian cancer.
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10:10
And I hope that what this means
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我希望这意味着
10:12
is that one day we can
detect tumors in patients
detect tumors in patients
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有一天我们可以很快检查出
病人体内的肿瘤，
病人体内的肿瘤，
不必等到十年后它们已成型，
10:18
sooner than 10 years
after they've started growing,
after they've started growing,
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在各行各业，
10:21
in all walks of life,
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全球各地都是如此，
10:23
all around the globe,
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这也会让更早期的治疗成为现实，
10:25
and that this would lead
to earlier treatments,
to earlier treatments,
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我们可以比现在拯救更多的生命，
10:28
and that we could save more lives
than we can today,
than we can today,
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只需依赖早期检测。
10:31
with early detection.
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10:33
Thank you.
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谢谢。
（掌声）
10:34
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sangeeta Bhatia - Physician, bioengineer and entrepreneurSangeeta Bhatia is a cancer researcher, MIT professor and biotech entrepreneur who works to adapt technologies developed in the computer industry for medical innovation.
Why you should listen
Trained as both a physician and engineer at Harvard, MIT, and Brown University, Sangeeta Bhatia leverages 'tiny technologies' of miniaturization to yield inventions with new applications in tissue regeneration, stem cell differentiation, medical diagnostics, predictive toxicology and drug delivery. She and her trainees have launched more than 10 biotechnology companies to improve human health.
Bhatia has received many honors including the Lemelson-MIT Prize, known as the 'Oscar for inventors,' and the Heinz Medal for groundbreaking inventions and advocacy for women in STEM fields. She is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator, the Director of the Marble Center for Cancer Nanomedicine at the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and an elected member of the National Academy of Engineering, the American Academy of Arts and Science and Brown University's Board of Trustees.
Sangeeta Bhatia | Speaker | TED.com