TED@IBM
George Tulevski: The next step in nanotechnology
乔治･特莱温斯基: 纳米科技的展望
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每年，电脑的硅芯片都会变成原来的一半大小，功率加倍，使我们的设备变得越发便携。但是，当我们的芯片没法变得更小的时候呢？乔治･特莱温斯基探索了那个未知的，还未被开发的纳米材料世界。他现在的工作是：研究一种化学过程，能够使得数亿万的碳纳米管自己组装成为建造电路时所需要的图案，就像是自然界的生物建造那些复杂多样的，优雅的结构一样。他们能把这个秘密带给下一代的运算吗？
George Tulevski - Materials scientist
IBM's George Tulevski wants to use carbon nanotubes to revolutionize microchip design. Full bio
IBM's George Tulevski wants to use carbon nanotubes to revolutionize microchip design. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Let's imagine a sculptor
building a statue,
building a statue,
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让我们想象一个
雕刻家在打造一个雕塑，
雕刻家在打造一个雕塑，
00:15
just chipping away with his chisel.
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用他的凿子慢慢雕饰。
00:18
Michelangelo had this elegant way
of describing it when he said,
of describing it when he said,
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米开朗基罗用这样一种
优雅的方式来描述这件事：
优雅的方式来描述这件事：
00:21
"Every block of stone
has a statue inside of it,
has a statue inside of it,
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“每块石头当中都藏着一个雕塑，
00:24
and it's the task
of the sculptor to discover it."
of the sculptor to discover it."
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而雕刻家的工作就是去发现它。”
00:27
But what if he worked
in the opposite direction?
in the opposite direction?
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但要是他从完全相反的角度来做呢？
00:29
Not from a solid block of stone,
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不是从一个完整的石块当中，
00:31
but from a pile of dust,
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而是从一堆尘埃当中，
00:33
somehow gluing millions of these particles
together to form a statue.
together to form a statue.
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通过某种方式，将这数百万的
颗粒粘在一起形成雕塑。
颗粒粘在一起形成雕塑。
00:37
I know that's an absurd notion.
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我知道这听起来很荒唐。
00:39
It's probably impossible.
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这应该不可能吧。
00:41
The only way you get
a statue from a pile of dust
a statue from a pile of dust
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唯一一种能够从尘埃中
得到雕塑的方法
得到雕塑的方法
00:43
is if the statue built itself --
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就是让雕塑自己建造自己，
00:46
if somehow we could compel millions
of these particles to come together
of these particles to come together
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想出某种办法，强制使得
这些微粒都聚集在一起
这些微粒都聚集在一起
00:50
to form the statue.
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形成雕塑。
00:52
Now, as odd as that sounds,
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这也许听起来很奇怪，
00:53
that is almost exactly the problem
I work on in my lab.
I work on in my lab.
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但这就是我一直以来
在实验室里研究的问题。
在实验室里研究的问题。
00:58
I don't build with stone,
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我不用石头来建造，
00:59
I build with nanomaterials.
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我用纳米材料来建造。
01:00
They're these just impossibly small,
fascinating little objects.
fascinating little objects.
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它们就是这些不可思议的
细小的，神奇的东西。
细小的，神奇的东西。
01:05
They're so small that if this controller
was a nanoparticle,
was a nanoparticle,
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它们是如此的细微，以至于如果
这个遥控器就是一个纳米颗粒的话，
这个遥控器就是一个纳米颗粒的话，
01:08
a human hair would be the size
of this entire room.
of this entire room.
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那么一根人类头发
就将有整个房间这么大。
就将有整个房间这么大。
01:11
And they're at the heart of a field
we call nanotechnology,
we call nanotechnology,
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它们也是我们所说的纳米科技的核心，
我们都听说过纳米科技，
01:14
which I'm sure we've all heard about,
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我们都听说过它将如何改变一切。
01:16
and we've all heard
how it is going to change everything.
how it is going to change everything.
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01:19
When I was a graduate student,
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当我还是一名研究生的时候，
01:21
it was one of the most exciting times
to be working in nanotechnology.
to be working in nanotechnology.
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那也是纳米技术发展
最令人激动的那段时间。
最令人激动的那段时间。
01:24
There were scientific breakthroughs
happening all the time.
happening all the time.
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很多的科技突破连续不断的出现。
各种会议在四处召开，
01:27
The conferences were buzzing,
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投资机构的资金大量涌入。
01:29
there was tons of money
pouring in from funding agencies.
pouring in from funding agencies.
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01:32
And the reason is
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原因是
01:34
when objects get really small,
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当东西变得很小的时候，
01:35
they're governed by a different set
of physics that govern ordinary objects,
of physics that govern ordinary objects,
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它们所遵循的物理定则和
正常物品所经历的，
正常物品所经历的，
就是我们熟悉的，完全不同。
01:39
like the ones we interact with.
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我们称其为量子物理。
01:41
We call this physics quantum mechanics.
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01:43
And what it tells you is
that you can precisely tune their behavior
that you can precisely tune their behavior
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而量子物理告诉你的
就是你可以通过一些
就是你可以通过一些
01:46
just by making seemingly
small changes to them,
small changes to them,
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看似细微的改变，
来精确调整它们的行为，
来精确调整它们的行为，
01:48
like adding or removing
a handful of atoms,
a handful of atoms,
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比如增加或是减少部分原子，
01:51
or twisting the material.
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或是改变其形状。
01:52
It's like this ultimate toolkit.
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它们就像是终极工具箱。
01:54
You really felt empowered;
you felt like you could make anything.
you felt like you could make anything.
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你甚至会感到无所不能；
就像是可以做出世间万物一样。
就像是可以做出世间万物一样。
我们一直都在从事这件事，
01:57
And we were doing it --
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“我们”是指我那一代的所有研究生们。
01:59
and by we I mean my whole
generation of graduate students.
generation of graduate students.
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02:02
We were trying to make blazing fast
computers using nanomaterials.
computers using nanomaterials.
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我们试图用纳米材料制作超快计算机。
02:05
We were constructing quantum dots
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我们制造那些量子点，
02:07
that could one day go in your body
and find and fight disease.
and find and fight disease.
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终有一天它们会进入人体内
发现并对抗疾病。
发现并对抗疾病。
02:10
There were even groups
trying to make an elevator to space
trying to make an elevator to space
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甚至还有一批人，他们
尝试利用纳米管去制造
尝试利用纳米管去制造
02:13
using carbon nanotubes.
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通向太空的电梯。
02:15
You can look that up, that's true.
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你可以查查看，这些都是真的。
02:18
Anyways, we thought it was going to affect
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总的来说，我们认为这项技术
将会影响科学与技术的
方方面面，从计算到医药。
方方面面，从计算到医药。
02:20
all parts of science and technology,
from computing to medicine.
from computing to medicine.
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02:23
And I have to admit,
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我必须要承认，
02:25
I drank all of the Kool-Aid.
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我是彻底的屈服于这项技术了，
02:27
I mean, every last drop.
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我的意思是，完完全全的。
02:30
But that was 15 years ago,
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那大概是15年前的事儿了——
02:33
and --
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然后——
研究了奇妙的科学现象，
这是十分重要的工作。
这是十分重要的工作。
02:34
fantastic science was done,
really important work.
really important work.
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02:36
We've learned a lot.
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我们学到了很多。
02:38
We were never able to translate
that science into new technologies --
that science into new technologies --
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但我们却从未能够将这种
科学转化为新的技术，
科学转化为新的技术，
02:42
into technologies
that could actually impact people.
that could actually impact people.
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那种能够真正影响人们的技术。
02:45
And the reason is, these nanomaterials --
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原因在于，这些纳米材料，
02:47
they're like a double-edged sword.
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它们就像是双刃剑。
02:49
The same thing that makes
them so interesting --
them so interesting --
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就是那种让它们变得
有趣起来的特质，
有趣起来的特质，
02:51
their small size --
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它们微小的体积，
02:52
also makes them impossible to work with.
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这也使得操作它们变得极其困难。
02:55
It's literally like trying to build
a statue out of a pile of dust.
a statue out of a pile of dust.
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这几乎无异于尝试
用一堆尘埃建造雕塑。
用一堆尘埃建造雕塑。
02:58
And we just don't have the tools
that are small enough to work with them.
that are small enough to work with them.
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我们就没有小到能够
用于操作它们的工具。
用于操作它们的工具。
03:02
But even if we did,
it wouldn't really matter,
it wouldn't really matter,
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但是即使我们有这样的工具，
也并不会改变什么，
也并不会改变什么，
03:04
because we couldn't one by one
place millions of particles together
place millions of particles together
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因为我们不可能一个一个的
将成千上万的小颗粒摆放在一起
将成千上万的小颗粒摆放在一起
03:08
to build a technology.
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去打造一项技术。
03:10
So because of that,
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因为这样的原因，
所有的那些期许与激动，
03:12
all of the promise
and all of the excitement
and all of the excitement
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迟迟未能变成现实。
03:14
has remained just that:
promise and excitement.
promise and excitement.
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03:16
We don't have any
disease-fighting nanobots,
disease-fighting nanobots,
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我们并没有得到那些
对抗疾病的纳米机器人，
对抗疾病的纳米机器人，
03:19
there's no elevators to space,
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没有得到通向宇宙的电梯，
03:21
and the thing that I'm most interested in,
no new types of computing.
no new types of computing.
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而在我最感兴趣的领域，
也没有得到新的计算机运行方法。
也没有得到新的计算机运行方法。
03:25
Now that last one,
that's a really important one.
that's a really important one.
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最后的，也是十分重要的一点是，
03:27
We just have come to expect
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我们必须继续去预期
03:29
the pace of computing advancements
to go on indefinitely.
to go on indefinitely.
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计算机运行的进步步伐
将无穷无尽的延续下去。
将无穷无尽的延续下去。
03:32
We've built entire economies on this idea.
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我们的整个经济体都是
构建于那个想法之上的。
构建于那个想法之上的。
03:35
And this pace exists
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这样的步伐得以存在的原因
03:37
because of our ability
to pack more and more devices
to pack more and more devices
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是我们能够将越来越多的设备安装在
03:39
onto a computer chip.
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一块电脑芯片上。
03:41
And as those devices get smaller,
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当这些设备变得越来越小的时候，
03:43
they get faster, they consume less power
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它们就运行的更快，耗能更少，
03:45
and they get cheaper.
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价格也越来越便宜。
03:46
And it's this convergence
that gives us this incredible pace.
that gives us this incredible pace.
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是这些因素的汇集带给了我们
这样不可思议的进步步伐。
这样不可思议的进步步伐。
03:51
As an example:
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举个例子：
如果说我拿来那个房间大小的，
把三个人成功送上并接回月球的计算机，
把三个人成功送上并接回月球的计算机，
03:52
if I took the room-sized computer
that sent three men to the moon and back
that sent three men to the moon and back
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03:58
and somehow compressed it --
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然后通过某种方式压缩它，
04:00
compressed the world's
greatest computer of its day,
greatest computer of its day,
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把当代最伟大的计算机压缩，
04:03
so it was the same size
as your smartphone --
as your smartphone --
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然后它就变得和你的
智能手机一样大小——
智能手机一样大小——
那么你的智能手机，
04:06
your actual smartphone,
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04:07
that thing you spent 300 bucks on
and just toss out every two years,
and just toss out every two years,
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就是你花了300美金，
每隔个两年就换掉的那种，
每隔个两年就换掉的那种，
04:10
would blow this thing away.
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就会完爆它。
04:13
You would not be impressed.
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你完全不会被它惊艳到。
04:14
It couldn't do anything
that your smartphone does.
that your smartphone does.
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你的手机能做的，它什么也做不了。
04:17
It would be slow,
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它运行起来会很慢，
04:18
you couldn't put any of your stuff on it,
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你没法在上面安装任何东西，
04:21
you could possibly
get through the first two minutes
get through the first two minutes
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要是运气好的话，你没准可以
先看个两分钟“行尸走肉”——
04:23
of a "Walking Dead" episode
if you're lucky --
if you're lucky --
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04:25
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
问题是这种进步并非是渐进的。
04:26
The point is the progress --
it's not gradual.
it's not gradual.
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04:28
The progress is relentless.
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进步是持续不断的。
04:30
It's exponential.
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以指数形式，
04:31
It compounds on itself year after year,
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这样年复一年的自我叠加，
04:34
to the point where
if you compare a technology
if you compare a technology
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直到某个时间点，
当你把这一代人的科技
当你把这一代人的科技
04:36
from one generation to the next,
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与下一代的比较，
04:38
they're almost unrecognizable.
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已经是面目全非了。
04:40
And we owe it to ourselves
to keep this progress going.
to keep this progress going.
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我们有责任让这种进步继续下去。
04:42
We want to say the same thing
10, 20, 30 years from now:
10, 20, 30 years from now:
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我们十年，二十年，三十年以后，
还是想要重复这样的话：
还是想要重复这样的话：
04:46
look what we've done
over the last 30 years.
over the last 30 years.
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看看我们在过去的
三十年里都做了些什么。
三十年里都做了些什么。
04:49
Yet we know this progress
may not last forever.
may not last forever.
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但是我们知道，
这样的进步不可能一直持续下去。
这样的进步不可能一直持续下去。
事实上，这场派对已经
开始走下坡路了。
开始走下坡路了。
04:51
In fact, the party's kind of winding down.
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04:54
It's like "last call for alcohol," right?
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就好比酒吧“最后一单”，是吧？
04:56
If you look under the covers,
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如果你看到本质，
04:58
by many metrics
like speed and performance,
like speed and performance,
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从一些像是速度
和性能的标准上来说，
和性能的标准上来说，
05:00
the progress has already slowed to a halt.
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发展已经趋于停滞了。
05:03
So if we want to keep this party going,
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所以，如果我们想要
让这场派对继续下去，
让这场派对继续下去，
05:05
we have to do what we've
always been able to do,
always been able to do,
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我们就必须去做
长久以来一直坚持的，
长久以来一直坚持的，
那就是去创新。
05:08
and that is to innovate.
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05:09
So our group's role
and our group's mission
and our group's mission
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所以，我们团队的角色，
我们的任务
我们的任务
05:12
is to innovate
by employing carbon nanotubes,
by employing carbon nanotubes,
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就是运用碳纳米管去创新，
05:14
because we think that they can
provide a path to continue this pace.
provide a path to continue this pace.
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我们认为它会给我们提供一条道路，
让我们能保持这样的进步步伐。
让我们能保持这样的进步步伐。
05:18
They are just like they sound.
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名副其实。
05:20
They're tiny, hollow tubes
of carbon atoms,
of carbon atoms,
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它们很小，是由碳原子组成的中空管，
05:22
and their nanoscale size,
that small size,
that small size,
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它们那种纳米级的，
极其微小的体积，
极其微小的体积，
05:25
gives rise to these
just outstanding electronic properties.
just outstanding electronic properties.
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也带来了杰出的电属性。
05:29
And the science tells us
if we could employ them in computing,
if we could employ them in computing,
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科学告诉我们，如果我们
能够将它们运用到运算当中，
能够将它们运用到运算当中，
05:33
we could see up to a ten times
improvement in performance.
improvement in performance.
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我们就能够看到10倍的性能提升。
05:35
It's like skipping through several
technology generations in just one step.
technology generations in just one step.
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仿佛一步就跳过了好几代的科技。
05:40
So there we have it.
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所以，我们找到了。
我们找到了这个真正重要的问题，
05:42
We have this really important problem
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05:44
and we have what is basically
the ideal solution.
the ideal solution.
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还有这个近乎理想的解决方案。
05:46
The science is screaming at us,
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科学在向我们咆哮，
05:48
"This is what you should be doing
to solve your problem."
to solve your problem."
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“这就是你们该做的，
去解决你们的问题。”
去解决你们的问题。”
05:53
So, all right, let's get started,
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那么，让我们开始吧，
05:55
let's do this.
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准备大干一场。
但是你很快又会回到那把双刃剑。
05:56
But you just run right back
into that double-edged sword.
into that double-edged sword.
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这个“理想答案”包含了一种
我们不可能操作的材料。
我们不可能操作的材料。
05:59
This "ideal solution" contains a material
that's impossible to work with.
that's impossible to work with.
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06:02
I'd have to arrange billions of them
just to make one single computer chip.
just to make one single computer chip.
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为了制作一个电脑芯片，我就
必须要排列数亿万个碳纳米管。
必须要排列数亿万个碳纳米管。
06:07
It's that same conundrum,
it's like this undying problem.
it's like this undying problem.
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同样的问题似乎永远无解。
06:11
At this point, we said, "Let's just stop.
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到了这时，我们就说，
“让我们停一下。
“让我们停一下。
06:13
Let's not go down that same road.
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先别继续下去。
06:15
Let's just figure out what's missing.
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先想想还缺了点什么。
06:17
What are we not dealing with?
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我们错过了什么吗？
有什么必要的环节被遗漏了？”
06:19
What are we not doing
that needs to be done?"
that needs to be done?"
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06:21
It's like in "The Godfather," right?
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就像是“教父”，是吧？
06:23
When Fredo betrays his brother Michael,
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当弗雷多背叛他的兄弟迈克尔，
06:25
we all know what needs to be done.
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我们都知道他马上要干什么。
06:27
Fredo's got to go.
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弗雷多必须要离开。
06:28
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
但是迈克尔，他居然放过了。
06:29
But Michael -- he puts it off.
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好吧，我知道了。
06:31
Fine, I get it.
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他们的妈妈还活着，
这会令她伤心的。
这会令她伤心的。
06:32
Their mother's still alive,
it would make her upset.
it would make her upset.
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06:35
We just said,
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我们就是想说，
06:36
"What's the Fredo in our problem?"
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“在我们这儿，是什么
扮演着弗雷多的角色呢？
扮演着弗雷多的角色呢？
06:39
What are we not dealing with?
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我们错过了什么？
06:40
What are we not doing,
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我们到底遗漏了什么，
06:42
but needs to be done
to make this a success?"
to make this a success?"
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导致无法成功。”
06:45
And the answer is
that the statue has to build itself.
that the statue has to build itself.
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而答案是，这个雕塑
必须要自己建造自己。
必须要自己建造自己。
06:49
We have to find a way, somehow,
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我们必须找到一种方法，
通过某种途径，
通过某种途径，
06:51
to compel, to convince
billions of these particles
billions of these particles
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迫使、说服这些上亿的微粒
06:55
to assemble themselves
into the technology.
into the technology.
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自己组装成我们想要的技术。
06:58
We can't do it for them.
They have to do it for themselves.
They have to do it for themselves.
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我们没办法代它们完成。
它们必须要自己完成这件事。
它们必须要自己完成这件事。
07:01
And it's the hard way,
and this is not trivial,
and this is not trivial,
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这很困难，不是什么简单小事，
07:04
but in this case, it's the only way.
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而在这种境况当中，
也是唯一的办法。
也是唯一的办法。
07:07
Now, as it turns out,
this is not that alien of a problem.
this is not that alien of a problem.
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现在，结果表明，这个问题并不过分。
07:11
We just don't build anything this way.
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只是我们平常不这样造东西而已。
07:13
People don't build anything this way.
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人们从来没有这么打造过什么东西。
07:15
But if you look around --
and there's examples everywhere --
and there's examples everywhere --
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但是当你环顾四周——
到处都是这样的例子——
到处都是这样的例子——
07:18
Mother Nature builds everything this way.
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大自然母亲以这样的方式建造万物。
07:21
Everything is built from the bottom up.
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任何事物都是从无到有。
07:24
You can go to the beach,
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你可以去沙滩，
会发现这些简单的生物，
利用蛋白质——
利用蛋白质——
07:25
you'll find these simple organisms
that use proteins --
that use proteins --
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07:28
basically molecules --
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基本上是各种分子——
07:30
to template what is essentially sand,
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利用沙子当作模版，
07:32
just plucking it from the sea
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把它从海中拉出来，
07:33
and building these extraordinary
architectures with extreme diversity.
architectures with extreme diversity.
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然后建造这些
万千风情的神奇建筑。
万千风情的神奇建筑。
07:36
And nature's not crude like us,
just hacking away.
just hacking away.
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但自然不像我们这样粗鲁，
到处乱砍乱伐。
到处乱砍乱伐。
07:39
She's elegant and smart,
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她端庄、睿智，
07:41
building with what's available,
molecule by molecule,
molecule by molecule,
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用手边的材料，
一个分子一个分子的，
一个分子一个分子的，
07:44
making structures with a complexity
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建造出这些各式各样的复杂结构，
07:46
and a diversity
that we can't even approach.
that we can't even approach.
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而以我们人类的能力根本不可能做到。
07:49
And she's already at the nano.
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她早就达到纳米级了。
07:51
She's been there
for hundreds of millions of years.
for hundreds of millions of years.
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她已经在那里待了亿万年了。
07:53
We're the ones that are late to the party.
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我们才是迟到的那个。
07:56
So we decided that we're going
to use the same tool that nature uses,
to use the same tool that nature uses,
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所以，我们决定，
也要用大自然的工具，
也要用大自然的工具，
08:00
and that's chemistry.
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那就是化学。
08:02
Chemistry is the missing tool.
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化学就是那个被忽略的工具。
08:03
And chemistry works in this case
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在这种情境下能使用化学，
08:05
because these nanoscale objects
are about the same size as molecules,
are about the same size as molecules,
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是因为这些纳米级的小东西
都和分子差不多大小，
都和分子差不多大小，
08:09
so we can use them
to steer these objects around,
to steer these objects around,
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所以我们可以利用化学反应
来控制这些小东西，
来控制这些小东西，
08:12
much like a tool.
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就像是一种工具一样。
08:13
That's exactly what we've done in our lab.
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这就是我们在实验室里所做的。
08:15
We've developed chemistry
that goes into the pile of dust,
that goes into the pile of dust,
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我们设计了一种
能够进入这些尘埃，
能够进入这些尘埃，
08:19
into the pile of nanoparticles,
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这些纳米微粒堆的化学，
08:20
and pulls out exactly the ones we need.
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它能够准确挑选出我们
所需要的那些纳米微粒。
所需要的那些纳米微粒。
08:22
Then we can use chemistry to arrange
literally billions of these particles
literally billions of these particles
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然后，我们就利用化学，
把数亿的微粒
把数亿的微粒
08:26
into the pattern
we need to build circuits.
we need to build circuits.
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排列成我们建造电路所需要的形状。
08:29
And because we can do that,
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因为我们能做到那一点，
08:30
we can build circuits
that are many times faster
that are many times faster
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我们就可以建造出
比运用纳米材料之前
比运用纳米材料之前
08:33
than what anyone's been able
to make using nanomaterials before.
to make using nanomaterials before.
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快好多倍的线路。
08:36
Chemistry's the missing tool,
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化学就是那个被忽略的工具，
08:37
and every day our tool gets sharper
and gets more precise.
and gets more precise.
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而每天，我们的工具都会变得
更加锋利，更加精准。
更加锋利，更加精准。
08:41
And eventually --
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最后——
我们也希望会在几年之内，
08:42
and we hope this is
within a handful of years --
within a handful of years --
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08:45
we can deliver on one
of those original promises.
of those original promises.
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就可以达到开始的那些预期中的一个。
08:48
Now, computing is just one example.
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运算只是一个例子。
08:50
It's the one that I'm interested in,
that my group is really invested in,
that my group is really invested in,
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那是我们所感兴趣的，
我们的团队所投入的领域，
我们的团队所投入的领域，
08:54
but there are others
in renewable energy, in medicine,
in renewable energy, in medicine,
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但是在很多其它领域，
可再生能源，医药，
可再生能源，医药，
08:58
in structural materials,
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建筑材料，
09:00
where the science is going to tell you
to move towards the nano.
to move towards the nano.
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科学都将引领我们走向纳米技术。
这就是最大的好处。
09:03
That's where the biggest benefit is.
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09:05
But if we're going to do that,
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但是，如果我们想要这么做，
现在和未来的科学家们，
就需要新的工具，
就需要新的工具，
09:07
the scientists of today and tomorrow
are going to need new tools --
are going to need new tools --
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就像是我描绘的那种一样。
09:10
tools just like the ones I described.
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09:12
And they will need chemistry.
That's the point.
That's the point.
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他们需要化学，这是重点。
09:16
The beauty of science is that
once you develop these new tools,
once you develop these new tools,
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科学的美丽之处就在于，
一旦你研发了新的工具，
一旦你研发了新的工具，
09:20
they're out there.
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它们就唾手可得了。
它们变得无处不在，
09:21
They're out there forever,
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任何人，在任何地方，
都可以随时拿来并使用它们，
都可以随时拿来并使用它们，
09:22
and anyone anywhere
can pick them up and use them,
can pick them up and use them,
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09:25
and help to deliver
on the promise of nanotechnology.
on the promise of nanotechnology.
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帮助实现那些纳米科技的承诺。
09:29
Thank you so much for your time.
I appreciate it.
I appreciate it.
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非常感谢你们。
我很感激。
我很感激。
09:32
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
George Tulevski - Materials scientistIBM's George Tulevski wants to use carbon nanotubes to revolutionize microchip design.
Why you should listen
George Tulevski researches nanomaterials and develops new methods to utilize these materials in technologically relevant applications. He is currently a Research Staff Member at IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center.
Dr. Tulevski's current work includes advancements in carbon nanotubes that can be used in next-generation computer processors, flexible electronics and sensors. He has co-authored more than 50 peer-reviewed scientific publications and over 40 patents. In addition to his research, Tulevski teaches tomorrow’s nanoscientists at Columbia University, where he received his Ph.D.
George Tulevski | Speaker | TED.com