TEDWomen 2016
Brittney Cooper: The racial politics of time
布兰妮·库珀: 时间的种族政治
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文化理论家布兰妮·库珀说道：“时间若有个种族，那时间肯定是白色人种。”在这启发思想的演讲里，库珀通过时间的角度重新谈及种族主义和歧视，让我们了解到时间在历史中是怎样的从有色人种身上夺走，导致欢乐、人与人之间的关系和健康生活的遗失，以及进展的延迟。
Brittney Cooper - Cultural theorist
With scholarship and incisive commentary that exposes the marginalized narratives hidden within "mainstream" history, Brittney Cooper writes at the vanguard of cultural criticism. Full bio
With scholarship and incisive commentary that exposes the marginalized narratives hidden within "mainstream" history, Brittney Cooper writes at the vanguard of cultural criticism. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
What if I told you that time has a race,
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若我告诉你们，时间有个种族，
00:17
a race in the contemporary way
that we understand race
that we understand race
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一个我们在美国所了解与分类的种族，
00:20
in the United States?
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你们会有什么想法？
00:22
Typically, we talk about race
in terms of black and white issues.
in terms of black and white issues.
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通常，我们谈种族时会分“黑”与“白”事件来商量。
00:27
In the African-American communities
from which I come,
from which I come,
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在我来自的非裔美国人社区里，
00:30
we have a long-standing
multi-generational joke
multi-generational joke
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我们有个代代相传的笑话
关于我们所称的“CP时间”
00:33
about what we call "CP time,"
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00:35
or "colored people's time."
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或“有色人种时间”。
虽然我们现在已不称非裔美国人为“有色人种”，
00:38
Now, we no longer refer
to African-Americans as "colored,"
to African-Americans as "colored,"
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00:41
but this long-standing joke
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但这关于我们到教堂，
00:43
about our perpetual lateness to church,
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到聚会，到家庭活动，
00:45
to cookouts, to family events
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00:47
and even to our own funerals, remains.
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甚至到自己的葬礼都迟到的笑话还存在。
00:51
I personally am a stickler for time.
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我本身很注重时间。
00:53
It's almost as if my mother,
when I was growing up, said,
when I was growing up, said,
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好似我在长大的时候，妈妈向我强调说：
“我们不会与其他‘黑人’一样。”
00:56
"We will not be those black people."
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00:58
So we typically arrive to events
30 minutes early.
30 minutes early.
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就这样，我们去哪里都通常早到三十分钟。
01:02
But today, I want to talk to you
more about the political nature of time,
more about the political nature of time,
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可今天， 我想与你们探讨的是时间的政治性质，
因为时间若有个种族，
01:07
for if time had a race,
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01:09
it would be white.
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那时间肯定是白色人种。
01:11
White people own time.
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白色人种是时间的主人。
01:14
I know, I know.
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我知道，我知道。
01:16
Making such "incendiary statements"
makes us uncomfortable:
makes us uncomfortable:
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这些“挑衅的陈述”会让我们不舒服。
01:20
Haven't we moved past the point
where race really matters?
where race really matters?
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我们不早已化解了种族的区分了吗？
01:24
Isn't race a heavy-handed concept?
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种族毕竟是个粗鲁的概念，
而明智，英明的我们，是不是应该
01:27
Shouldn't we go ahead
with our enlightened, progressive selves
with our enlightened, progressive selves
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01:31
and relegate useless concepts like race
to the dustbins of history?
to the dustbins of history?
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把种族这类无用的概念给丢掉呢？
01:35
How will we ever get over racism
if we keep on talking about race?
if we keep on talking about race?
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若我们一直谈种族，我们怎能希望克服种族主义呢？
01:41
Perhaps we should lock up our concepts
of race in a time capsule,
of race in a time capsule,
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也许我们得把所拥有的种族概念放进时间胶囊里，
01:45
bury them and dig them up
in a thousand years,
in a thousand years,
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把它埋葬。
等到一千年后， 当我们变得更开明，
01:48
peer at them with the clearly
more enlightened,
more enlightened,
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当我们不再以种族分类时，
再研究我们对种族所有的概念。
再研究我们对种族所有的概念。
01:50
raceless versions of ourselves
that belong to the future.
that belong to the future.
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01:54
But you see there,
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但你们看，
01:55
that desire to mitigate the impact
of race and racism shows up
of race and racism shows up
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减轻种族主义的影响是由我们
02:00
in how we attempt to manage time,
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如何管理时间,
02:02
in the ways we narrate history,
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如何叙述历史，
02:04
in the ways we attempt to shove
the negative truths of the present
the negative truths of the present
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如何把消极的真相埋进历史，
02:08
into the past,
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如何议论证明理想的未来
02:09
in the ways we attempt to argue
that the future that we hope for
that the future that we hope for
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是我们现在所居住的世界，所看得出的。
02:12
is the present in which
we're currently living.
we're currently living.
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当贝拉克·奥巴马在2008年担任美国总统时，
02:15
Now, when Barack Obama
became President of the US in 2008,
became President of the US in 2008,
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02:18
many Americans declared
that we were post-racial.
that we were post-racial.
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美国人大部分宣布美国以克服了种族观念。
02:22
I'm from the academy
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我来自的学派迷恋着什么东西都得加个“后”。
02:23
where we're enamored
with being post-everything.
with being post-everything.
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02:26
We're postmodern, we're post-structural,
we're post-feminist.
we're post-feminist.
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我们是后现代，后结构，后女权主义者。
02:31
"Post" has become
a simple academic appendage
a simple academic appendage
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“后”这个字以成为了一个简单的字首。
02:33
that we apply to a range of terms
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所有个“后”字的词代表了我们之前的状况。
02:35
to mark the way we were.
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02:38
But prefixes alone don't have the power
to make race and racism
to make race and racism
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可单单一个字首是没有能够把种族概念与种族主义
02:42
a thing of the past.
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完全消失的能力。
02:44
The US was never "pre-race."
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美国向来就有种族观念。
02:46
So to claim that we're post-race when we
have yet to grapple with the impact
have yet to grapple with the impact
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因此， 当我们还没完全了解到种族区分
在黑人，拉丁美洲人，和土著的影响，
02:50
of race on black people,
Latinos or the indigenous
Latinos or the indigenous
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要宣称自己已成为了
一个“后种族概念”的社会可不诚实。
一个“后种族概念”的社会可不诚实。
02:53
is disingenuous.
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02:56
Just about the moment
we were preparing to celebrate
we were preparing to celebrate
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就当我们准备庆祝
我们“后种族概念”的未来，
02:58
our post-racial future,
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03:00
our political conditions became
the most racial they've been
the most racial they've been
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我们的政治环境是近50年
03:03
in the last 50 years.
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最关注种族的政治环境。
03:05
So today, I want to offer to you
three observations,
three observations,
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所以今天，我想把关于
时间的过去，现在，与未来的
时间的过去，现在，与未来的
03:08
about the past, the present
and the future of time,
and the future of time,
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三个观察与你们分享，
03:12
as it relates to the combating
of racism and white dominance.
of racism and white dominance.
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因为它对克服白色主义与种族主义有个联系。
03:16
First: the past.
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首先，谈过去。
03:19
Time has a history,
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时间有个历史，
03:21
and so do black people.
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黑人也有个历史。
03:23
But we treat time as though
it is timeless,
it is timeless,
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但我们把时间当成永恒，
03:26
as though it has always been this way,
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好似一向来都是这样，
03:28
as though it doesn't have
a political history
a political history
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好似它与
土著的土地掠夺，
03:31
bound up with the plunder
of indigenous lands,
of indigenous lands,
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土著的种族灭绝
03:33
the genocide of indigenous people
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与非洲人的家园被偷走无关。
03:35
and the stealing of Africans
from their homeland.
from their homeland.
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03:38
When white male European philosophers
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当欧洲白种男性思想家
03:40
first thought to conceptualize
time and history, one famously declared,
time and history, one famously declared,
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起初想到把时间与历史概念化，其中一个宣布：
03:45
"[Africa] is no historical
part of the World."
part of the World."
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“非洲在世界历史上没位子。”
03:50
He was essentially saying
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他的含义是
03:52
that Africans were people
outside of history
outside of history
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非洲人在历史没部分，
03:54
who had had no impact on time
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对时间没影响，
03:56
or the march of progress.
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对进展没贡献。
03:59
This idea, that black people
have had no impact on history,
have had no impact on history,
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这“黑人对历史没影响”的想法
04:03
is one of the foundational ideas
of white supremacy.
of white supremacy.
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是白色至上的基本思想之一。
也是卡特·伍德森在1926年创造“黑人历史周”的原因。
04:07
It's the reason that Carter G. Woodson
created "Negro History Week" in 1926.
created "Negro History Week" in 1926.
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04:11
It's the reason that we continue
to celebrate Black History Month
to celebrate Black History Month
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也是我们在美国每二月份庆祝“黑人历史月”的原因。
04:15
in the US every February.
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我们也看得出一种概念说
04:18
Now, we also see this idea
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04:21
that black people are people either
alternately outside of the bounds of time
alternately outside of the bounds of time
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黑人只能在时间的边界外面
或被卡在过去的概念，
04:25
or stuck in the past,
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04:27
in a scenario where,
much as I'm doing right now,
much as I'm doing right now,
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在一个好似现在的情形，
04:30
a black person stands up and insists
that racism still matters,
that racism still matters,
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有个黑人站起来，坚持种族主义值得我们的关注，
04:34
and a person, usually white,
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而有个人，通常一个白人
04:36
says to them,
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问他：
04:37
"Why are you stuck in the past?
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”你们为什么还卡在过去的概念？“
04:39
Why can't you move on?
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"为何不能走向未来？
04:42
We have a black president.
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我们已经有个黑人总统，
04:44
We're past all that."
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很明显看得出我们早已克服了种族主义。”
04:46
William Faulkner famously said,
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威廉·福克納曾经说过，
“历史不是死的。历史根本还没过去。”
04:48
"The past is never dead.
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04:51
It's not even past."
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04:53
But my good friend
Professor Kristie Dotson says,
Professor Kristie Dotson says,
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但我好朋友克莉斯蒂·多森教授说
04:57
"Our memory is longer than our lifespan."
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“我们的记忆比我们的寿命长。”
05:01
We carry, all of us,
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我们都背着
05:03
family and communal
hopes and dreams with us.
hopes and dreams with us.
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家庭与社区的希望与梦想。
05:09
We don't have the luxury
of letting go of the past.
of letting go of the past.
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我们没法放下过去。
05:13
But sometimes,
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可有时，
05:15
our political conditions are so troubling
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我们的政治状态让人忧虑，
05:17
that we don't know
if we're living in the past
if we're living in the past
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让我们不知道现在是活在过去
05:20
or we're living in the present.
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还是活在现在。
05:22
Take, for instance,
when Black Lives Matter protesters
when Black Lives Matter protesters
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比如所，当“黑人的命也是命”抗议者
05:24
go out to protest unjust killings
of black citizens by police,
of black citizens by police,
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出去抗议警方不公正的杀死黑人公民，
05:29
and the pictures that emerge
from the protest
from the protest
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所拍出来的照片好似有可能是在五十年前拍的。
05:32
look like they could have been
taken 50 years ago.
taken 50 years ago.
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05:35
The past won't let us go.
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历史可不放过我们。
05:38
But still, let us press our way
into the present.
into the present.
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研究了历史，就得看看现在的情况。
05:43
At present, I would argue
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我认为当今
05:45
that the racial struggles
we are experiencing
we are experiencing
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所经验的种族挣扎
05:48
are clashes over time and space.
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是关于时间与空间的挣扎。
05:52
What do I mean?
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这是什么意思呢？
05:54
Well, I've already told you
that white people own time.
that white people own time.
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我已告诉你们白人是时间的主人。
05:57
Those in power dictate
the pace of the workday.
the pace of the workday.
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他们有权控制工作日的步伐，
06:01
They dictate how much money
our time is actually worth.
our time is actually worth.
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有权控制时间与金钱的价值。
06:05
And Professor George Lipsitz argues
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而乔治·利比茨教授认为
06:08
that white people even dictate
the pace of social inclusion.
the pace of social inclusion.
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白人甚至有控制社会包容步伐的权利。
06:12
They dictate how long
it will actually take
it will actually take
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他们控制少数种族需要多长的时间
06:14
for minority groups to receive the rights
that they have been fighting for.
that they have been fighting for.
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才能得到所争取的基本权利。
06:19
Let me loop back to the past quickly
to give you an example.
to give you an example.
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让我很快地从历史中举个列子。
06:23
If you think about
the Civil Rights Movement
the Civil Rights Movement
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若你们想想看， 人民权利运动领导“自由”的喊叫
06:25
and the cries of its leaders
for "Freedom Now,"
for "Freedom Now,"
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06:28
they were challenging the slow pace
of white social inclusion.
of white social inclusion.
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是挑战白人社会包容的慢步伐。
06:32
By 1965, the year
the Voting Rights Act was passed,
the Voting Rights Act was passed,
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1965年，投票权法案终于被执行，
06:36
there had been a full 100 years
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非裔美国人得到了投票的权利，
06:38
between the end of the Civil War
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可这个时刻离南北战争已经有整整一百年。
06:39
and the conferral of voting rights
on African-American communities.
on African-American communities.
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06:43
Despite the urgency of a war,
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虽然社会的分裂是导致战争的主要原因之一，
06:45
it still took a full 100 years
for actual social inclusion to occur.
for actual social inclusion to occur.
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但却需要了整整一百年才得到所欲求的社会包容。
06:50
Since 2012,
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而自2012年，
06:52
conservative state legislatures
across the US have ramped up attempts
across the US have ramped up attempts
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美国保守州的立法团体设法
06:56
to roll back African-American
voting rights
voting rights
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去掉非裔美国人的投票权利。
06:58
by passing restrictive voter ID laws
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他们执行限制性的选民法律，
07:00
and curtailing early voting opportunities.
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缩短早期投票的机会。
07:03
This past July, a federal court
struck down North Carolina's voter ID law
struck down North Carolina's voter ID law
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去年七月份，联邦法庭驳回了
北卡罗来纳的选民法律，
北卡罗来纳的选民法律，
07:07
saying it "... targeted African-Americans
with surgical precision."
with surgical precision."
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说所执行的法律“特地对准非裔美国人，”
07:14
Restricting African-American inclusion
in the body politic
in the body politic
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限制非裔美国人的融入
07:18
is a primary way that we attempt
to manage and control people
to manage and control people
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是我们管理与控制时间与人的主要方式。
07:23
by managing and controlling time.
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07:26
But another place that we see
these time-space clashes
these time-space clashes
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但有我们也在如亚特兰大，布鲁克林里
07:29
is in gentrifying cities
like Atlanta, Brooklyn,
like Atlanta, Brooklyn,
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费城，新奥尔良和华盛顿特区
07:33
Philadelphia, New Orleans
and Washington, DC --
and Washington, DC --
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这些住着代代黑人的城市里
07:36
places that have had
black populations for generations.
black populations for generations.
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见证了同类的时间-空间的挣扎。
07:40
But now, in the name
of urban renewal and progress,
of urban renewal and progress,
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可现在，以城市化与进展之名，
07:43
these communities are pushed out,
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以“把他们带进21世纪”的理由，
07:45
in service of bringing them
into the 21st century.
into the 21st century.
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黑人渐渐被推出他们所居住的地方。
07:48
Professor Sharon Holland asked:
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雪伦·荷兰教授问道：
07:52
What happens when a person
who exists in time
who exists in time
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当一个只存在时间的人遇到一个只存在空间的人
07:55
meets someone who only occupies space?
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会发生什么事？
这些种族挣扎
08:00
These racial struggles
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08:02
are battles over those
who are perceived to be space-takers
who are perceived to be space-takers
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都是被视为空间占位者的人与
08:06
and those who are perceived
to be world-makers.
to be world-makers.
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被视为世界创作者的人的战争。
08:10
Those who control the flow
and thrust of history
and thrust of history
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控制历史走向的人，
08:13
are considered world-makers
who own and master time.
who own and master time.
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被视为时间的主人，世界的创造者。
08:17
In other words: white people.
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换句话来讲：这些人是白人。
08:20
But when Hegel famously said that Africa
was no historical part of the world,
was no historical part of the world,
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但当黑格尔著名的说非洲不属于世界的历史，
08:24
he implied that it was merely
a voluminous land mass
a voluminous land mass
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他默示非洲只是片体积大的土地
08:26
taking up space
at the bottom of the globe.
at the bottom of the globe.
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在地球的底部占位子。
08:29
Africans were space-takers.
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默示非洲人是空间占位者。
08:32
So today, white people continue to control
the flow and thrust of history,
the flow and thrust of history,
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因此今天白人继续控制时间的走向，
08:36
while too often treating black people
as though we are merely taking up space
as though we are merely taking up space
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而黑人被视为单单的空间占位者，
08:41
to which we are not entitled.
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而且所占位的空间不属于我们。
08:43
Time and the march of progress
is used to justify
is used to justify
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时间与进展被用来辩解
08:47
a stunning degree of violence
towards our most vulnerable populations,
towards our most vulnerable populations,
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我们对弱势群体暴力的一大部分。
08:52
who, being perceived as space-takers
rather than world-makers,
rather than world-makers,
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这些弱势群体被视为
空间占位者而不是世界创造者，
空间占位者而不是世界创造者，
08:57
are moved out of the places
where they live,
where they live,
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被逼出所居住的地方，
08:59
in service of bringing them
into the 21st century.
into the 21st century.
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以把他们带入21世纪。
09:03
Shortened life span according to zip code
is just one example of the ways
is just one example of the ways
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当生命根据邮编而缩短或加长，
09:08
that time and space cohere
in an unjust manner
in an unjust manner
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我们可以看出黑人得到不公平的时空凝聚
09:10
in the lives of black people.
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的例子之一。
09:12
Children who are born
in New Orleans zip code 70124,
in New Orleans zip code 70124,
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新奥尔良邮编70124的社区里有93%白人，
09:17
which is 93 percent white,
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而里面居住的孩子
09:19
can expect to live a full 25 years longer
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可以比居住在新奥尔良邮编70112，
09:22
than children born
in New Orleans zip code 70112,
in New Orleans zip code 70112,
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一个60%黑人的社区，
09:27
which is 60 percent black.
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长活25年。
09:30
Children born in Washington, DC's
wealthy Maryland suburbs
wealthy Maryland suburbs
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被生进华盛顿的富有马里兰郊区
09:34
can expect to live a full 20 years longer
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比生进市中心邻里的孩子
09:37
than children born
in its downtown neighborhoods.
in its downtown neighborhoods.
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长活20年。
09:41
Ta-Nehisi Coates argues
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塔-纳伊西·科特说道：
09:44
that, "The defining feature
of being drafted into the Black race
of being drafted into the Black race
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“逃不掉的时间抢劫是黑人的特征。”
09:50
is the inescapable robbery of time."
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09:53
We experience time discrimination,
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我们经历的时间歧视，
09:55
he tells us,
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不只是社会结构里的歧视，
09:56
not just as structural,
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09:58
but as personal:
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但也是私人的歧视：
09:59
in lost moments of joy,
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在所失去的欢乐时光，
10:01
lost moments of connection,
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所失去与人联系的时刻，
10:03
lost quality of time with loved ones
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所失去与亲人的宝贵时光，
10:06
and lost years of healthy quality of life.
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与所失去的健康生活水平显明。
10:12
In the future, do you see black people?
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你们所想象的未来有黑人的位置吗？
10:16
Do black people have a future?
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黑人有未来吗？
10:20
What if you belong
to the very race of people
to the very race of people
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如果你们属于一向来与时间竞争的种族，
10:22
who have always been pitted against time?
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你们会做什么呢？
10:26
What if your group is the group
for whom a future was never imagined?
for whom a future was never imagined?
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如果你们属于一个被忽略的种族，
你们会做什么呢？
你们会做什么呢？
10:32
These time-space clashes --
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这些时间-空间的挣扎，
10:33
between protesters and police,
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抗议者与警方之间，
10:36
between gentrifiers and residents --
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外人与居民之间 ，
10:38
don't paint a very pretty picture
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描述出一个美国对黑人
10:40
of what America hopes
for black people's future.
for black people's future.
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一个很惨淡的未来。
10:44
If the present is any indicator,
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若现今状况是个指示，
10:46
our children will be under-educated,
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非裔美国人的孩子会继续接受匮乏的教育，
10:48
health maladies will take their toll
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疾病会持续存在，
10:50
and housing will continue
to be unaffordable.
to be unaffordable.
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房租会继续增加。
10:54
So if we're really ready
to talk about the future,
to talk about the future,
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所以如果我们真正的准备谈一下未来，
10:57
perhaps we should begin
by admitting that we're out of time.
by admitting that we're out of time.
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也许我们应该先承认我们没时间了。
11:01
We black people
have always been out of time.
have always been out of time.
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我们黑人一向来没有时间。
11:05
Time does not belong to us.
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时间不属于我们。
11:07
Our lives are lives of perpetual urgency.
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我们的生命永远存在紧迫感。
11:10
Time is used to displace us,
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时间被利用来位移我们，
11:13
or conversely, we are urged
into complacency
into complacency
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或不断地叫我们有点耐心，
11:16
through endless calls to just be patient.
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催我们放松心情。
11:19
But if past is prologue,
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但如果过去是个序幕，
11:22
let us seize upon the ways in which
we're always out of time anyway
we're always out of time anyway
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那么，让我们抓住每一天，
11:25
to demand with urgency
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以紧急的心态
11:27
freedom now.
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要求我们的自由。
11:29
I believe the future is what we make it.
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我相信未来是由我们来创造。
11:32
But first, we have to decide
that time belongs to all of us.
that time belongs to all of us.
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但我们得先了解到：时间是我们大家的。
11:37
No, we don't all get equal time,
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不，我们所拥有的时间都不一样，
11:40
but we can decide that the time
we do get is just and free.
we do get is just and free.
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但我们可以以公正的方式
利用我们的时间。
利用我们的时间。
11:44
We can stop making your zip code
the primary determinant
the primary determinant
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我们可以停止让邮编成为我们寿命的
11:47
of your lifespan.
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主要影响因素之一。
11:49
We can stop stealing learning time
from black children
from black children
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我们可以停止以过度驱逐
11:51
through excessive use
of suspensions and expulsions.
of suspensions and expulsions.
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从黑人孩子的身上偷走宝贵的学习时间。
11:54
We can stop stealing time
from black people
from black people
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我们可以停止以过度监禁
11:56
through long periods
of incarceration for nonviolent crimes.
of incarceration for nonviolent crimes.
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从黑人偷走时间。
12:00
The police can stop
stealing time and black lives
stealing time and black lives
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警方可以控制所用的势力
12:03
through use of excessive force.
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以避免偷走黑人的时间和性命。
12:07
I believe the future is what we make it.
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我相信未来是由我们来创造。
12:10
But we can't get there
on colored people's time
on colored people's time
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可我们不能仅靠有色人种的时间，
12:14
or white time
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白人的时间，
12:16
or your time
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你的时间，
12:18
or even my time.
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甚至我的时间，来达到理想的未来。
12:20
It's our time.
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时间，是我们的。
12:23
Ours.
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12:24
Thank you.
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谢谢。
12:25
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Brittney Cooper - Cultural theoristWith scholarship and incisive commentary that exposes the marginalized narratives hidden within "mainstream" history, Brittney Cooper writes at the vanguard of cultural criticism.
Why you should listen
Brittney Cooper spends her days in conversation with college students about everything from feminism to hip hop. During her other waking hours, she uses digital platforms and blogging as a virtual classroom to incite her national readership to have more robust and honest conversations about racism, popular culture and how to take down the patriarchy. She is an Assistant Professor of Women's and Gender Studies and Africana Studies at Rutgers University.
Cooper's work and words have appeared on MSNBC, BET, NPR, PBS, the New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, TV Guide, New York Magazine, Salon.com, The Root.com and Al Jazeera America, among many others. She is a regular contributor at Cosmpolitan.com and co-founder of the Crunk Feminist Collective and blog. Cooper is author of two forthcoming books, Beyond Respectability: The Intellectual Thought of Race Women (University of Illinois Press 2017) and Never Scared: One Black Feminist's Refusal to Bow Down, Back Up, or Give In (St. Martin’s Press 2017) and editor of one co-edited volume, The Crunk Feminist Collection (The Feminist Press 2017).
Brittney Cooper | Speaker | TED.com