TEDMED 2013
Gary Slutkin: Let's treat violence like a contagious disease
加裏•斯拉金: 像治療傳染病那樣處理暴力事件
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加裏•斯拉金醫生用了十年多的時間在非洲防治結核病、霍亂和艾滋病等傳染病。回到美國後， 他以為自己已經從殘酷的傳染病死亡中脫身。當他開始認真研究槍支犯罪時，他發現暴力的蔓延模式和感染性疾病的擴散模式相似。這是一個對很多社區所無奈接受的暴力問題的全新視角。斯拉金醫生說，我們已經成功地防止了很多疾病，我們對暴力事件也可以這樣做。
Gary Slutkin - Epidemiologist
Could our culture have misdiagnosed violence? As the director of the initiative Cure Violence, Gary Slutkin approaches gunfire on neighborhood streets as a contagious disease, looking to science and public health for strategies to stop it. Full bio
Could our culture have misdiagnosed violence? As the director of the initiative Cure Violence, Gary Slutkin approaches gunfire on neighborhood streets as a contagious disease, looking to science and public health for strategies to stop it. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'm a physician trained in infectious diseases,
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我是一名治療傳染性疾病的醫生
00:17
and following my training,
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學業結束以後
00:19
I moved to Somalia
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我從舊金山
00:22
from San Francisco.
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搬到索馬利亞
00:24
And my goodbye greeting
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當時舊金山綜合醫院的
00:26
from the chief of infectious diseases
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傳染科主任
00:28
at San Francisco General was,
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送給我的離別致辭是
00:30
"Gary, this is the biggest mistake you'll ever make."
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”蓋瑞，這是你一生中最錯的決定。“
00:34
But I landed in a refugee situation
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當我在難民營落腳時
00:38
that had a million refugees in 40 camps,
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那裏有40個難民營收容了100萬難民
00:42
and there were six of us doctors.
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卻只有我們6個醫生
00:44
There were many epidemics there.
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流行病隨處可見
00:47
My responsibilities were largely related to
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我的職責主要是
00:49
tuberculosis,
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肺結核
00:51
and then we got struck by an epidemic of cholera.
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但我們隨即遇上了流行性霍亂。
00:55
So it was the spread of tuberculosis
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我負責阻止肺結核
00:57
and the spread of cholera
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和霍亂的
00:59
that I was responsible for inhibiting.
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大幅擴散。
01:04
And in order to do this work, we, of course,
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為了讓工作得以順利進行，
01:07
because of the limitation in health workers,
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我們數量有限的醫護人員
01:09
had to recruit refugees to be a specialized
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不得不從難民中招人
01:13
new category of health worker.
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特訓成醫護人員。
01:16
Following three years of work in Somalia,
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在索馬利亞工作了三年以後，
01:19
I got picked up by the World Health Organization,
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我被世界衛生組織選中
01:22
and got assigned to the epidemics of AIDS.
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從事防治愛滋病流行的工作。
01:25
My primary responsibility was Uganda,
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我的主要工作是在烏干達。
01:28
but also I worked in Rwanda and Burundi
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我也在盧安達、蒲隆地、
01:31
and Zaire, now Congo,
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薩伊、現在的剛果、
01:34
Tanzania, Malawi, and several other countries.
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坦尚尼亞、馬拉威和其他幾個國家。
01:37
And my last assignment there was to run a unit
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我最後一個任務是負責一個
01:40
called intervention development,
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叫介入性發展的機構。
01:42
which was responsible for designing interventions.
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這個機構主要負責設計介入性治療。
01:45
After 10 years of working overseas,
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10年的海外工作
01:48
I was exhausted.
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令我身心俱疲
01:50
I really had very little left.
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我幾乎身無分文
01:52
I had been traveling to one country after another.
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常年的四處奔波，
01:57
I was emotionally feeling very isolated.
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令我倍感孤獨無助。
02:00
I wanted to come home.
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我想回家歇歇。
02:02
I'd seen a lot of death,
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我看過太多的死亡，
02:04
in particular epidemic death,
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尤其是流行病造成的死亡，
02:07
and epidemic death has a different feel to it.
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它與一般死亡有些不同。
02:10
It's full of panic and fear,
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它充滿痛苦和恐懼
02:14
and I'd heard the women wailing and crying
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我在沙漠中聽過女人的
02:18
in the desert.
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慟哭和哀號。
02:20
And I wanted to come home and take a break
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我很想回家歇歇
02:22
and maybe start over.
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也許重新開始。
02:25
I was not aware of any epidemic problems
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在美國，我沒發現任何
02:28
in America.
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流行病的問題。
02:30
In fact, I wasn't aware of any problems in America.
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實際上，我沒覺得美國有任何問題。
02:33
In fact -- seriously.
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我是說真的。
02:35
And in fact I would visit friends of mine,
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我去拜訪我的朋友時
02:38
and I noticed that they had water
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我看到他們家裏有水
02:41
that came right into their homes.
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直接地流到家裏來
02:43
How many of you have such a situation?
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你們當中有多少人有這種設備？
02:45
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
02:46
And some of them, many of them actually,
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有些朋友，其實是很多朋友，
02:49
had water that came into more than one room.
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可以在家裏的不同房間取用水。
02:51
And I noticed that they would move
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我還發現他們在家裏安裝了
02:54
this little thermoregulatory device
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小巧的溫度調節器，
02:56
to change the temperature in their home
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可以一度一度地或者兩度兩度地調節
02:59
by one degree or two degrees.
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家裏的室內溫度。
03:01
And now I do that.
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我家現在也是這樣。
03:03
And I really didn't know what I would do,
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所以我不知道我該做什麽好。
03:07
but friends of mine began telling me
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但我的一個朋友告訴我
03:10
about children shooting other children with guns.
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關於青少年之間的槍擊事件。
03:14
And I asked the question,
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我就想
03:16
what are you doing about it?
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對這樣的事件你該做些什麽？
03:18
What are you in America doing about it?
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在美國你該些做什麼？
03:20
And there were two essential explanations
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大家都知道主要有兩種方案
03:22
or ideas that were prevalent.
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或者說方法。
03:24
And one was punishment.
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一個是懲罰。
03:26
And this I had heard about before.
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我以前就聽說過的方法。
03:29
We who had worked in behavior
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我們以前研究行為學
03:31
knew that punishment was something that was discussed
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知道懲罰是經常被探討的方法。
03:35
but also that it was highly overvalued.
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但它也是個被高估的方法。
03:38
It was not a main driver of behavior,
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它不是行為的主要動力，
03:40
nor was it a main driver of behavior change.
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也不是改變行為的主要動力。
03:44
And besides that, it reminded me
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而且，它讓我意識到
03:46
of ancient epidemics
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過去歷史上的流行病
03:48
that were previously completely misunderstood
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就曾經被完全曲解。
03:51
because the science hadn't been there before,
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因為當時的科學尚未發展足夠
03:54
epidemics of plague
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瘟疫、
03:56
or typhus or leprosy,
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斑疹傷寒和麻瘋病的疫區中
03:59
where the prevalent ideas were that there were
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大家都普遍認為
04:02
bad people or bad humors or bad air,
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疫區裡有不好的人、不好的環境、或不好的空氣
04:06
and widows were dragged around the moat,
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解決方式之一是
04:08
and dungeons were part of the solution.
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把寡婦被拖到護城河或地牢中
04:12
The other explanation or, in a way,
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另一種方案，或者說，
04:14
the solution suggested,
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解決方法是
04:16
is please fix all of these things:
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改善所有的設施：
04:19
the schools, the community, the homes, the families,
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學校、公共場所、私人住處、各個家庭，以及
04:22
everything.
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所有的東西。
04:23
And I'd heard this before as well.
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我也同樣知道這個方法
04:25
I'd called this the "everything" theory,
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我把這叫做“凡事”理論
04:28
or EOE: Everything On Earth.
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又稱世上萬物
04:31
But we'd also realized
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但是我們也認識到
04:32
in treating other processes and problems
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在治療的過程中
04:36
that sometimes you don't need to treat everything.
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有時候你並不需要改變所有的東西。
04:39
And so the sense that I had
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所以我感覺
04:41
was there was a giant gap here.
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人們的認知上有一個鴻溝。
04:44
The problem of violence was stuck,
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暴力問題陷入僵局
04:46
and this has historically been the case
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這歷來都是
04:49
in many other issues.
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其他重大問題的特點。
04:50
Diarrheal diseases had been stuck.
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腹瀉病曾陷入僵局
04:51
Malaria had been stuck.
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瘧疾也曾陷入僵局
04:53
Frequently, a strategy has to be rethought.
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通常情況下，一個治療方案必需進行反思。
04:55
It's not as if I had any idea what it would look like,
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不是說我知道應該怎麽做，
04:59
but there was a sense that we would have to do
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我是覺得我們需要
05:02
something with new categories of workers
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和新類型的工作者一起來解決這個問題，
05:04
and something having to do with behavior change
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改變人們的行事態度，
05:06
and something having to do with public education.
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與公家教育體制一起合作。
05:11
But I began to ask questions
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我開始提出問題，
05:13
and search out the usual things
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和搜尋以前研究過的
05:15
that I had been exploring before,
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一些常見指標
05:17
like, what do the maps look like?
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比如說，分布圖是什麽樣的？
05:19
What do the graphs look like?
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圖表是什麽樣的？
05:20
What does the data look like?
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數據又是什麽樣的？
05:22
And the maps of violence
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在美國大部分的城市，
05:25
in most U.S. cities
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暴力事件的分布圖
05:26
looked like this.
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就像這個。
05:28
There was clustering.
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是叢集分布的
05:30
This reminded me of clustering that we'd seen also
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這讓我意識到我們以前見過的流行傳染病
05:33
in infectious epidemics,
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就是叢集分布的。
05:35
for example cholera.
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比如說霍亂
05:37
And then we looked at the maps,
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我們觀察曲線圖發現
05:40
and the maps showed this typical wave
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曲線圖裏有這樣的典型曲線。
05:42
upon wave upon wave,
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一個波形疊著一個波形的分布。
05:44
because all epidemics
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因為所有的流行病
05:45
are combinations of many epidemics.
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都跟著其他流行病發生。
05:48
And it also looked like infectious epidemics.
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而暴力事件的曲線圖和流行病的曲線圖也很相似。
05:51
And then we asked the question,
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然後我們問，
05:53
well what really predicts a case of violence?
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怎樣預警暴力案件呢？
05:56
And it turns out that the greatest predictor
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結果我們發現 對一個暴力事件的最好預警
05:59
of a case of violence is a preceding case of violence.
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就是上一次的暴力事件
06:02
Which also sounds like, if there is a case of flu,
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這就跟流感疫情相似，
06:05
someone gave someone a case of flu, or a cold,
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就像某人把流感，或者感冒傳給別人
06:08
or the greatest risk factor of tuberculosis
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結核病最大的罹患因素就是
06:10
is having been exposed to tuberculosis.
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結核病的接觸史。
06:13
And so we see that violence is, in a way,
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我們發現暴力事件，在某種程度上，
06:16
behaving like a contagious disease.
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很像傳染病的爆發。
06:19
We're aware of this anyway
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其實，我們可以了解到
06:21
even in our common experiences
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在日常生活中
06:23
or our newspaper stories
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或者媒體的報導中
06:25
of the spread of violence from fights
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爭吵中的暴力會蔓延成
06:28
or in gang wars or in civil wars
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幫派鬥爭，內戰，
06:31
or even in genocides.
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甚至種族屠殺。
06:33
And so there's good news about this, though,
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但有個好消息，就是
06:36
because there's a way to reverse epidemics,
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我們有治療傳染病的方式。
06:39
and there's really only three things that are done
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只要做好三件事就可以
06:41
to reverse epidemics,
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阻止傳染病的發生。
06:43
and the first of it is interrupting transmission.
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第一點就是切斷傳播途徑。
06:45
In order to interrupt transmission,
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為了切斷傳播途徑，
06:47
you need to detect and find first cases.
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我們需要找到第一個案例。
06:51
In other words, for T.B. you have to find somebody
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就是說，如果是結核病，你必須要找到
06:54
who has active T.B. who is infecting other people.
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誰有活動性結核病菌，誰會把結核病傳染給別人。
06:57
Make sense?
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合理吧？
06:59
And there's special workers for doing that.
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我們有專業人員來做這個工作。
07:01
For this particular problem,
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對這樣特定的問題，
07:03
we designed a new category of worker
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我們設計出新類型的工作者
07:05
who, like a SARS worker
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就像 SARS (非典) 的工作者，
07:06
or someone looking for bird flu,
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或禽流感的工作者，
07:08
might find first cases.
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他們可能找到首例患病者
07:10
In this case, it's someone who's very angry
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在暴力事件裏，起因是有人
07:12
because someone looked at his girlfriend
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因為別人看了他的女朋友一眼
07:14
or owes him money,
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或者欠了他的錢而動怒
07:16
and you can find workers and train them
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你可以找到一些人，訓練他們成為
07:18
into these specialized categories.
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特殊類型的工作者。
07:21
And the second thing to do, of course,
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第二點呢，當然就是
07:23
is to prevent further spread,
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防止擴散。
07:24
that means to find who else has been exposed,
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就是說，要找到誰有可能被牽涉進去。
07:28
but may not be spreading so much right now
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雖然他可能不會很快被牽涉
07:30
like someone with a smaller case of T.B.,
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就像在結核病傳染的小型案例裏一樣。
07:33
or someone who is just hanging out in the neighborhoods,
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有人可能只是的街頭鄰居
07:36
but in the same group,
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但是在同個活動範圍裏
07:37
and then they need to be, in a way,
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那麽這些人就需要以某種方式，
07:40
managed as well,
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被好好管理
07:41
particular to the specific disease process.
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就象處理某些特殊疾病的過程一樣
07:44
And then the third part, the shifting the norms,
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第三點就是，恢復到正常。
07:47
and that means a whole bunch of community activities,
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就是整個社區活動的
07:51
remodeling, public education,
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重新建構和公共教育
07:53
and then you've got what you might call
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然後你可以做到所謂的
07:55
group immunity.
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“群體免疫”。
07:56
And that combination of factors
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這幾個因素的結合
07:58
is how the AIDS epidemic in Uganda
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當年使我們成功地阻止了
08:01
was very successfully reversed.
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愛滋病在烏干達的擴散
08:03
And so what we decided to do in the year 2000
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在2000年我們決定嘗試
08:06
is kind of put this together in a way
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把這些因素結合起來。
08:08
by hiring in new categories of workers,
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首先我們雇用了一些新類型的工作者，
08:10
the first being violence interruptors.
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也就是首起暴力事件的阻止人。
08:13
And then we would put all of this into place
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然後我們把三個因素全部運用到
08:16
in one neighborhood
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某個社區，
08:17
in what was the worst police district
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也就是美國國內
08:19
in the United States at the time.
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某個治安最差的地區。
08:21
So violence interruptors hired from the same group,
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暴力阻止者是從同一社區子裡選出來
08:24
credibility, trust, access,
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有信譽、值得信任、能接近他人，
08:27
just like the health workers in Somalia,
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就像在索馬利亞的那些醫護工作者一樣
08:30
but designed for a different category,
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只不過他們為不同的目的而工作
08:32
and trained in persuasion,
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他們受訓學習如何勸說別人，
08:34
cooling people down, buying time, reframing.
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讓人息怒，拖延時間，轉變他的態度。
08:38
And then another category of worker,
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還有其他類別的員工，
08:40
the outreach workers, to keep people
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外展服務人員
08:42
in a way on therapy for six to 24 months.
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讓人接受6到24個月的“治療”。
08:46
Just like T.B., but the object is behavior change.
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就像結核病的治療，但目標是行為上的改變。
08:49
And then a bunch of community activities
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然後一些社區活動就會
08:51
for changing norms.
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恢復正常
08:53
Now our first experiment of this
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我們首次實驗結果
08:55
resulted in a 67-percent drop
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顯示在芝加哥的西加菲爾德地區
08:58
in shootings and killings
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槍擊和殺人案件
08:59
in the West Garfield neighborhood of Chicago.
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減少了67％
09:02
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
09:04
And this was a beautiful thing
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這對一個社區來說
09:05
for the neighborhood itself,
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是一件非常好的事
09:07
first 50 or 60 days, then 90 days,
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剛開始堅持了50或60天，然後是90天，
09:10
and then there was unfortunately another shooting
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在接下來的90天中
09:11
in another 90 days,
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僅發生了一件不幸的槍擊事件。
09:13
and the moms were hanging out in the afternoon.
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那些社區裏的媽媽們開始在下午一起出來散步
09:15
They were using parks they weren't using before.
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他們開始利用他們以前不曾利用的公園
09:18
The sun was out. Everybody was happy.
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太陽出來了。每個人都很開心。
09:20
But of course, the funders said, "Wait a second,
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當然，有些捐款人會說
09:23
do it again."
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“等等，再試一次。”
09:25
And so we had to then, fortunately,
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所以呢，我們幸運地
09:28
get the funds to repeat this experience,
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拿到了資金來重複這個實驗。
09:31
and this is one of the next four neighborhoods
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在實驗中的四個社區之一
09:33
that had a 45-percent drop in shootings and killings.
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槍擊和殺人案件減少了45%
09:36
And since that time, this has been replicated
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從那時開始，這個實驗已經被重複了
09:38
20 times.
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20次
09:40
There have been independent evaluations
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我們的實驗被獨立評估過
09:42
supported by the Justice Department
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評估是由司法部門和
09:44
and by the CDC and performed by Johns Hopkins
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疾病預防控制中心和約翰霍普金斯大學來進行
09:47
that have shown 30-to-50-percent and 40-to-70-percent
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評估結果顯示，使用我們的新方法
09:51
reductions in shootings and killings
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槍擊和殺人案件
09:53
using this new method.
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減少到了 30~50% 和 40~60%
09:55
In fact, there have been three independent
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實際上，我們的工作到目前為止已經通過了
09:56
evaluations of this now.
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三次的獨立評估。
09:58
Now we've gotten a lot of attention as a result of this,
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我們的工作也因此受到了很多人的矚目
10:00
including being featured on
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其中包括
10:03
The New York Times' Sunday magazine cover story.
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《紐約時報》周日雜誌的封面故事
10:07
The Economist in 2009
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2009年的《經濟學家》雜誌曾說
10:09
said this is "the approach that will come to prominence."
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"這種方法將被廣泛使用“
10:12
And even a movie was made around our work.
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甚至有一部電影是講述關於我們的工作
10:14
[The Interrupters]
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[中斷]
10:15
However, not so fast,
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但是，先不要急，
10:18
because a lot of people did not agree
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因為很多人還不同意
10:19
with this way of going about it.
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我們的做法。
10:21
We got a lot of criticism,
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我們受到了很多的批評，
10:23
a lot of opposition,
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很多的反對意見，
10:25
and a lot of opponents.
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很多的敵對態度。
10:27
In other words, what do you mean, health problem?
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像是，為什麼你說這是健康問題？
10:30
What do you mean, epidemic?
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為什麼你稱它為流行病？
10:32
What do you mean, no bad guys?
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為什麼你說沒有壞人？
10:35
And there's whole industries designed
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整個業界早已經有
10:37
for managing bad people.
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管理壞人的方法
10:40
What do you mean, hiring people
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你說雇用有(不良)背景的人
10:43
who have backgrounds?
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是什麽意思？
10:45
My business friends said,
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我商界的朋友說，
10:50
"Gary, you're being criticized tremendously.
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”蓋瑞，你竟然受到這麼多批評
10:53
You must be doing something right."
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你一定是做了一些好事！“
10:55
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
10:57
My musician friends added the word "dude."
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我的音樂家朋友還外加了 ”兄弟“ 一詞
11:00
So anyway, additionally,
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總之
11:04
there was still this problem,
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這仍然是個問題
11:06
and we were getting highly criticized as well
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還有另外一種批評是
11:09
for not dealing with all of these other problems.
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我們的工作無法處理所有的問題。
11:12
Yet we were able to manage malaria
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目前為止，我們能控制瘧疾，
11:15
and reduce HIV and reduce diarrheal diseases
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減少愛滋病和腹瀉的發病，
11:18
in places with awful economies
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在那些貧困的
11:20
without healing the economy.
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經濟沒有復甦的地區。
11:22
So what's actually happened is,
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所以實際上，
11:24
although there is still some opposition,
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儘管有一些反對意見，
11:27
the movement is clearly growing.
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很明顯大家都行動起來了。
11:29
Many of the major cities in the U.S.,
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美國的很多大城市，
11:31
including New York City and Baltimore
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包括紐約市、巴爾的摩
11:33
and Kansas City,
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和堪薩斯城
11:34
their health departments are running this now.
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他們的衛生部門在開展著類似的工作
11:36
Chicago and New Orleans, the health departments
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芝加哥和紐奧良的衛生部門
11:39
are having a very large role in this.
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扮演著重大的角色
11:41
This is being embraced more by law enforcement
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執法單位也比過去
11:44
than it had been years ago.
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1979
更能接受這些做法
11:46
Trauma centers and hospitals
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創傷中心和醫院
11:48
are doing their part in stepping up.
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也在不斷跟進
11:50
And the U.S. Conference of Mayors
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美國市長聯會
11:52
has endorsed not only the approach
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已經核准不僅要開展類似的工作
11:55
but the specific model.
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而且要作為特別模式來做
11:57
Where there's really been uptake even faster
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在國際上
12:00
is in the international environment,
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有著更迅速的行動
12:02
where there's a 55-percent drop
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在波多黎各的第一個施行社區
12:04
in the first neighborhood in Puerto Rico,
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案件減少了55%
12:07
where interruptions are just beginning in Honduras,
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在宏都拉斯的工作正在著手進行
12:09
where the strategy has been applied in Kenya
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在肯亞最近的選舉活動中
12:12
for the recent elections,
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我們的方式也被列入政策中
12:15
and where there have been 500 interruptions in Iraq.
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伊拉克已經完成了500次阻斷犯罪的工作
12:18
So violence is responding as a disease
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所以，暴力事件可以當作疾病來對待，
12:21
even as it behaves as a disease.
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它的表現形式就像是疾病一樣
12:24
So the theory, in a way,
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這個理論在某方面來說
12:26
is kind of being validated by the treatment.
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在處理的過程中得到了驗證
12:30
And recently, the Institute of Medicine
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最近，美國醫學研究所 (IOM)
12:33
came out with a workshop report
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提出一個研究報告
12:35
which went through some of the data,
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根據一些數據
12:37
including the neuroscience,
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其中包括神經科學
12:39
on how this problem is really transmitted.
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來解釋暴力是如何傳播的
12:43
So I think this is good news,
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我認為這是一個好消息
12:46
because it allows us an opportunity
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因為這些研究讓我們有機會
12:48
to come out of the Middle Ages,
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走出以往的
12:49
which is where I feel this field has been.
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中世紀般的陳舊思維。
12:52
It gives us an opportunity to consider the possibility
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這些研究給我們重新考慮
12:55
of replacing some of these prisons
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把一些監獄變成
12:58
with playgrounds or parks,
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休閒場所和公園的可能性。
13:01
and to consider the possibility
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重新考慮
13:04
of converting our neighborhoods into neighborhoods,
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重建我們的社區的可能性
13:08
and to allow there to be a new strategy,
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採用新的策略
13:11
a new set of methods, a new set of workers:
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新的方法，新類型的工作者
13:15
science, in a way, replacing morality.
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某方面用科學的方法來替代道德
13:19
And moving away from emotions
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平息情緒
13:21
is the most important part of the solution
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是解決問題中最重要的一部分
13:24
to science as a more important part of the solution.
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用科學的方法是更加重要的。
13:28
So I didn't mean to come up with this at all.
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我不是說全部都能用我們的方法來解決
13:33
It was a matter of,
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重要的是，
13:36
I wanted actually a break,
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我想要突破，
13:37
and we looked at maps, we looked at graphs,
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讓我們能夠看著分布圖，看著圖表，
13:42
we asked some questions
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提出一些問題，
13:43
and tried some tools
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然後使用一些
13:46
that actually have been used many times before
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以前在其他方面運用過很多次的
13:49
for other things.
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方法。
13:51
For myself, I tried to get away from
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對我自己來說，我曾試圖從
13:54
infectious diseases,
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感染性疾病中脫身
13:56
and I didn't.
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可是我沒有。
13:58
Thank you.
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謝謝大家！
13:59
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Gary Slutkin - EpidemiologistCould our culture have misdiagnosed violence? As the director of the initiative Cure Violence, Gary Slutkin approaches gunfire on neighborhood streets as a contagious disease, looking to science and public health for strategies to stop it.
Why you should listen
Gary Slutkin is an epidemiologist, an innovator in violence reduction, and the Founder/Executive Director of Cure Violence, formerly known as CeaseFire. As a physician, he began his career working in Somalian refugee camps, where tuberculosis and cholera epidemics flared up regularly. He went on to work for the World Health Organization on reversing epidemics, supporting Uganda’s AIDS program which helped the country reversed the course of the disease. Upon returning to the United States, it occurred to him: could gun violence function like an epidemic? And could it be fought, and even stopped, using the principles of public health?
Slutkin has applied the lessons learned over a decade of fighting epidemics to the creation of Cure Violence, a public health approach that has been statistically validated by two independent evaluations by the Department of Justice and Centers for Disease Control. Cure Violence has been called a "pioneering violence reduction model" and its methods have received nods from the Institute of Medicine and the U.S. Conference of Mayors. The program is being replicated at more than 50 sites in 15 U.S. cities, as well as in many countries abroad.
Dr. Sultkin is an Ashoka Fellow, a Professor of Epidemiology and International Health at the University of Illinois at Chicago, and a senior advisor to the World Health Organization.
Gary Slutkin | Speaker | TED.com