TEDIndia 2009
Shukla Bose: Teaching one child at a time
蘇克拉‧波絲：教育孩子，一個一個來
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Readability: 3.5
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蘇克拉‧波絲認為，教育貧窮孩子的任務，不是以數量規模決定成敗。她對聽眾分享自己創辦Parikrma人道基金會的經驗，說明基金會如何跳脫令人生畏的統計數據，專注於教好一個又一個孩子，將希望帶進印度的貧民區。
Shukla Bose - Education activist
Shukla Bose is the founder and head of the Parikrma Humanity Foundation, a nonprofit that runs four extraordinary schools for poor children. Full bio
Shukla Bose is the founder and head of the Parikrma Humanity Foundation, a nonprofit that runs four extraordinary schools for poor children. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I'm standing in front of you today
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今天我站在各位的面前，
00:19
in all humility,
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很榮幸地，
00:21
wanting to share with you
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想要與你們分享
00:23
my journey of the last six years
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過去六年來我所經歷
00:26
in the field of service
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在服務
00:28
and education.
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以及教育的領域所走過的旅程。
00:30
And I'm not a trained academic.
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我並非受過專業訓練的學術人員，
00:33
Neither am I a veteran social worker.
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也不是身經百戰的社會工作者。
00:36
I was 26 years in the corporate world,
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當時我才26歲，在企業工作，
00:39
trying to make organizations profitable.
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努力幫公司賺錢。
00:42
And then in 2003
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然後，在2003年，
00:44
I started Parikrma Humanity Foundation
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我成立了Parikrma人道基金會，
00:48
from my kitchen table.
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一切就從我的廚房桌子上開始。
00:50
The first thing that we did was walk through the slums.
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我們做的第一件事，是走訪貧民區。
00:54
You know, by the way, there are two million people
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對了，你們知道吧，在班加羅爾有800個貧民區，
00:57
in Bangalore, who live in 800 slums.
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住著200萬人。
01:02
We couldn't go to all the slums,
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我們沒辦法走訪所有的貧民區，
01:05
but we tried to cover as much as we could.
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但是我們盡力而為。
01:07
We walked through these slums,
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我們走訪這些貧民區，
01:09
identified houses where children would never go to school.
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找出那些沒有讓孩子去上學的家庭。
01:14
We talked to the parents,
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我們跟那些父母談，
01:16
tried to convince them about sending their children to school.
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努力說服他們讓孩子去上學。
01:20
We played with the children,
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我們和那些孩子們一起玩，
01:22
and came back home really tired,
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拜訪完回到家，真是累壞了，
01:25
exhausted, but with images
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累癱了。但是我們都記得
01:28
of bright faces, twinkling eyes,
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孩子們煥發神采的臉龐、閃耀光芒的眼睛，
01:31
and went to sleep.
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這樣的影像伴我們入眠。
01:34
We were all excited to start,
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當時我們都熱切地想要開始推動，
01:37
but the numbers hit us then:
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但任務如此龐大，使我們難以招架。
01:41
200 million children
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有2億個兒童，
01:43
between four to 14 that
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年齡在4至14歲之間，
01:45
should be going to school, but do not;
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本該接受教育，但是卻沒有去上學。
01:47
100 million children
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有1億個兒童，
01:49
who go to school but cannot read;
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已經上學，卻沒有學會閱讀，
01:52
125 million who cannot do basic maths.
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還有1億2千5百萬個兒童不會簡單的數學。
01:57
We also heard that 250 billion Indian rupees
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我們還得知，印度政府有兩千五百億盧比
02:02
was dedicated for government schooling.
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教育的經費預算，
02:05
Ninety percent of it was spent on teachers' salary
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但其中百分之90都是用來付教師的薪水，
02:08
and administrators' salary.
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以及行政人員的薪水。
02:10
And yet, India has nearly
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還有，印度的教師曠職率
02:12
the highest teacher absenteeism
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幾乎是全球
02:15
in the world,
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最高的。
02:17
with one out of four teachers
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每四個教師當中，就有一個
02:19
not going to school at all the entire academic year.
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一整個學年從未到過學校。
02:23
Those numbers were absolutely mind-boggling,
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這樣的數字實在太驚人了，
02:27
overwhelming, and we were constantly asked,
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讓人難以置信。於是一直有人來問我們
02:30
"When will you start? How many schools will you start?
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"你們什麼時候要開始？""會成立幾所學校？"
02:33
How many children will you get?
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會收多少個學生？
02:35
How are you going to scale?
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你們會如何推展？
02:37
How are you going to replicate?"
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你們會如何複製經驗？
02:39
It was very difficult not to get scared, not to get daunted.
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那時，真的很難不害怕，很難不氣餒。
02:43
But we dug our heels
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但我們堅守初衷，
02:45
and said, "We're not in the number game.
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告訴自己：我們不以數量或規模為目標。
02:48
We want to take one child at a time
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我們要一個一個地教好孩子，
02:52
and take the child right through school,
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把孩子送進學校，讓他們接受完整教育，
02:55
sent to college,
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讓他們上大學。
02:57
and get them prepared for better living,
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讓他們準備好，去過更好的生活，
03:01
a high value job."
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做有價值的工作。
03:04
So, we started Parikrma.
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於是，我們成立了Parikrma，
03:07
The first Parikrma school
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第一所Parikrma學校是在
03:09
started in a slum
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一個貧民區裡成立的
03:11
where there were 70,000 people
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那裡有7萬個居民，
03:14
living below the poverty line.
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都過著貧窮線以下的生活。
03:17
Our first school was
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最初，第一所學校的所在地
03:20
on a rooftop of a building inside the slums,
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是在貧民區內一棟建築物的頂樓。
03:25
a second story building, the only second story building
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那是一棟兩層樓建築，也是貧民區裡
03:27
inside the slums.
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唯一的一棟兩層樓建築。
03:29
And that rooftop did not have
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而且頂上沒有天花板，
03:32
any ceiling, only half a tin sheet.
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只有一半覆蓋著一層鐵皮。
03:36
That was our first school. One hundred sixty-five children.
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那就是我們的第一所學校。有165個學童。
03:40
Indian academic year begins in June.
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在印度，新學年是從六月開始。
03:42
So, June it rains, so many a times
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六月常常在下雨，有很多次
03:45
all of us would be huddled under the tin roof,
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我們擠在鐵皮屋頂下躲雨，
03:48
waiting for the rain to stop.
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等著雨停。
03:50
My God! What a bonding exercise that was.
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天哪，那真是培養感情的好機會。
03:55
And all of us
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當時一起在屋頂下躲雨的我們，
03:57
that were under that roof are still here together today.
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到現在都還在一起。
04:01
Then came the second school,
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後來，我們成立了第二所學校，
04:03
the third school, the fourth school
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第三所學校，第四所學校，
04:06
and a junior college.
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以及一所專科學校。
04:08
In six years now,
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至今為止，六年來
04:11
we have four schools, one junior college,
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我們共成立了四所學校，一所專科學校。
04:14
1,100 children
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共有一千一百個學童。
04:16
coming from 28 slums
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他們來自28個貧民區，以及
04:18
and four orphanages.
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4所孤兒院。
04:20
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
04:23
Our dream is very simple:
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我們的夢想非常簡單，
04:26
to send each of these kids, get them prepared
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就是要讓這些孩子準備好，
04:29
to be educated
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去過他們的人生、接受教育，
04:32
but also to live peacefully,
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而且能夠過著安穩的日子，
04:34
contented in this conflict-ridden
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在這個充滿衝突、全球化的混亂世界，
04:37
chaotic globalized world.
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能過得自在滿足。
04:41
Now, when you talk global
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好，說到全球化，
04:43
you have to talk English.
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你必須能夠說英語。
04:45
And so all our schools
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因此我們的每一所學校
04:47
are English medium schools.
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都是用英語教學。
04:50
But they know there is this myth
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大家都以為，
04:52
that children from the slums
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這些來自貧民區的孩子
04:54
cannot speak English well.
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不太會說英語。
04:57
No one in their family has spoken English.
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在這些孩子的家中，沒有人是會說英語的。
04:59
No one in their generation has spoken English.
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在他們的同輩當中，也沒有人在說英語。
05:03
But how wrong it is.
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大家都錯了。
05:05
Girl: I like adventurous books, and some of my favorites
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影片：女孩：我喜歡看冒險的書，其中我最喜歡的是
05:08
are Alfred Hitchcock and [unclear]
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希區考克，還有［語意不清］
05:12
and Hardy Boys.
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還有哈迪男孩（Hardy Boys）。
05:14
Although they are like
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這三個很像，但是
05:16
in different contexts,
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故事的背景不一樣。
05:18
one is magical, the other two are like investigation,
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其中一個是魔幻故事，另外兩個則是偵探故事。
05:21
I like those books because
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我喜歡這些書是因為
05:24
they have something special in them.
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他們都有很特別的地方，
05:26
The vocabulary used in those books
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書裡面用的字彙，
05:28
and the style of writing.
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還有寫作的方式，
05:31
I mean like once I pick up one book
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我是說，每次我一拿起書來看，
05:33
I cannot put it down until I finish the whole book.
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就欲罷不能，非看完不可。
05:36
Even if it takes me four and a half hours,
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即使要花四個半小時，
05:38
or three and half hours to finish my book, I do it.
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或三個半小時才看得完。我還是會看。
05:41
Boy: I did good research and I got the information
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男孩：我很會做研究。我找到有關全世界
05:44
[on the] world's fastest cars.
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跑得最快的車的資料。
05:47
I like Ducati ZZ143,
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我喜歡Ducati ZZ143，
05:53
because it is the fastest,
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因為它是跑得最快的，
05:55
the world's fastest bike,
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全世界最快的摩托車。
05:57
and I like Pulsar 220 DTSI
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我喜歡Passat 220 GTSI，
06:01
because it is India's fastest bike. (Laughter)
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因為它是印度跑最快的摩托車。
06:04
Shukla Bose: Well, that girl that you saw,
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是的，你們剛剛看到的那個女孩，
06:08
her father sells flowers on the roadside.
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她的爸爸是在街頭賣花。
06:11
And this little boy has been coming to school for five years.
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而這個小男孩已經上學五年了。
06:15
But isn't it strange that little boys all over the world
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不過真奇怪，怎麼全世界的小男生
06:19
love fast bikes? (Laughter)
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都喜歡跑得快的車？
06:22
He hasn't seen one, he hasn't ridden one, of course,
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他從來沒看過車子。當然也從來沒騎過，
06:25
but he has done a lot of research through Google search.
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但是他用Google搜尋，做了很多的研究。
06:30
You know, when we started with our English medium schools
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在我們成立學校，用英語教學的同時，
06:33
we also decided to adopt
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我們也決定要盡可能採用
06:35
the best curriculum possible,
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最好的課程。
06:37
the ICSE curriculum.
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印度中等教育認證(ICSE)課程。
06:39
And again, there were people who laughed at me
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然後，同樣地，有人嘲笑我們，
06:42
and said, "Don't be crazy
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告訴我們："你們瘋了嗎？
06:44
choosing such a tough curriculum for these students.
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竟然用這麼困難的課程來教這些學生？
06:47
They'll never be able to cope."
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他們永遠學不會。"
06:49
Not only do our children cope very well,
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結果，我們的學生不但學得會，
06:52
but they excel in it.
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還學得非常好。
06:54
You should just come across to see
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你們真該來看看
06:56
how well our children do.
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我們的孩子學得有多好。
06:59
There is also this myth that
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本來一般人都以為，
07:01
parents from the slums
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貧民區的父母們
07:04
are not interested in their children going to school;
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並不熱衷讓他們的孩子去上學，
07:07
they'd much rather put them to work.
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他們寧可叫孩子去工作。
07:09
That's absolute hogwash.
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那絕對是一派胡言。
07:11
All parents all over the world
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全世界的為人父母者，
07:13
want their children to lead a better life than themselves,
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都希望孩子能夠過得比自己更好。
07:17
but they need to believe that change is possible.
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但他們得先相信這種改變是可能做到的。
07:22
Video: (Hindi)
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影片：(北印度語)
07:58
SB: We have 80 percent attendance
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蘇克拉‧波絲：我們學校的親師面談，
08:01
for all our parents-teachers meeting.
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出席率有八成，
08:03
Sometimes it's even 100 percent,
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有時候甚至可以達到百分之百，
08:05
much more than many privileged schools.
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比許多明星學校都要好得多。
08:08
Fathers have started to attend.
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學生的父親開始會來參加，
08:10
It's very interesting. When we started our school
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很有趣。記得學校剛成立時，
08:13
the parents would give thumbprints in the attendance register.
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家長們在出席登記時是蓋指印，
08:18
Now they have started writing their signature.
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現在，他們開始會簽自己的名字，
08:22
The children have taught them.
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這是孩子教他們的。
08:24
It's amazing how much children can teach.
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孩子能教的東西之多，實在很驚人。
08:28
We have, a few months ago,
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幾個月前，
08:31
actually late last year,
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事實上就是去年年底，
08:33
we had a few mothers who came to us and said,
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有幾個媽媽來找我們，跟我們說：
08:35
"You know, we want to learn how to read and write.
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"我們想要學習讀書和寫字。"
08:39
Can you teach us?" So, we started an afterschool
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"可以教我們嗎？" 於是我們成立了課後補習班，
08:42
for our parents, for our mothers.
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招收家長，招收媽媽們，
08:44
We had 25 mothers who came regularly
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有25位媽媽固定會來，
08:46
after school to study.
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在學校放學之後來上課。
08:49
We want to continue with this program
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我們打算繼續推動這樣的課程，
08:51
and extend it to all our other schools.
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並且在我們所有的學校都實施。
08:55
Ninety-eight percent of our fathers are alcoholics.
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我們學生的父親，有百分之98都有酗酒問題。
08:58
So, you can imagine how traumatized
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所以你可以想像學生們的家庭環境
09:00
and how dysfunctional the houses are where our children come from.
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充滿著怎樣的精神創傷，家庭失去了應有的功能。
09:04
We have to send the fathers to de-addiction labs
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我們得把這些酗酒的父親送去戒酒中心。
09:09
and when they come back,
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等他們戒了酒，清醒地回到家，
09:11
most times sober, we have to find a job for them
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我們得幫他們找工作，
09:15
so that they don't regress.
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這樣他們才不會重蹈覆轍。
09:17
We have about three fathers who have been trained to cook.
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其中有三位父親，接受了廚藝的訓練。
09:21
We have taught them nutrition, hygiene.
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我們教他們營養學、衛生知識，
09:26
We have helped them set up the kitchen
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還協助他們設立廚房，
09:28
and now they are supplying food to all our children.
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現在他們負責為學校的孩子供應餐點。
09:31
They do a very good job because
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他們做得非常好，因為
09:34
their children are eating their food,
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他們的孩子願意吃他們準備的餐點。
09:36
but most importantly this is the first time
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不過，更重要的是，這是他們第一次
09:38
they have got respect,
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獲得敬重，
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and they feel that they are doing something worthwhile.
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而且他們感到自己做的事有價值。
09:44
More than 90 percent of our non-teaching staff
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在我們學校，教師以外的職員有九成以上
09:47
are all parents and extended families.
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是學生的父母或親戚。
09:51
We've started many programs
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我們開設了許多課程，
09:53
just to make sure that the child comes to school.
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確保孩子們來上學。
09:57
Vocational skill program for the older siblings
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年紀較長的學生可以上職業技能訓練課程，
10:00
so the younger ones are not stopped from coming to school.
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這樣他們的弟弟妹妹就不會被阻止來上學。
10:04
There is also this myth that children from the slums
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一般人認為，出身自貧民區的孩子
10:07
cannot integrate with mainstream.
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無法融入主流社會。
10:11
Take a look at this little girl
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來看看這個小女孩，
10:13
who was one of the 28 children
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她跟另外二十七個
10:16
from all privileged schools,
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來自全國各地最好的
10:18
best schools in the country
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明星學校的學生在一起，
10:20
that was selected for the Duke University
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她獲選參加美國杜克大學的
10:23
talent identification program
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資優生鑑定方案，
10:25
and was sent to IIM Ahmedabad.
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並因此前往印度亞美達巴德管理學院。
10:28
Video: Girl: Duke IIMA Camp. Whenever we see that IIMA,
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影片：女孩：[語意不清] 每次我們看到
10:31
it was such a pride for us to go to that camp.
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能夠參加那個營隊是多麼令人驕傲。
10:34
Everybody was very friendly,
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我們去到那裡，每個人都很親切，
10:37
especially I got a lot of friends.
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而且我交到很多的好朋友。
10:40
And I felt that my English has improved a lot
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我覺得去到那裡，跟朋友交談等等，
10:42
going there and chatting with friends.
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使我的英語進步了很多。
10:45
There they met children who are
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在那裡，我認識
10:49
with a different standard and
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不同生活水準的人，
10:53
a different mindset, a totally different society.
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有不同的想法。完全不同的社會環境。
10:56
I mingled with almost everyone.
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各種人我都去接觸。
10:59
They were very friendly.
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他們非常親切友善。
11:01
I had very good friends there,
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我在那裡交到很多好朋友。
11:03
who are from Delhi, who are from Mumbai.
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有的人從德里來，有的人從孟買來。
11:07
Even now we are in touch through Facebook.
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到現在我們還用Facebook保持聯絡。
11:11
After this Ahmedabad trip
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在這次的亞美達巴德之行後，
11:15
I've been like a totally different
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我變得跟以前完全不一樣，
11:18
mingling with people and all of those.
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會跟各種各樣的人來往、做朋友。
11:20
Before that I feel like I wasn't like this.
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我覺得以前的我並不是這樣的，
11:23
I don't even mingle, or start speaking with someone so quickly.
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以前我不會這麼快去認識別人，或主動去攀談。
11:27
My accent with English improved a lot.
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我的英語口音進步了很多，
11:32
And I learned football, volleyball,
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我學會了足球、排球、
11:35
Frisbee, lots of games.
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飛盤，以及很多的遊戲。
11:37
And I wouldn't want to go to Bangalore. Let me stay here.
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現在我不想回去班加羅爾，我想待在這裡。
11:40
Such beautiful food,
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這裡食物很美味，
11:42
I enjoyed it. It was so beautiful.
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我很喜歡，真的很棒。
11:45
I enjoyed eating food like
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我喜歡享用食物，因為
11:47
[unclear] would come and ask me,
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[語意不清] 會過來問我，
11:52
"Yes ma'am, what you want?" It was so good to hear!
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"小姐，妳想要什麼？" 聽到這種話真好！
11:54
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
11:56
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
12:00
SB: This girl was working as a maid
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這個女孩在去上學之前，
12:02
before she came to school.
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做著女傭的工作，
12:04
And today she wants to be a neurologist.
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而現在她想要當神經科學家。
12:08
Our children are doing brilliantly in sports.
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我們的學生在運動方面表現得很優秀，
12:12
They are really excelling.
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他們真的學得很好。
12:14
There is an inter-school athletic competition
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每一年，班加羅爾會舉辦一次
12:17
that is held every year
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校際的體育競賽，
12:20
in Bangalore, where 5,000 children participate
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會有來自全市最好的140所學校的
12:24
from 140 best schools in the city.
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5000個學童參加，
12:27
We've got the best school award for three years successively.
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而我們連續三年贏得了最佳學校獎。
12:34
And our children are coming back home
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當比賽結束，我們的學生都帶著
12:36
with bags full of medals, with lots of admirers and friends.
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滿滿的獎牌、滿滿的讚譽和友誼回家。
12:40
Last year there were a couple of kids
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去年，有一些菁英學校的學生
12:44
from elite schools that came
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來找我們，
12:46
to ask for admissions in our school.
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希望到我們的學校來上學。
12:48
We also have our very own dream team.
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我們也有我們自己的夢幻團隊。
12:53
Why is this happening? Why this confidence?
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這一切是怎麼來的？自信是怎麼來的？
12:55
Is it the exposure? We have professors
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是媒體曝光的關係嗎？我們的師資
12:59
from MIT, Berkeley, Stanford,
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來自麻省理工學院、柏克萊、史丹福、
13:02
Indian Institute of Science
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印度科學院，
13:04
who come and teach our children lots of scientific formulas,
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他們來我們學校，教導孩子科學方程式、
13:08
experiments, much beyond the classroom.
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作實驗，也不是只在教室裡講課。
13:11
Art, music are considered
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美術、音樂被當成
13:14
therapy and mediums of expression.
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治療，以及表達的媒介。
13:18
We also believe that
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我們也相信
13:21
it's the content that is more important.
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教育的內容至關重要。
13:25
It is not the infrastructure,
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而不是看硬體設備有多好。
13:29
not the toilets, not the libraries,
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不是廁所，也不是圖書館，
13:32
but it is what actually happens in this school
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而是在學校裡實際發生的事情
13:35
that is more important.
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比較重要。
13:37
Creating an environment of learning,
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創造一個學習的環境、
13:40
of inquiry, of exploration
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一個研究與探索的環境，
13:43
is what is true education.
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才是真正的教育。
13:45
When we started Parikrma
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在創辦Parikrma之初，
13:47
we had no idea which direction we were taking.
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我們並不清楚該走什麼方向，
13:50
We didn't hire McKinsey to do a business plan.
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我們沒有找麥肯錫公司來訂定營運計畫，
13:53
But we know for sure that
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但我們現在很確定，
13:56
what we want to do today is
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我們想要做的就是
14:00
take one child at a time,
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教好一個又一個孩子，
14:02
not get bogged with numbers,
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而不是以規模取勝。
14:04
and actually see the child complete
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我們要確實看到孩子們完成
14:08
the circle of life,
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人生的旅程，
14:10
and unleash his total potential.
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釋放他全部的潛能。
14:14
We do not believe in scale
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我們不相信規模，
14:18
because we believe in quality,
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因為我們相信，當品質達到了，
14:20
and scale and numbers will automatically happen.
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規模和數量自然會達成。
14:24
We have corporates that have stood behind us,
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我們有企業在背後支持我們，
14:27
and we are able to, now, open more schools.
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現在我們能夠成立更多的學校。
14:30
But we began with the idea
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但我們秉持最初的理念，
14:32
of one child at a time.
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一次教好一個孩子。
14:34
This is five-year-old Parusharam.
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帕魯沙拉現在五歲，
14:37
He was begging
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幾年前他在某個巴士站
14:39
by a bus stop a few years ago,
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乞討度日，
14:41
got picked up and is now in an orphanage,
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後來被送到孤兒院。
14:44
has been coming to school for the last four and a half months.
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四個半月前，他開始上學，
14:48
He's in kindergarten.
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現在念幼稚園。
14:50
He has learned how to speak English.
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他學會了說英語，
14:52
We have a model by which kids can speak English
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我們有一套方法可以教孩子們說英語，
14:55
and understand English
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理解英語，
14:57
in three month's time.
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只需要三個月的時間。
14:59
He can tell you stories in English
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現在他可以用英語講故事給你們聽，
15:02
of the thirsty crow, of the crocodile
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口渴烏鴉的故事、鱷魚的故事，
15:04
and of the giraffe.
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還有長頸鹿的故事。
15:06
And if you ask him what he likes to do
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如果你問他，他喜歡做什麼，
15:08
he will say, "I like sleeping.
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他會[用英語]說，"我喜歡睡覺、
15:10
I like eating. I like playing."
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我喜歡吃東西、我喜歡玩"。
15:13
And if you ask him what he wants to do,
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如果你問他，他想做些什麼，
15:15
he will say, "I want to horsing."
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他會[用英語]說，"我想horsing"。
15:17
Now, "horsing" is going for a horse ride.
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他說的horsing意思是騎馬。
15:20
So, Parusharam comes to my office every day.
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帕魯沙拉每天都會來我辦公室，
15:23
He comes for a tummy rub,
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他來搓肚子，
15:26
because he believes that will give me luck. (Laughter)
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因為他相信那樣能帶給我幸運。
15:28
When I started Parikrma
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在創辦Parikrma之初，
15:31
I began with a great deal of arrogance
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我懷抱著驕傲的雄心，
15:35
of transforming the world.
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想要改造這個世界。
15:37
But today I have been transformed.
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但現在是我被改造了。
15:40
I have been changed with my children.
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我被我的孩子們改變了。
15:42
I've learned so much from them:
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我在他們的身上學到好多，
15:45
love, compassion, imagination
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愛、同情心、想像力，
15:48
and such creativity.
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以及創造力。
15:51
Parusharam is Parikrma
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帕魯沙拉就代表Parikrma，
15:55
with a simple beginning but a long way to go.
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我們從簡單的地方開始，但還有很長的路要走。
15:58
I promise you, Parusharam
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帕魯沙拉，我答應你，
16:00
will speak in the TED conference a few years from now.
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幾年後我要再來TED的會議演講。
16:04
Thank you.
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謝謝大家。
16:06
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Shukla Bose - Education activistShukla Bose is the founder and head of the Parikrma Humanity Foundation, a nonprofit that runs four extraordinary schools for poor children.
Why you should listen
The word "Parikrma" implies a full revolution, a complete path around -- and Shukla Bose's Parikrma Humanity Foundation offers literally that to kids in poor urban areas around Bangalore. Parikrma's four Schools of Hope teach the full, standard Indian curriculum to children who might not otherwise see the inside of a classroom, with impressive results. Equally important, the schools build an "end-to-end" environment that supports learning -- offering lunch every day, health-care and family support. Beyond these schools, Parikrma has inaugurated several afterschool programs and has plans for setting up a central teacher-training hub.
Bose left behind a corporate career in 1992 to found Parikrma with a small group of friends. The nonprofit holds itself to formal business goals and strict accountability, and has developed some clever fundraising and marketing campaigns. As Bose puts it, the goal of Parikrma is to help build a better India by tapping its greatest strength: the vitality and potential of its people.
Shukla Bose | Speaker | TED.com