Nina Fedoroff: A secret weapon against Zika and other mosquito-borne diseases
نينا فيدوروف: السلاح السري في مكافحة زيكا وغيره من الأمراض التي ينقلها البعوض
Nina Fedoroff writes and lectures about the history and science of genetically modified organisms. Full bio
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it's a relatively mild disease --
لمعظم الكبار،
joint pain, maybe a rash.
وربما طفح جلدي.
don't even know they've had it.
أنهم مصابون به.
about the Zika virus
have noticed an uptick
syndrome in recent outbreaks.
في الأمراض المتفشية في الآونة الأخيرة.
attacks your nerve cells
لديكم يهاجمُ خلاياكم العصبية
or even totally paralyze you.
أو حتى كليًا.
and most people recover.
ويتعافى معظم الناس.
when you're infected
عندما تصاب به
with what's called microcephaly.
in northeastern Brazil
منطقة شمال شرق البرازيل
after a Zika outbreak,
بعد انتشار زيكا،
in the incidence of microcephaly.
by the Zika virus,
the evidence" type,
and how did it get here?
it came out of Africa,
فإنه أتى من أفريقيا،
Yellow Fever Research Institute
in a monkey in the Zika forest
في "غابة زيكا"
in Uganda-Tanzania.
Pakistan, India, Malaysia, Indonesia.
باكستان والهند وماليزيا وأندونيسيا.
and, of course, mosquitoes.
وبطبيعة الحال في البعوض.
it was first identified in 1947 and 2007
الذي تم تحديده لأول مرة في عام 1947 و 2007
of human Zika fever.
لحمى زيكا البشرية.
on the tiny Micronesian Yap islands.
لولايات ميكرونيسيا المتحدة.
fully 75 percent of the population.
commercial airline passengers.
الخطوط الجوية التجارية.
fly halfway around the world
والسفر نصف الطريق حول العالم
if they develop symptoms at all.
هذا إذا ظهرت الأعراض أصلًا.
begin to bite them and spread the fever.
في لدغهم ونشر الحمّى.
in 2013 in French Polynesia.
في بولينزيا الفرنسية.
transmitted locally by the mosquitoes.
تم نقله محليًا من قبل البعوض.
almost 30,000 people were affected.
30,000 شخص تقريبًا.
Islands, in New Caledonia,
وفي كاليدونيا الجديدة،
of South America and Easter Island.
إلى ساحل أمريكا الجنوبية وجزيرة القيامة.
of a dengue-like syndrome
تشبه "متلازمة حمى الضنك"
in northeastern Brazil.
and it spread rapidly --
بل كان (زيكا) وقد انتشر بسرعة،
center, soon became the epicenter.
المدينة الكبيرة المركزية، بؤرة للمرض.
2014 World Cup soccer fans
عام 2014
it was Pacific Islanders
ربما سكان جزر المحيط الهادي
that brought it in.
هم من جلب الفيروس للبلاد.
by mosquitoes
Central America, Mexico
وأمريكا الوسطى، والمكسيك
thousands of cases
were contracted elsewhere.
تمّ إصابتها في مكانٍ آخر.
transmitted locally in Miami.
تم نقلها محليًا في (ميامي).
or about eliminating the mosquitoes.
على البعوض.
الموبوءة بزيكا.
and apply insect repellent.
because there isn't a vaccine yet
لأنه لا يوجد لقاح حتى الآن.
for a couple of years.
a foolproof protection either
it can be sexually transmitted.
أن ينتقل عن طريق الاتصال الجنسي.
insect repellent does work ...
يؤدي الغرض
and here's how we control them now:
وإليكم الآن كيفية السيطرة عليه،
because these are toxic chemicals
هي مواد كيميائية سامة
to kill a person than to kill a bug.
لقتل شخص من قتل حشرة.
Brazil and Nicaragua.
من (ميامي في ولاية فلوريدا).
insecticides from planes.
من الطائرات.
in Dorchester County, South Carolina,
في مقاطعة دورشستر/ ولاية كارولينا الجنوبية
an insecticide,
مبيد خطير للإنسان والحشرات،
as recommended by the manufacturer.
قالت إحدى مربيات النحل للصحفيين
like it had been nuked.
ضربت بقنبلة نووية.
but spraying continued.
in the number of Zika fever cases.
aren't very effective.
perhaps more effective than spraying
أكثر من الرش
than toxic chemicals?
من المواد الكيميائية السامة؟
author of "Silent Spring,"
مؤلفة كتاب "الربيع الصامت".
the environmental movement.
في بداية الحركة البيئية.
as an example,
pest of livestock
للثروة الحيوانية
extraordinary story today.
when we were writing an editorial
retold that story.
أعدنا كتابة تلك القصة.
that's the immature form of the insect --
هذا هو الشكل غير الناضج للحشرة،
grown to adulthood
ونمت لمرحلة البلوغ
all over the Southwest,
في كل أنحاء الجنوب الغربي،
and into Central America
إلى المكسيك وأمريكا الوسطى
from little airplanes,
من الطائرات الصغيرة،
that terrible insect pest
to how we can do that today --
بذلك اليوم
but with our knowledge of genetics.
ولكن بمعرفتنا بعلم الوراثة.
أو بعوضة الحمى الصفراء.
vector of diseases,
الناقلة للأمراض،
Chikungunya, West Nile virus
وشيكونغونيا وفيروس غرب النيل
that does the dirty work.
بالعمل القذر.
to feed her offspring.
have the mouth parts to bite.
أجزاء الفم للدغ.
genetically modified that mosquito
بتعديل هذه البعوضة وراثيًا
its eggs don't develop to adulthood.
لا ينمو بيضها لمرحلة البلوغ.
when the male mates with the wild female
عندما يتزواج الذكر بالأنثى الجامحة
just diagrammatically how they do it.
بصورة بيانية فقط.
of a mosquito cell,
represents its genome,
محتواها الوراثي، أو الجينيوم،
by this orange ball
بهذه الكرة البرتقالية
to keep cranking out more of that protein.
على إنتاج المزيد من البروتين.
go and gum up the mosquitoes' genes,
تذهبُ وتتلف جينات البعوض،
they use a compound called tetracycline.
يستخدمون مركبا لمضاد حيوي يدعى تتراسايكلن.
and allows normal development.
ويسمحُ بالنمو الطبيعي.
so that they could study what happens.
لكي يستطيعوا دراسة ما الذي يجري.
that makes the insect glow under UV light
تتوهج تحت ضوء الأشعة فوق البنفسجية
they could follow exactly how far it went
كان بإمكانهم تتبع مسيرتها تمامًا
and all of the kinds of data
and at this stage
وفي هذه المرحلة
into the males and the females
to grow to adulthood.
that males don't bite.
and drive around the city,
من قبل نظام التموضع العالمي(GPS).
releasing the first batch
this is an American city, but it's not.
إنها ليست كذلك.
of dengue by 91 percent.
بــنسبة 91%.
spraying can do.
أي رش للمبيد الحشري.
biological control in the US?
الرائع في الولايات الأمريكية؟
a genetically modified organism.
if the FDA would let them
لو سمحت لهم إدارة الغذاء والدواء (ِFDA)
when Zika arrives.
of GM regulation in the US
بتنظيم التعديل الوراثي في أمريكا
regulate genetically modified organisms:
تنظمُ الكائنات المعدلة وراثيًا:
Protection Agency,
of Agriculture.
to decide that it would be the FDA
أن على إدارة الغذاء والدواء
modified mosquito.
if that makes any sense.
إذا بدا ذلك ذو معنى أو منطقيًا.
and forth and back and forth
ذهابًا وإيابًا ومرة تلو المرة
that this would not harm people,
بأن هذا لن يضر البشر،
permission to run a little test
أعطوهم تصريحًا بإجراء اختبار صغير
when they Keys had an outbreak of dengue.
عندما كان لدى (كيز) انتشارًا لحمى الضنك.
mosquitoes tested in their community
معدّل وراثيًا في مجتمعهم
the internet with this cuddly logo,
مع شعار يظهرُ الحب والمودة
some 160,000 signatures
in just a couple of weeks
would be permitted at all.
these better ways of controlling insects.
هذه الوسائل للسيطرة على الحشرات.
of more than 60 legislators
مكونة من أكثر من 60 مشرعًا
(سيلفيا بورويل)
expedite access for Florida
تسريع حصول فلوريدا،
very much more environmentally friendly
وصديقة للبيئة بشكلٍ أكبر
which are toxic chemicals.
والتي هي كيماويات سامة.
time; it's true today.
وهذا صحيح اليوم.
enormously more information
من المعلومات الهائلة
to use that information
لاستخدام تلك المعلومات
is aroused your curiosity enough
بما فيه الكفاية
not into just GM mosquitoes
ليس فقط نحو البعوض المعدّل وراثيًا
organisms that are so controversial today.
المثيرة للجدل اليوم.
through all of the misinformation,
كل المعلومات المضللة،
and the Greenpeaces
ومنظمة السلام الأخضر
the accurate science,
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Nina Fedoroff - Molecular biologistNina Fedoroff writes and lectures about the history and science of genetically modified organisms.
Why you should listen
Nina Fedoroff serves as science adviser to several organizations, including OFW Law and the Global Knowledge Initiative (GKI) in Washington, DC and the Santa Fe Institute in Santa Fe, NM. With former Secretary of Agriculture Jack Block, she recently published a New York Times editorial titled "Mosquito vs. Mosquito in the Battle Over the Zika Virus."
Fedoroff was trained as a molecular biologist and geneticist at the Rockefeller University in New York City. The university awarded her an honorary doctorate in 2008 as one of its most distinguished alumni on the occasion of its 50th anniversary.
Fedoroff's early scientific accomplishments include analyzing a curious enzyme that replicates the RNA genome of a tiny RNA virus and sequencing of one the first genes ever to be sequenced. On the strength of this work, she was appointed a member of the scientific staff of the Carnegie Institution for Science’s Department of Embryology. Her most important contributions began when she met the legendary biologist Barbara McClintock in 1978. She was intrigued by McClintock’s pioneering work on transposable elements, commonly known as "jumping genes," in corn plants.
McClintock's work was purely genetic, hence Fedoroff set out to study her jumping genes at the molecular level. That meant figuring out how to clone plant genes, none of which had yet been cloned. In fact, people had begun to wonder whether plant genes could be cloned at all. Solving the technical problems, Fedoroff and her students unraveled the molecular details of how these mobile DNA sequences move and how the plants exert epigenetic control of their movement. This work led to her election to the National Academy of Sciences in 1990. Her capstone book on transposable elements entitled Plant Transposons and Genome Dynamics in Evolution ,was published in 2013.
Fedoroff moved the Penn State University in 1995 as the Director of the Biotechnology Institute and Vern M. Willaman Chair in Life Sciences. Here she organized a multidisciplinary graduate and research program now known as the Huck Institute of the Life Sciences. Her laboratory research shifted to understanding how plants respond to stress and how they process small regulatory RNAs from larger precursors. She also began to dance Argentine tango. And she wrote a book with science writer Nancy Marie Brown titled Mendel in the Kitchen: A Scientist’s View of Genetically Modified Foods.
The year 2007 was marked by two extraordinary events in Fedoroff's life. She was named a National Medal of Science laureate for 2006 and she was appointed as the Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary of State by then-Secretary of State Condoleeza Rice. The science advisory position gave her an unexpected bully pulpit to talk about the importance of science in diplomacy, about which she was interviewed by Claudia Dreifus of the New York Times. It also gave her many opportunities to talk about genetic modification and GMOs all over the world. Realizing that development efforts would benefit from increased involvement of scientists, she organized the GKI, an NGO that builds collaborative networks around problems requiring scientific and technological input.
Completing her advisory work at the State Department in 2010, Fedoroff was recruited to the new King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) as a Distinguished Professor of the Life Sciences. At KAUST, Fedoroff organized a Center for Desert Agriculture, seeking to address the difficulties facing agriculture in increasingly populous dryland areas.
Today Fedoroff continues write and lecture internationally, most recently keynoting the 2017 Mantua Food and Science Festival in Mantua, Italy. She continues to dance tango, traveling to Buenos Aires each of the past couple of years.
Nina Fedoroff | Speaker | TED.com