Nina Fedoroff: A secret weapon against Zika and other mosquito-borne diseases
Нина Фёдорова: Секретное оружие против лихорадки Зика и других заболеваний, переносящихся комарами
Nina Fedoroff writes and lectures about the history and science of genetically modified organisms. Full bio
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it's a relatively mild disease --
это довольно лёгкое заболевание —
joint pain, maybe a rash.
боль в суставах, возможна сыпь.
don't even know they've had it.
даже не подозревают, что заболели.
about the Zika virus
have noticed an uptick
syndrome in recent outbreaks.
Гийена-Барре в последних случаях.
attacks your nerve cells
атакует нервные клетки,
or even totally paralyze you.
частично или даже полностью.
and most people recover.
и большинство людей восстанавливаются.
when you're infected
деформированная голова.
with what's called microcephaly.
с так называемой микроцефалией.
in northeastern Brazil
after a Zika outbreak,
после вспышки Зики,
in the incidence of microcephaly.
by the Zika virus,
было вызвано вирусом Зика,
the evidence" type,
кто всегда требует доказательств,
and how did it get here?
it came out of Africa,
Yellow Fever Research Institute
исследования жёлтой лихорадки
in a monkey in the Zika forest
у обезьяны из леса Зика,
in Uganda-Tanzania.
в Уганде и Танзании.
по Западной Африке
Pakistan, India, Malaysia, Indonesia.
по Пакистану, Индии, Малайзии, Индонезии.
and, of course, mosquitoes.
и, конечно, комаров.
it was first identified in 1947 and 2007
впервые обнаружен в 1947-м, и по 2007 год
of human Zika fever.
лихорадки Зика у человека.
on the tiny Micronesian Yap islands.
островах Яп случилось что-то необычное.
fully 75 percent of the population.
целых 75% населения.
commercial airline passengers.
пассажиров коммерческих авиакомпаний.
fly halfway around the world
в самолёт и пролететь полмира
if they develop symptoms at all.
если симптомы вообще проявятся.
begin to bite them and spread the fever.
кусают их и распространяют лихорадку.
in 2013 in French Polynesia.
во Французской Полинезии.
transmitted locally by the mosquitoes.
она распространилась по всей местности.
almost 30,000 people were affected.
которой пострадали почти 30 000 человек.
вокруг Тихого океана.
Islands, in New Caledonia,
в Новой Каледонии,
of South America and Easter Island.
Южной Америки и острова Пасхи.
of a dengue-like syndrome
похожих на лихорадку денге,
in northeastern Brazil.
в северо-восточной Бразилии.
and it spread rapidly --
а вирус Зика, он быстро распространялся —
center, soon became the epicenter.
вниз по побережью, вскоре стал эпицентром.
2014 World Cup soccer fans
фанаты Чемпионата мира 2014-го
it was Pacific Islanders
это были жители тихоокеанских островов,
по гребле на каноэ,
that brought it in.
by mosquitoes
Central America, Mexico
Центральной Америке, Мексике
thousands of cases
were contracted elsewhere.
вирус был подхвачен в другом месте.
transmitted locally in Miami.
or about eliminating the mosquitoes.
либо устранение комаров.
в места с вирусом.
and apply insect repellent.
и пользоваться репеллентами.
because there isn't a vaccine yet
потому что их ещё не существует
for a couple of years.
ещё ближайшие пару лет.
a foolproof protection either
надёжная защита,
it can be sexually transmitted.
передаётся половым путем.
insect repellent does work ...
от насекомых помогает...
and here's how we control them now:
и мы контролируем их так:
because these are toxic chemicals
так как эти химические вещества токсичны
to kill a person than to kill a bug.
чтобы убить человека.
Brazil and Nicaragua.
insecticides from planes.
инсектициды с самолёта.
in Dorchester County, South Carolina,
за контроль над комарами в Дорчестере,
an insecticide,
распылять инсектицид «Налед»
as recommended by the manufacturer.
пчеловод рассказала журналистам,
like it had been nuked.
на неё сбросили атомную бомбу.
but spraying continued.
но распыление продолжалось.
in the number of Zika fever cases.
лихорадки Зика тоже увеличивалось.
aren't very effective.
не очень эффективны.
perhaps more effective than spraying
более эффективное, чем распыление,
than toxic chemicals?
биологического контроля
author of "Silent Spring,"
автором «Безмолвной весны»,
the environmental movement.
экологического движения.
as an example,
pest of livestock
насекомом-вредителе для скота,
extraordinary story today.
об этой удивительной истории.
when we were writing an editorial
когда писали статью
retold that story.
пересказали эту историю.
that's the immature form of the insect --
это незрелая форма насекомого —
grown to adulthood
были выращены до взрослого состояния,
all over the Southwest,
по всему юго-западу,
and into Central America
и в Центральной Америке,
from little airplanes,
из маленьких самолётов,
that terrible insect pest
этих ужасных насекомых-вредителей
написания этой статьи
to how we can do that today --
как мы можем это сделать сегодня —
but with our knowledge of genetics.
познаниями в генетике.
жёлтолихорадочный комар.
vector of diseases,
переносчик болезней,
Chikungunya, West Nile virus
вируса лихорадки Западного Нила
that does the dirty work.
to feed her offspring.
и покормить своё потомство.
have the mouth parts to bite.
даже нет органа, чтобы кусать.
genetically modified that mosquito
генетически модифицировала этого комара,
its eggs don't develop to adulthood.
яйца не развились до взрослого состояния.
when the male mates with the wild female
что когда самец спарился с дикой самкой,
just diagrammatically how they do it.
как они это сделали.
of a mosquito cell,
represents its genome,
by this orange ball
представленный этим оранжевым шариком,
to keep cranking out more of that protein.
и продолжает производить больше белка.
go and gum up the mosquitoes' genes,
they use a compound called tetracycline.
используют тетрациклин.
and allows normal development.
и позволяет развиваться нормально.
so that they could study what happens.
чтобы можно было изучать результаты.
that makes the insect glow under UV light
светиться под лучами ультрафиолета,
they could follow exactly how far it went
можно было отслеживать, куда оно полетело,
and all of the kinds of data
всевозможные данные
and at this stage
into the males and the females
на мужские и женские особи,
to grow to adulthood.
that males don't bite.
наполненные самцами комаров,
and drive around the city,
и повезли по городу,
releasing the first batch
this is an American city, but it's not.
американский город, но это не так.
of dengue by 91 percent.
уменьшилось на 91%.
spraying can do.
распыление любого инсектицида.
biological control in the US?
биологический контроль в США?
a genetically modified organism.
генетически модифицированный организм.
if the FDA would let them
что если FDA разрешит их,
when Zika arrives.
когда придёт Зика.
of GM regulation in the US
регуляции ГМ в США.
regulate genetically modified organisms:
генетически модифицированные организмы:
надзору за качеством
Protection Agency,
EPA — Агентство охраны
of Agriculture.
Министерство сельского хозяйства.
to decide that it would be the FDA
наконец определились, что именно FDA
modified mosquito.
генетически модифицированных комаров.
if that makes any sense.
для животных, если это имеет смысл.
and forth and back and forth
that this would not harm people,
permission to run a little test
разрешение провести небольшой эксперимент
when they Keys had an outbreak of dengue.
когда на Кис была вспышка денге.
mosquitoes tested in their community
генетически модифицированных комаров,
the internet with this cuddly logo,
с симпатичным логотипом,
some 160,000 signatures
160 000 подписей.
in just a couple of weeks
всего через пару недель,
would be permitted at all.
разрешены испытания.
these better ways of controlling insects.
в лучших способах контроля над насекомыми.
of more than 60 legislators
из более чем 60 членов
expedite access for Florida
уровне разрешила доступ к Флориде
very much more environmentally friendly
и безвредным для окружающей среды,
which are toxic chemicals.
ядовитых химикатов.
time; it's true today.
Рейчел Карсон; это правда и сейчас.
enormously more information
что у нас есть намного больше знаний
to use that information
использовать эти знания
is aroused your curiosity enough
пробудит в вас интерес
not into just GM mosquitoes
не только ГМ комаров,
organisms that are so controversial today.
организмов, очень острой теме сейчас.
through all of the misinformation,
и отсеете всю дезинформацию
and the Greenpeaces
продуктов и «Гринписов»
the accurate science,
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Nina Fedoroff - Molecular biologistNina Fedoroff writes and lectures about the history and science of genetically modified organisms.
Why you should listen
Nina Fedoroff serves as science adviser to several organizations, including OFW Law and the Global Knowledge Initiative (GKI) in Washington, DC and the Santa Fe Institute in Santa Fe, NM. With former Secretary of Agriculture Jack Block, she recently published a New York Times editorial titled "Mosquito vs. Mosquito in the Battle Over the Zika Virus."
Fedoroff was trained as a molecular biologist and geneticist at the Rockefeller University in New York City. The university awarded her an honorary doctorate in 2008 as one of its most distinguished alumni on the occasion of its 50th anniversary.
Fedoroff's early scientific accomplishments include analyzing a curious enzyme that replicates the RNA genome of a tiny RNA virus and sequencing of one the first genes ever to be sequenced. On the strength of this work, she was appointed a member of the scientific staff of the Carnegie Institution for Science’s Department of Embryology. Her most important contributions began when she met the legendary biologist Barbara McClintock in 1978. She was intrigued by McClintock’s pioneering work on transposable elements, commonly known as "jumping genes," in corn plants.
McClintock's work was purely genetic, hence Fedoroff set out to study her jumping genes at the molecular level. That meant figuring out how to clone plant genes, none of which had yet been cloned. In fact, people had begun to wonder whether plant genes could be cloned at all. Solving the technical problems, Fedoroff and her students unraveled the molecular details of how these mobile DNA sequences move and how the plants exert epigenetic control of their movement. This work led to her election to the National Academy of Sciences in 1990. Her capstone book on transposable elements entitled Plant Transposons and Genome Dynamics in Evolution ,was published in 2013.
Fedoroff moved the Penn State University in 1995 as the Director of the Biotechnology Institute and Vern M. Willaman Chair in Life Sciences. Here she organized a multidisciplinary graduate and research program now known as the Huck Institute of the Life Sciences. Her laboratory research shifted to understanding how plants respond to stress and how they process small regulatory RNAs from larger precursors. She also began to dance Argentine tango. And she wrote a book with science writer Nancy Marie Brown titled Mendel in the Kitchen: A Scientist’s View of Genetically Modified Foods.
The year 2007 was marked by two extraordinary events in Fedoroff's life. She was named a National Medal of Science laureate for 2006 and she was appointed as the Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary of State by then-Secretary of State Condoleeza Rice. The science advisory position gave her an unexpected bully pulpit to talk about the importance of science in diplomacy, about which she was interviewed by Claudia Dreifus of the New York Times. It also gave her many opportunities to talk about genetic modification and GMOs all over the world. Realizing that development efforts would benefit from increased involvement of scientists, she organized the GKI, an NGO that builds collaborative networks around problems requiring scientific and technological input.
Completing her advisory work at the State Department in 2010, Fedoroff was recruited to the new King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) as a Distinguished Professor of the Life Sciences. At KAUST, Fedoroff organized a Center for Desert Agriculture, seeking to address the difficulties facing agriculture in increasingly populous dryland areas.
Today Fedoroff continues write and lecture internationally, most recently keynoting the 2017 Mantua Food and Science Festival in Mantua, Italy. She continues to dance tango, traveling to Buenos Aires each of the past couple of years.
Nina Fedoroff | Speaker | TED.com