TED2014
Robert Full: The secrets of nature's grossest creatures, channeled into robots
Robert Full: Els secrets dels animals més fastigosos de la natura, aplicats als robots
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Com podem ensenyar als robots a estabilitzar-se en terrenys irregulars, caminar de caps per avall, fer maniobres gimnàstiques a l'aire i xocar amb parets sense fer-se mal? Robert Full examina l'increïble cos de la panerola per demostrar el que pot ensenyar als enginyers robòtics.
Robert Full - Biologist
Robert Full studies cockroach legs and gecko feet. His research is helping build tomorrow's robots, based on evolution's ancient engineering. Full bio
Robert Full studies cockroach legs and gecko feet. His research is helping build tomorrow's robots, based on evolution's ancient engineering. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Even nature's most disgusting creatures
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Fins i tot les criatures més repugnants de la naturalesa
00:15
have important secrets,
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tenen secrets importants,
00:18
but who would want a swarm of cockroaches
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però qui voldria un eixam de paneroles
00:19
coming towards them?
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venint cap a tu?
00:21
Yet one of the greatest differences
between natural and human technologies
between natural and human technologies
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No obstant això, una de les grans diferències entre la naturalesa i les tecnologies humanes,
00:24
relates to robustness.
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té a veure amb la robustesa.
00:26
Robust systems are stable in complex
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Els sistemes robustos són estables en
00:29
and new environments.
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ambients nous i complexes.
00:31
Remarkably, cockroaches can self-stabilize
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Extraordinàriament, les paneroles poden estabilitzar-se
00:32
running over rough terrain.
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quan corren sobre terrenys rugosos.
00:34
When we put a jet pack on them,
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Quan els vam col·locar una motxilla coet a sobre,
00:35
or give them a perturbation like an earthquake,
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o els vam provocar una pertorbació com la d'un terratrèmol,
00:37
we discovered that their wonderfully tuned legs
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vam descobrir que les seves encantadores potes sincronitzades,
00:40
allow them to self-stabilize
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els permeten estabilitzar-se
00:42
without using any of their brainpower.
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sense utilitzar energia del seu cervell.
00:45
They can go over complex terrain like grass,
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Poden caminar sobre terrenys complexes com l'herba
00:49
no problem, and not get destabilized.
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sense cap problema, no es desestabilitzen.
00:51
We discovered a new behavior where,
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Vam descobrir un nou comportament on,
00:52
because of their shape,
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degut a la seva forma,
00:53
they actually roll automatically to their side
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poden girar automàticament cap a un costat,
00:55
to go through this artificial test bit of grass.
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per tal de caminar a través d'aquest tros d'herba artificial.
00:59
Robust systems can perform multiple tasks
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Els sistemes robustos son capaços de donar lloc a més d'una tasca
01:02
with the same structure.
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amb la mateixa estructura.
01:04
Here's a new behavior we've discovered.
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Aquí veiem un nou comportament que em descobert.
01:06
The animals rapidly invert and disappear
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Els insectes s'inverteixen i desapareixen ràpidament
01:08
in less than 150 milliseconds — you never see them —
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en menys de 150 mili segons ─mai els veus─
01:10
using the same structures that
they use to run, their legs.
they use to run, their legs.
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utilitzant la mateixa estructura que utilitzen per córrer; les potes.
01:12
They can run upside down
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Poden córrer molt ràpidament, de dalt a baix,
01:14
very rapidly on rods, branches and wires,
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per bastons, branques i cables,
01:17
and if you perturb one of those branches,
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i si mous alguna d'aquestes brànques,
01:19
they can do this.
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poden fer això.
01:20
They can perform gymnastic maneuvers
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Poden realitzar maniobres gimnàstiques,
01:22
like no robot we have yet.
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com cap robot que encara haguem inventat.
01:24
And they have nearly unlimited
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A més, tenen una maniobrabilitat
01:26
maneuverability with that same structure
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gairebé il·limitada en la mateixa estructura,
01:29
and unprecedented access to a variety
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i un accés mai vist, a una gran varietat
01:33
of different areas.
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d'àrees diferents.
01:37
They have wings for flying when they get warm,
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Tenen ales per volar quan s'escalfen,
01:40
but they use those same wings to flip over
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però utilitzen aquestes mateixes ales per donar-se la volta
01:42
if they get destabilized.
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si les desestabilitzen.
01:46
Very effective.
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Molt efectiu.
01:47
Robust systems are also fault tolerant and fail-safe.
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Els sistemes robustos també són tolerants a errors i caigudes.
01:51
This is the foot of a cockroach.
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Això es la pota d'una panerola,
01:52
It has spines, gluey pads and claws,
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Té espines, coixinets enganxossos i arpes,
01:55
but if you take off those feet,
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pero si els hi treus aquestes potes,
01:57
they can still go over rough terrain,
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encara poden caminar sobre terreny rugós,
01:58
like the bottom video that you see,
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tal com podeu veure al vídeo de sota,
02:00
without hardly slowing down. Extraordinary.
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i sense perdre velocitat. Extraordinari.
02:04
They can run up mesh without their feet.
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Poden pujar una malla sense les potes.
02:07
Here's an animal using a normal, alternating tripod:
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Aquí hi veiem un insecte utilitzant un trípode normal i alternant:
02:09
three legs, three legs, three legs,
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tres potes, tres potes, tres potes...
02:11
but in nature, the insects often have lost their legs.
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Pero a la naturalesa, els insectes sovint han perdut les potes.
02:14
Here's one moving with two middle legs gone.
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Aquí en tenim un movent-se sense les dues potes del mig.
02:18
It can even lose three legs, in a tripod,
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Poden fins i tot perdre tres potes, en un trípode,
02:21
and adopt a new gait, a hopping gait.
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i adoptar una nova forma de caminar, donant salts.
02:25
And I point out that all of these videos
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I vull assenyalar que tots aquests videos
02:27
are slowed down 20 times,
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han estat ralentitzats 20 vegades,
02:29
so they're actually really fast, when you see this.
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per tant, realment s'estan movent molt ràpidament.
02:31
Robust systems are also damage resistant.
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Els sistemes robustos també són resistents als danys.
02:34
Here's an animal climbing up a wall.
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Aquí veiem un insecte escalant una paret.
02:36
It looks like a rapid, smooth, vertical climb,
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Sembla un ascens ràpid i fluid,
02:39
but when you slow it down,
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però quan ho ralentitzem
02:40
you see something very different.
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veiem una cosa molt diferent.
02:42
Here's what they do.
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Això es el que fan.
02:44
They intentionally have a
head-on collision with the wall
head-on collision with the wall
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Col·lisionen amb el cap contra la paret de forma intencionada,
02:47
so they don't slow down and can transition up it
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de tal manera que no perden velocitat i poden realitzar el canvi de direcció
02:49
in 75 milliseconds.
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en 75 mil·lèsimes de segon.
02:52
And they can do this in part because they have
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Això ho poden fer, en part, perquè tenen un
02:53
extraordinary exoskeletons.
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exoesquelet extraordinari.
02:55
And they're really just made up of compliant joints
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Que, de fet, està construït únicament amb unions adaptables,
02:59
that are tubes and plates
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formades per tubs i làmines,
03:01
connected to one another.
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conectades les unes a les altres.
03:03
Here's a dissection of an abdomen of a cockroach.
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Aquí veiem una dissecció de l'abdomen d'una panerola.
03:05
You see these plates, and you
see the compliant membrane.
see the compliant membrane.
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Podeu veure aquestes làmines, així com la membrana adaptable.
03:09
My engineering colleague at Berkeley
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El meu company d'enginyeria a Berkeley
03:12
designed with his students
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va dissenyar amb els seus alumnes
03:13
a novel manufacturing technique
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una nova tècnica de producció,
03:15
where you essentially origami the exoskeleton,
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on bàsicament es feia un origami de l'exoesquelet;
03:18
you laser cut it, laminate it,
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el talles amb un làser, el lamines
03:20
and you fold it up into a robot.
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i el plegues fent-ne un robot.
03:22
And you can do that now in less than 15 minutes.
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I, actualment, es pot fer en menys de 15 minuts.
03:28
These robots, called DASH,
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Aquests robots, anomenats DASH,
03:30
for Dynamic Autonomous Sprawled Hexapod,
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(Hexàpode allargat, autònom i dinàmic)
03:33
are highly compliant robots,
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són robots extremadament intel·ligents,
03:36
and they're remarkably robust as a result
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i són sorprenentment robustos com a resultat
03:39
of these features.
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d'aquestes característiques.
03:41
They're certainly incredibly damage resistant.
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Realment tenen una resistència als danys increïble.
03:47
(Laughter)
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(Rialles)
03:51
They even have some of the
behaviors of the cockroaches.
behaviors of the cockroaches.
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Inclús posseeixen alguns dels comportaments de les paneroles.
03:53
So they can use their smart, compliant body
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Per tant, poden utilitzar el seu cos inteligent i adaptable,
03:55
to transition up a wall
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per tal de pujar una paret
03:58
in a very simple way.
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de manera molt senzilla.
04:01
They even have some of the beginnings
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Fins i tot tenen alguns dels principis
04:02
of the rapid inversion behavior
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del comportament d'inversió ràpida
04:04
where they disappear.
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per tal de desaparèixer.
04:07
Now we want to know why they can go anywhere.
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Ara, volem esbrinar perquè poden caminar per quasevol lloc.
04:08
We discovered that they can go through
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Hem descobert que poden passar a través
04:10
three-millimeter gaps,
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de forats de 3 milímetres,
04:11
the height of two pennies, two stacked pennies,
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l'alçada de dos centaus, un sobre l'altre.
04:14
and when they do this,
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I quan ho fan,
04:15
they can actually run through those confined spaces
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poden, fins i tot, caminar a través d'aquests espais confinats
04:17
at high speeds,
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a gran velocitat,
04:19
although you never see it.
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encara que mai els veiem.
04:22
To understand it better,
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Per tal d'entedre-ho millor,
04:23
we did a CT scan of the exoskeleton
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hem fet un escaneig CT del seu exoesquelet.
04:25
and showed that they can compress their body
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Hem vist que són capaços de comprimir el seu cos
04:27
by over 40 percent.
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fins a un 40 %.
04:30
We put them in a materials testing machine
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Posats en un aparell d'assaig de materials,
04:31
to look at the stress strain analysis
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per tal de fer un anàlisi de força-deformació,
04:33
and showed that they can withstand forces
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em vist que poden resistir forces
04:36
800 times their body weight,
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de fins a 800 vegades el pes del seu cos,
04:37
and after this they can fly and run
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i desprès d'aquest esforç poden volar i còrrer
04:39
absolutely normally.
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amb total normalitat.
04:41
So you never know where
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Es per això que mai saps
04:43
curiosity-based research will lead,
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cap a on pot conduïr la recerca basada en la curiositat.
04:46
and someday you may want a swarm
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Algun dia, potser necesites un eixam
04:48
of cockroach-inspired robots
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de robots inspirats en paneroles
04:50
to come at you.
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que vinguin cap a tu.
04:52
(Laughter)
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(Rialles)
04:59
Thank you.
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Moltes gràcies.
05:01
(Applause)
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(Aplaudiments)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Robert Full - BiologistRobert Full studies cockroach legs and gecko feet. His research is helping build tomorrow's robots, based on evolution's ancient engineering.
Why you should listen
UC Berkeley biologist Robert Full is fascinated by the motion of creatures like cockroaches, crabs and geckos having many legs, unusual feet or talented tails. He has led an effort to demonstrate the value of learning from Nature by the creating interdisciplinary collaborations of biologists, engineers, mathematicians and computer scientists from academia and industry. He founded CiBER, the Center for interdisciplinary Bio-inspiration in Education and Research, and the Poly-PEDAL Laboratory, which studies the Performance, Energetics and Dynamics of Animal Locomotion (PEDAL) in many-footed creatures (Poly).
His research shows how studying a diversity of animals leads to the discovery of general principles which inspire the design of novel circuits, artificial muscles, exoskeletons, versatile scampering legged search-and-rescue robots and synthetic self-cleaning dry adhesives based on gecko feet. He is passionate about discovery-based education leading to innovation -- and he even helped Pixar’s insect animations in the film A Bug's Life.
Robert Full | Speaker | TED.com