TEDxHousesOfParliament
David Puttnam: Does the media have a "duty of care"?
David Puttnam: Hvad sker der, når mediernes prioritet er profit?
Filmed:
Readability: 5.4
935,362 views
I denne tankevækkende Talk stiller David Puttnam et stort spørgsmål om medierne: Har de et moralsk imperativ til at skabe velinformerede borgere, eller er de frie til at efterfølge profit med alle nødvendige midler lige som enhver anden virksomhed?
Hans løsning på at balancere profit og ansvarlighed er modig ... og du er måske ikke enig. (Filmet ved TEDxHousesofParliament)
David Puttnam - Producer
After a much-awarded career as a film producer, Lord David Puttnam now works at the intersection of education, media and policy. Full bio
After a much-awarded career as a film producer, Lord David Puttnam now works at the intersection of education, media and policy. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'd like to start, if I may,
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Hvis jeg må, vil jeg gerne starte med
00:14
with the story of the Paisley snail.
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historien om sneglen fra Paisley.
00:17
On the evening of the 26th of August, 1928,
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Om aftenen den 26. august, 1928,
00:20
May Donoghue took a train from Glasgow
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tog May Donoghue et tog fra Glasgow
00:22
to the town of Paisley, seven miles east of the city,
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til byen Paisley, 11 km øst for storbyen,
00:25
and there at the Wellmeadow Café,
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og der ved Wellmeadow Caféen,
00:27
she had a Scots ice cream float,
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fik hun en 'Scots ice cream float',
00:30
a mix of ice cream and ginger beer
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en blanding af is og ingefærøl,
00:32
bought for her by a friend.
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købt til hende af en ven,
00:34
The ginger beer came in a brown, opaque bottle
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Ingefærøllen blev severet i en brun,
uklar flaske,
uklar flaske,
00:36
labeled "D. Stevenson, Glen Lane, Paisley."
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mærket "D. Stevenson, Glen Lane, Paisley."
00:40
She drank some of the ice cream float,
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Hun drak lidt af ice cream float'en
00:42
but as the remaining ginger beer was poured
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men da det resterende Ingefærøl blev hældt
00:44
into her tumbler,
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i hendes glas.
00:46
a decomposed snail
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flød en opløst snegl
00:48
floated to the surface of her glass.
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op til overfladen af hendes glas.
00:51
Three days later, she was admitted
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Tre dage senere blev hun indlagt
00:52
to the Glasgow Royal Infirmary
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på Glasgow Royal sygehus
00:54
and diagnosed with severe gastroenteritis
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og diagnosticeret med alvorlig mave-tarm-katar
00:56
and shock.
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og chok.
00:58
The case of Donoghue vs. Stevenson that followed
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Den efterfølgende sag: Donoghue v Stevenson,
01:01
set a very important legal precedent:
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satte en meget vigtig juridisk præcedens:
01:04
Stevenson, the manufacturer of the ginger beer,
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Stevenson, producenten af ingefærsøllen,
01:05
was held to have a clear duty of care
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var fundet til at have en klar diligenspligt
01:08
towards May Donoghue,
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over for May Donoghue,
01:10
even though there was no contract between them,
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selvom der ikke var nogen kontrakt mellem dem,
01:12
and, indeed, she hadn't even bought the drink.
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og uagtet det, at hun ikke selv havde købt drinken.
01:14
One of the judges, Lord Atkin, described it like this:
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En af dommerne, Lord Atkin, beskrev det således:
01:17
You must take care to avoid acts or omissions
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Man skal sørge for at undgå handlinger eller forsømmelser,
01:20
which you can reasonably foresee
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som man med rimelighed kan forudsige
01:22
would be likely to injure your neighbor.
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ville kunne skade ens nabo.
01:26
Indeed, one wonders that without a duty of care,
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Faktisk, uden diligenspligt, kan man undre sig over, hvor mange mennesker
01:28
how many people would have had to suffer
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der ville have lidt
01:30
from gastroenteritis before Stevenson
eventually went out of business.
eventually went out of business.
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på grund af mave-tarm-katar, før at Stevenson til sidst lukkede forretningen.
01:33
Now please hang on to that Paisley snail story,
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Vær så venlig og hold Paisley sneglehistorien i mente,
01:36
because it's an important principle.
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for det er et vigtigt princip.
01:39
Last year, the Hansard Society,
a nonpartisan charity
a nonpartisan charity
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Sidste år publicerede the Hansard Society, en tværpolitisk velgørende organisation,
01:42
which seeks to strengthen parliamentary democracy
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som søger at styrke parlamentarisk demokrati
01:44
and encourage greater public involvement in politics
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og fremme større offentlig involvering i politik,
01:47
published, alongside their annual audit
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ved siden af deres årlige gennemgang
01:49
of political engagement, an additional section
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af politisk engagement, en yderligere sektion
01:52
devoted entirely to politics and the media.
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dedikeret udelukkende til politik og medier.
01:55
Here are a couple of rather depressing observations
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Her er et par ret deprimerende observationer
01:58
from that survey.
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fra den undersøgelse.
02:00
Tabloid newspapers do not appear
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Det ser ikke ud til, at tabloidaviser
02:02
to advance the political citizenship of their readers,
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fremmer det politiske medborgerskab af deres læsere,
02:05
relative even to those
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selv set i forhold til dem,
02:06
who read no newspapers whatsoever.
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som ikke læser nogle aviser overhovedet.
02:10
Tabloid-only readers are twice as likely to agree
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Læsere, som kun læser tabloidaviser, er dobbelt så sandsynlige
02:12
with a negative view of politics
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til at være enige om en negativ opfattelse af politik,
02:14
than readers of no newspapers.
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end folk der ikke læser aviser.
02:17
They're not just less politically engaged.
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De er ikke bare mindre politisk engagerede.
02:19
They are consuming media that reinforces
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De forbruger også medier, som forstærker
02:21
their negative evaluation of politics,
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deres negative vurdering af politik,
02:23
thereby contributing to a fatalistic and cynical
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og bidrager derved til en fatalistisk og kynisk
02:26
attitude to democracy and their own role within it.
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holdning ift. demokrati og deres egen rolle i det.
02:30
Little wonder that the report concluded that
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Det er ikke så sært, at rapporten konkluderede at
02:32
in this respect, the press, particularly the tabloids,
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i den henseende, lever pressen, specielt tabloidaviserne,
02:35
appear not to be living up to the importance
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ikke op til vigtigheden
02:37
of their role in our democracy.
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af deres rolle i vores demokrati.
02:40
Now I doubt if anyone in this room would seriously
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Jeg tvivler på, at nogen i dette rum seriøst
02:42
challenge that view.
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ville udfordre det synspunkt.
02:44
But if Hansard are right, and they usually are,
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Men hvis Hansard har ret, og det har de som regel,
02:46
then we've got a very serious problem on our hands,
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så har vi et meget seriøst problem,
02:48
and it's one that I'd like to spend the next 10 minutes
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og det er et, som jeg gerne vil
fokusere på
fokusere på
02:51
focusing upon.
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i de næste 10 minutter.
02:53
Since the Paisley snail,
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Siden Paisley sneglen,
02:55
and especially over the past decade or so,
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og specielt i det sidste årti eller deromkring,
02:57
a great deal of thinking has been developed
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er meget tænkning blevet udviklet
02:59
around the notion of a duty of care
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omkring begrebet diligenspligt,
03:01
as it relates to a number of aspects of civil society.
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som det relaterer til en række aspekter i civilsamfundet.
03:03
Generally a duty of care arises when one individual
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Generelt opstår en diligenspligt, når et individ
03:06
or a group of individuals undertakes an activity
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eller en gruppe af individer påtager sig en aktivitet,
03:09
which has the potential to cause harm to another,
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som har potentialet til at gøre skade på en anden,
03:11
either physically, mentally or economically.
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enten fysisk, mentalt eller økonomisk.
03:14
This is principally focused on obvious areas,
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Dette er hovedsagelig fokuseret på åbenlyse områder,
03:17
such as our empathetic response
to children and young people,
to children and young people,
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som vores empatiske reaktion på børn og unge,
03:20
to our service personnel, and
to the elderly and infirm.
to the elderly and infirm.
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på vores udsendte, og på vores ældre og svage.
03:22
It is seldom, if ever, extended
to equally important arguments
to equally important arguments
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Det er sjældent, hvis nogensinde, udvidet til lige så vigtige argumenter
03:26
around the fragility of our
present system of government,
present system of government,
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omhandlende skrøbeligheden af vores nuværende regeringsform,
03:31
to the notion that honesty, accuracy and impartiality
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til begrebet om at ærlighed, nøjagtighed og upartiskhed,
03:34
are fundamental to the process of building
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er fundamentale i processen med at opbygge
03:36
and embedding an informed,
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og fastholde et informeret,
03:38
participatory democracy.
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medarbejderdemokrati.
03:41
And the more you think about it,
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Og jo mere man tænker på det,
03:42
the stranger that is.
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jo mærkeligere er det.
03:44
A couple of years ago, I had the pleasure
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For et par år siden havde jeg den fornøjelse
03:46
of opening a brand new school
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at åbne en helt ny skole
03:47
in the northeast of England.
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i det nordøstlige England.
03:49
It had been renamed by its pupils as Academy 360.
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Eleverne havde omdøbt skolen til
Academy 360.
Academy 360.
03:52
As I walked through their impressive,
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Mens jeg gik igennem dets imponerende
03:54
glass-covered atrium,
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glas-dækkede atrium,
03:56
in front of me, emblazoned on the wall
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så jeg foran mig, dekoreret på væggen
03:57
in letters of fire
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i bogstaver af ild,
03:59
was Marcus Aurelius's famous injunction:
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Marcus Aurelius' kendte formaning:
04:02
If it's not true, don't say it;
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Hvis det ikke er sandt, sig det ikke;
04:05
if it's not right, don't do it.
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hvis det ikke er rigtigt, gør det ikke.
04:08
The head teacher saw me staring at it,
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Overlæreren så mig kigge på det,
04:10
and he said, "Oh, that's our school motto."
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og han sagde, "Åh, det er vores skole motto."
04:13
On the train back to London,
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På vejen tilbage med toget til London
04:15
I couldn't get it out of my mind.
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kunne jeg ikke få det ud at mit hoved.
04:16
I kept thinking, can it really have taken us
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Jeg blev ved med at tænke, kan det virkelig have taget os
04:19
over 2,000 years to come to terms
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over 2000 år at lære at leve
04:21
with that simple notion
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med det simple begreb,
04:23
as being our minimum expectation of each other?
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som værende vores minimums forventning af hinanden?
04:26
Isn't it time that we develop this concept
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Er det ikke på tide, at vi udvikler dette koncept
04:29
of a duty of care
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om diligenspligt
04:30
and extended it to include a care
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og udvidede det til at inkludere pleje
04:33
for our shared but increasingly
endangered democratic values?
endangered democratic values?
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af vores fælles men i stigende grad truede demokratiske værdier?
04:36
After all, the absence of a duty of care
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Når alt kommer til alt, kan fraværet af en diligenspligt
04:38
within many professions
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i mange professioner
04:39
can all too easily amount to
accusations of negligence,
accusations of negligence,
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alt for let føre til beskyldninger om uagtsomhed,
04:42
and that being the case, can we be
really comfortable with the thought
really comfortable with the thought
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og hvis det er sådan, kan vi så være tilpasse ved tanken
04:45
that we're in effect being negligent
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om, at vi faktisk er uagtsomme
04:47
in respect of the health of our own societies
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i henhold til vores eget samfunds sundhed,
04:50
and the values that necessarily underpin them?
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og de værdier som nødvendigvis understøtter dem?
04:53
Could anyone honestly suggest, on the evidence,
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Kan nogen ærligt forslå, med beviset i mente,
04:56
that the same media which
Hansard so roundly condemned
Hansard so roundly condemned
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at de samme medier, som Hansard så kraftigt fordømmer,
04:59
have taken sufficient care to avoid behaving
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har taget tilstrækkelig omhu for at undgå at opføre sig
05:02
in ways which they could reasonably have foreseen
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på måder, som de rimeligt kunne have forudset,
05:06
would be likely to undermine or even damage
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sandsynligvis ville underminere eller sågar ødelægge
05:08
our inherently fragile democratic settlement.
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vores, ifølge sin natur, skrøbelige demokratiske forlig.
05:11
Now there will be those who will argue
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Der vil være dem, som vil argumentere for,
05:13
that this could all too easily drift into a form
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at dette alt for let kunne glide over i en form
05:15
of censorship, albeit self-censorship,
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for censur, omend selvcensur,
05:17
but I don't buy that argument.
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men jeg køber ikke det argument.
05:19
It has to be possible
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Det må være muligt
05:21
to balance freedom of expression
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at balancere ytringsfrihed
05:23
with wider moral and social responsibilities.
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med bredere moralske og sociale forpligtelser.
05:26
Let me explain why by taking the example
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Lad mig forklare ved at fremlægge eksemplet
05:28
from my own career as a filmmaker.
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fra min egen karriere som filmskaber.
05:31
Throughout that career, I never accepted
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Gennem den karriere har jeg aldrig accepteret,
05:32
that a filmmaker should set about putting
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at en filmskaber burde gå til værks med at
05:34
their own work outside or above what he or she
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sætte deres eget værk udenfor eller over, hvad han eller hun
05:37
believed to be a decent set of values
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tror er et anstændigt set af værdier
05:39
for their own life, their own family,
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for deres eget liv, deres egen familie,
05:42
and the future of the society in which we all live.
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og samfundets fremtid, som vi alle lever i.
05:46
I'd go further.
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Jeg vil gå endnu længere.
05:47
A responsible filmmaker should
never devalue their work
never devalue their work
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En ansvarlig filmskaber burde aldrig devaluere sit arbejde
05:51
to a point at which it becomes less than true
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til et punkt, hvor det bliver mindre end sandt
05:53
to the world they themselves wish to inhabit.
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overfor den verden, de selv ønsker at bo i.
05:56
As I see it, filmmakers, journalists, even bloggers
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Som jeg ser det, filmskabere, journalister, sågar bloggere,
06:00
are all required to face up to the social expectations
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er alle påbudt at leve op til de sociale forventninger,
06:02
that come with combining the
intrinsic power of their medium
intrinsic power of their medium
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som kommer, når man kombinere den reelle kraft af deres medie
06:06
with their well-honed professional skills.
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med deres veludviklede professionelle evner.
06:09
Obviously this is not a mandated duty,
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Dette er selvfølgelig ikke en pålagt pligt,
06:12
but for the gifted filmmaker
and the responsible journalist
and the responsible journalist
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men for den talentfulde filmskaber og den ansvarlige journalist
06:15
or even blogger, it strikes me
as being utterly inescapable.
as being utterly inescapable.
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eller sågar blogger, slår det mig som værende aldeles uundgåeligt.
06:18
We should always remember that our notion
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Vi burde altid huske, at vores begreb
06:21
of individual freedom and
its partner, creative freedom,
its partner, creative freedom,
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af individuel frihed og dets partner, kreative frihed,
06:24
is comparatively new
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er relativ ny
06:26
in the history of Western ideas,
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i historien om vestlige ideer,
06:28
and for that reason, it's often undervalued
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og på grund af det, er det ofte undervurderet
06:30
and can be very quickly undermined.
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og kan meget hurtigt blive undermineret.
06:32
It's a prize easily lost,
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Det er en skat nemt tabt,
06:34
and once lost, once surrendered,
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og når den er tabt, når den er overgivet,
06:36
it can prove very, very hard to reclaim.
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kan den vise sig at være meget, meget, svær at genvinde.
06:40
And its first line of defense
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Og det første forsvar
06:41
has to be our own standards,
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må være vores egne standarder,
06:43
not those enforced on us by a censor or legislation,
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ikke dem påtvunget os af en censor eller lovgivning,
06:47
our own standards and our own integrity.
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vores egne standarder og vores egen integritet.
06:49
Our integrity as we deal with those
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Vores integritet mens vi håndterer dem,
06:51
with whom we work
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som vi arbejder med,
06:52
and our own standards as we operate within society.
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og vores egne standarder, mens vi opererer indenfor samfundet.
06:56
And these standards of ours
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Og vores standarder
06:58
need to be all of a piece with
a sustainable social agenda.
a sustainable social agenda.
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er nød til at være en del af en bæredygtig social dagsorden.
07:01
They're part of a collective responsibility,
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De er en del af et kollektivt ansvar,
07:03
the responsibility of the artist or the journalist
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ansvaret for kunstneren eller journalisten
07:05
to deal with the world as it really is,
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til at håndtere verdenen, som den virkelig er,
07:07
and this, in turn, must go hand in hand
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og dette må gå hånd i hånd
07:10
with the responsibility of those governing society
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med ansvaret for dem, som leder samfundet
07:12
to also face up to that world,
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til også at accepterer den verden,
07:14
and not to be tempted to misappropriate
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og ikke være fristet til at misbruge
07:17
the causes of its ills.
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årsagerne til dens dårligdomme.
07:19
Yet, as has become strikingly clear
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Men som det er blevet påfaldende klart
07:22
over the last couple of years,
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over de sidste par år,
07:24
such responsibility has to a very great extent
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er sådant et ansvar i en høj grad
07:26
been abrogated by large sections of the media.
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blevet ophævet af store dele af medierne.
07:29
And as a consequence, across the Western world,
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Og som konsekvens, over hele den vestlige verden,
07:31
the over-simplistic policies of the parties of protest
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er de oversimplificerde politkker af protestpartier
07:34
and their appeal to a largely disillusioned,
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og deres appel til en i høj grad desillusioneret
07:37
older demographic,
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ældre demografi,
07:38
along with the apathy and obsession with the trivial
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sammen med apatien og besættelsen af det trivielle,
07:40
that typifies at least some of the young,
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som karakteriserer i hvert fald nogle af de unge,
07:42
taken together, these and other similarly
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tilsammen truer disse
07:44
contemporary aberrations
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og andre ligeså nutidige fejltrin
07:46
are threatening to squeeze the life
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med at presse livet
07:48
out of active, informed debate and engagement,
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ud af aktiv informeret debat og engagement,
07:52
and I stress active.
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og jeg understreger aktiv.
07:55
The most ardent of libertarians might argue
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De mest ivrige libertarianere ville måske sige,
07:57
that Donoghue v. Stevenson should
have been thrown out of court
have been thrown out of court
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at Donoghug v Stevenson burde være blevet smidt ud af retten,
08:00
and that Stevenson would eventually
have gone out of business
have gone out of business
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og at Stevenson med tiden ville være gået konkurs,
08:02
if he'd continued to sell ginger beer with snails in it.
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hvis han var fortsat med at sælge ingefærøl med snegle i.
08:05
But most of us, I think, accept some small role
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Men de fleste af os, tror jeg, accepterer en lille
08:09
for the state to enforce a duty of care,
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rolle for staten ift. at håndhæve en dilligenspligt,
08:12
and the key word here is reasonable.
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og nøgleordet her er rimelig.
08:15
Judges must ask, did they take reasonable care
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Dommere må spørge, tog de rimelig omhu,
08:18
and could they have reasonably foreseen
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og kunne de med rimelighed have forudset
08:20
the consequences of their actions?
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konsekvenserne af deres handlinger?
08:22
Far from signifying overbearing state power,
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Langt fra at symbolisere en overbeskyttende statsmagt,
08:25
it's that small common sense test of reasonableness
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er det den lille logiske test af rimeligheden,
08:28
that I'd like us to apply to those in the media
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som jeg gerne vil have, at vi anvender på dem i medierne,
08:31
who, after all, set the tone and the content
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som, når alt kommer til alt, sætter tonen og indholdet
08:33
for much of our democratic discourse.
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for meget af vores demokratiske diskurs.
08:36
Democracy, in order to work, requires that
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Demokrati kræver, for at fungere, at
08:39
reasonable men and women take
the time to understand and debate
the time to understand and debate
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fornuftige mænd og kvinder tager sig tid
til at forstå og debattere
til at forstå og debattere
08:42
difficult, sometimes complex issues,
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svære, somme tider komplekse spørgsmål,
08:44
and they do so in an atmosphere which strives
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og at de gør det i en atmosfære, som stræber
08:47
for the type of understanding that leads to,
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efter den type af forståelse, som leder til,
08:49
if not agreement, then at least a productive
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om ikke en aftale, så i det mindste et produktivt
08:51
and workable compromise.
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og brugbart kompromis.
08:54
Politics is about choices,
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Politik handler om valg,
08:56
and within those choices, politics is about priorities.
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og indenfor disse valg, handler politik om prioriteter.
09:00
It's about reconciling conflicting preferences
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Om at forene modstridende preferencer
09:02
wherever and whenever possibly based on fact.
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i så høj grad som muligt baseret på kendsgerninger.
09:08
But if the facts themselves are distorted,
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Men hvis selv kendsgerningerne er forvrængede,
09:10
the resolutions are likely only
to create further conflict,
to create further conflict,
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vil beslutningerne formentlig kun skabe yderligere konflikt,
09:14
with all the stresses and strains on society
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med al den stress og belastning af samfundet,
09:16
that inevitably follow.
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som uundgåeligt vil følge.
09:18
The media have to decide:
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Medierne er nød til at beslutte:
09:20
Do they see their role as being to inflame
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Ser de deres rolle som at skulle ophidse
09:23
or to inform?
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eller at informere?
09:25
Because in the end, it comes down to a combination
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For i sidste ende, handler det om en kombination
09:28
of trust and leadership.
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af tillid og lederskab.
09:31
Fifty years ago this week,
President John F. Kennedy
President John F. Kennedy
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For 50 år siden denne uge, holdt præsident John. F. Kennedy
09:33
made two epoch-making speeches,
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to epokegørende taler,
09:35
the first on disarmament
and the second on civil rights.
and the second on civil rights.
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den første om nedrustning og den anden om borgerrettigheder.
09:38
The first led almost immediately
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Den første førte næsten øjeblikkeligt
09:41
to the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty,
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til traktaten om forbud mod atomprøvesprængninger,
09:42
and the second led to the 1964 Civil Rights Act,
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og den anden førte til 'Civil Rights Act (1968)',
09:45
both of which represented giant leaps forward.
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som begge repræsenterede store skridt fremad.
09:49
Democracy, well-led and well-informed,
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Demokrati, godt ledet og velinformeret
09:51
can achieve very great things,
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kan opnå meget store ting,
09:54
but there's a precondition.
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men der er en forudsætning.
09:55
We have to trust that those making those decisions
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Vi er nød til at stole på, at dem som tager de beslutninger
09:59
are acting in the best interest not of themselves
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ikke handler i deres egen bedste interesse
10:01
but of the whole of the people.
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men på vegne af hele befolkningen.
10:03
We need factually-based options,
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Vi har brug for faktuelt baserede meninger,
10:06
clearly laid out,
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klart lagt ud,
10:07
not those of a few powerful
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ikke dem af de få stærke
10:09
and potentially manipulative corporations
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og potentielt manipulerende koncerner
10:11
pursuing their own frequently narrow agendas,
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som forfølger deres egen, ofte snævre, agenda,
10:13
but accurate, unprejudiced information
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men præcis, upartisk information
10:16
with which to make our own judgments.
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med hvilken vi selv kan dømme.
10:18
If we want to provide decent, fulfilling lives
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Hvis vi vil levere anstændige og tilfredsstillende liv
10:20
for our children and our children's children,
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for vores børn og vores børns børn,
10:22
we need to exercise to the
very greatest degree possible
very greatest degree possible
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er vi nød til at udøve den størst mulige grad
10:25
that duty of care for a vibrant,
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af diligenspligt overfor et livligt
10:27
and hopefully a lasting, democracy.
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og forhåbentligt vedvarende demokrati.
10:30
Thank you very much for listening to me.
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Mange tak fordi I lyttede til mig.
10:32
(Applause)
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(Bifald).
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Puttnam - ProducerAfter a much-awarded career as a film producer, Lord David Puttnam now works at the intersection of education, media and policy.
Why you should listen
David Puttnam spent thirty years as an independent producer of award-winning films, including The Mission, The Killing Fields, Local Hero, Chariots of Fire, Midnight Express, Bugsy Malone and Memphis Belle. His films have won ten Oscars, 25 Baftas and the Palme D'Or at Cannes.
He retired from film production in 1998 to focus on his work in public policy as it relates to education, the environment, and the creative and communications industries. In 1998 he founded the National Teaching Awards, which he chaired until 2008, also serving as the first Chair of the General Teaching Council from 2000 to 2002. From July 2002 to July 2009 he was president of UNICEF UK, playing a key role in promoting UNICEF’s advocacy and awareness objectives.
David Puttnam | Speaker | TED.com