ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sophal Ear - Development economist
Sophal Ear leads research on post-conflict countries -- looking at the effectiveness of foreign aid and the challenge of development in places like his native land, Cambodia.

Why you should listen

Elected to the Crescenta Valley Town Council in November 2015 for a 3-year term, encompassing more than 20,000 residents in unincorporated La Crescenta and Montrose, California, Sophal Ear, Ph.D., is a tenured Associate Professor of Diplomacy & World Affairs at Occidental College in Los Angeles where he lectures on political economy, security, development and Asia.

Previously, he taught how to rebuild countries after wars at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School and international development at the Maxwell School of Syracuse University. He consulted for the World Bank, was Assistant Resident Representative for the United Nations in East Timor and Advisor to Cambodia's 1st private equity fund Leopard Capital. A TED Fellow, Fulbright Specialist, Term Member of the Council on Foreign Relations and Young Global Leader of the World Economic Forum, he sits on the board of the Nathan Cummings Foundation, Refugees International, Partners for Development, the Southeast Asia Resource Action Center, the Southeast Asia Development Program, Diagnostic Microbiology Development Program, the Journal of International Relations and Development (Palgrave), the International Public Management Journal (Taylor & Francis), Journal of South-East Asian American Education & Advancement (Purdue), and Politics and the Life Sciences (Cambridge University Press).

He is the author of Aid Dependence in Cambodia: How Foreign Assistance Undermines Democracy (Columbia University Press, 2013) and co-author of The Hungry Dragon: How China’s Resources Quest is Reshaping the World (Routledge, 2013). He wrote and narrated the award-winning documentary film "The End/Beginning: Cambodia" (47 minutes, 2011) based on his 2009 TED Talk and has appeared in four other documentaries.

A graduate of Princeton and Berkeley, he moved to the United States from France as a Cambodian refugee at the age of 10.

More profile about the speaker
Sophal Ear | Speaker | TED.com
TED2009

Sophal Ear: Escaping the Khmer Rouge

Sophal Ear: Échapper au Khmer Rouge

Filmed:
685,840 views

Collaborateur chez TED Sophal Ear partage l'histoire fascinante de la fuite de sa famille du Cambodge sous la domination du Khmer Rouge. Il raconte la ruse et la détermination de sa mère pour sauver ses enfants.
- Development economist
Sophal Ear leads research on post-conflict countries -- looking at the effectiveness of foreign aid and the challenge of development in places like his native land, Cambodia. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
I normally teach courses on
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Normalement, je donne des cours sur
00:15
how to rebuild states after war.
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la façon de reconstruire les états après la guerre.
00:19
But today I've got a personal story to share with you.
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Mais aujourd'hui, j'ai une histoire personnelle à partager avec vous.
00:21
This is a picture of my family,
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Ceci est une photo de ma famille,
00:24
my four siblings -- my mom and I -- taken in 1977.
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de mes quatre frères et soeurs, ma mère et moi, prise en 1977.
00:28
And we're actually Cambodians.
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Et en fait, nous somme cambodgiens.
00:30
And this picture is taken in Vietnam.
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Et cette photo a été prise au Vietnam.
00:32
So how did a Cambodian family end up in Vietnam in 1977?
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Alors comment est-ce qu'une famille cambodgienne peut se retrouver au Vietnam en 1977?
00:36
Well to explain that, I've got a short video clip
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Alors pour expliquer ceci, j'ai un court extrait de vidéo
00:39
to explain the Khmer Rouge regime
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qui explique le régime Khmer Rouge
00:41
during 1975 and 1979.
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entre 1975 et 1979.
00:44
Video: April 17th, 1975.
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Vidéo: le 17 avril, 1975.
00:48
The communist Khmer Rouge
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Les communistes du Khmer Rouge
00:50
enters Phnom Penh to liberate their people
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pénètrent dans Phnom Phen pour libérer leur peuple
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from the encroaching conflict in Vietnam,
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du conflit qui envahit le Vietnam,
00:55
and American bombing campaigns.
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et des campagnes de bombardement américain.
00:59
Led by peasant-born Pol Pot,
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Dirigé par Pol-Pot, d'origine paysanne,
01:02
the Khmer Rouge evacuates people to the countryside
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le Khmer Rouge évacue les personnes à la campagne
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in order to create a rural communist utopia,
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pour créer une utopie rurale et communiste,
01:09
much like Mao Tse-tung's Cultural Revolution in China.
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tout comme la Révolution culturelle de Mao Tse-tsung en Chine.
01:15
The Khmer Rouge closes the doors to the outside world.
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Le Khmer Rouge ferme les portes au monde extérieur.
01:19
But after four years the grim truth seeps out.
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Mais après quatre ans, la vérité sombre se pointe.
01:23
In a country of only seven million people,
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Dans un pays de seulement sept millions d'habitants,
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one and a half million were murdered by their own leaders,
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un million et demi ont été tués par leurs propres chefs,
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their bodies piled in the mass graves of the killing fields.
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leurs corps entassés dans les charniers de la déchirure.
01:33
Sophal Ear: So, notwithstanding the 1970s narration,
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Sophal Ear: Donc, en dépit du contexte des années 1970,
01:36
on April 17th 1975
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le 17 avril 1975
01:38
we lived in Phnom Penh.
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on habitait Phnom Penh.
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And my parents were told by the Khmer Rouge
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Et le Khmer Rouge a dit à mes parents
01:43
to evacuate the city because of impending American bombing for three days.
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d'évacuer la ville à cause du bombardement américain imminent qui durera trois jours.
01:47
And here is a picture of the Khmer Rouge.
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Et voici une photo du Khmer Rouge.
01:49
They were young soldiers, typically child soldiers.
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C'était de jeunes soldats. Normalement des soldats enfants.
01:52
And this is very normal now, of modern day conflict,
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Et cela est très normal maintenant, dans les conflits actuels.
01:55
because they're easy to bring into wars.
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Parce qu'il est facile de les faire faire la guerre.
01:58
The reason that they gave about American bombing wasn't all that far off.
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L'excuse du bombardement américain qu'ils ont donnée n'était pas trop loin de la réalité
02:02
I mean, from 1965 to 1973 there were
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Enfin, de 1965 à 1973
02:04
more munitions that fell on Cambodia
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plus d'armements sont tombés sur le Cambodge
02:08
than in all of World War II Japan,
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que pendant toute la seconde guerre mondiale au Japon
02:10
including the two nuclear bombs
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y compris les deux bombes atomiques
02:12
of August 1945.
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en août 1945.
02:15
The Khmer Rouge didn't believe in money.
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Le Khmer Rouge ne voyait pas l'utilité de l'argent.
02:18
So the equivalent of the Federal Reserve Bank
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Donc l'équivalent de la Banque de réserve fédérale
02:20
in Cambodia was bombed.
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au Cambodge était bombardée.
02:22
But not just that, they actually banned money.
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Mais pas seulement ça, en fait ils ont interdit l'argent.
02:25
I think it's the only precedent in which
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Je crois que c'est le seul cas où
02:27
money has ever been stopped from being used.
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l'emploi de l'argent a été arrêtée.
02:29
And we know money is the root of all evil,
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Et on sait que l'argent est la cause de tous les maux,
02:31
but it didn't actually stop evil from happening in Cambodia, in fact.
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mais il n'a pas en fait arrêté le mal au Cambodge, en effet.
02:35
My family was moved from Phnom Penh to Pursat province.
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Ma famille a été déplacée de Phnom Penh à la province de Pursat.
02:39
This is a picture of what Pursat looks like.
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Ceci est une photo de ce à quoi Pursat ressemblait.
02:41
It's actually a very pretty area of Cambodia,
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C'est, en fait, une très belle région du Cambodge,
02:44
where rice growing takes place.
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où il y a de la riziculture.
02:46
And in fact they were forced to work the fields.
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Et en fait, on était forcés à travailler dans les champs.
02:48
So my father and mother ended up in
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Donc mon père et ma mère se sont retrouvés dans
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a sort of concentration camp, labor camp.
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une sorte de camp de concentration, un camp de travail.
02:54
And it was at that time that my mother got word
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Et c'était pendant ce temps-là que ma mère a reçu les nouvelles
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from the commune chief
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du chef de la commune
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that the Vietnamese were actually asking
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que les Vietnamiens demandaient en fait
03:01
for their citizens to go back to Vietnam.
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que leurs citoyens retournent au Vietnam.
03:04
And she spoke some Vietnamese,
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Et elle avait parlé un peu le vietnamien,
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as a child having grown up with Vietnamese friends.
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quand elle était petite, ayant grandi avec les amis vietnamiens.
03:09
And she decided, despite the advice of her neighbors,
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Et elle a pris la décision, malgré les conseils de ses voisins,
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that she would take the chance
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qu'elle prendrait le risque
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and claim to be Vietnamese
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de prétendre d'être vietnamienne
03:17
so that we could have a chance to survive,
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pour qu'on puisse avoir la chance de survivre.
03:19
because at this point they're forcing everybody to work.
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Étant donné qu'à ce moment ils forçaient tout le monde à travailler.
03:21
And they're giving about --
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Et ils ont donné environ --
03:23
in a modern-day, caloric-restriction diet, I guess --
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comme un régime hypocalorique d'aujourd'hui, j'imagine --
03:26
they're giving porridge, with a few grains of rice.
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ils ont donné du porridge, avec quelques grains de riz.
03:30
And at about this time actually
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À peu près en même temps, en fait
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my father got very sick.
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mon père est devenu très malade.
03:34
And he didn't speak Vietnamese.
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Et il ne parlait pas le vietnamien.
03:36
So he died actually, in January 1976.
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Et il est mort, en fait, en janvier 1976.
03:39
And it made it possible, in fact,
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Et il nous a donné l'occasion, en effet,
03:42
for us to take on this plan.
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d'entreprendre ce projet.
03:44
So the Khmer Rouge took us
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Donc le Khmer Rouge nous a amené
03:46
from a place called Pursat to Kaoh Tiev,
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d'un endroit appelé Pursat à Koh Tiev.
03:48
which is across from the border from Vietnam.
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Qui est à l'autre côté de la frontière du Vietnam.
03:51
And there they had a detention camp
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Et là ils avaient un camp de détention
03:53
where alleged Vietnamese would be tested, language tested.
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où les soi-disants Vietnamiens seraient testés, pour la langue.
03:57
And my mother's Vietnamese was so bad
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Et le vietnamien de ma mère était si mauvais
04:00
that to make our story more credible,
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que pour rendre notre histoire plus crédible,
04:04
she'd given all the boys and girls new Vietnamese names.
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elle avait donné à tous les garçons et les filles de nouveaux noms vietnamiens.
04:07
But she'd given the boys girls' names,
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Sauf elle avait donné aux garçons des noms de fille,
04:09
and the girls boys' names.
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et aux filles des noms de garçon.
04:12
And it wasn't until she met a Vietnamese lady
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Et ce n'était pas jusqu'à ce qu'elle ait rencontré une femme vietnamienne
04:14
who told her this, and then tutored her for two days intensively,
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qui le lui a dit, et puis lui a donné des leçons intensives pendant deux jours,
04:18
that she was able to go into her exam
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qu'elle était capable d'aller à son examen
04:21
and -- you know, this was a moment of truth.
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et vous savez, c'était l'heure de la vérité.
04:24
If she fails, we're all headed to the gallows;
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Si elle échouait, on serait dirigés tous au gibet.
04:27
if she passes, we can leave to Vietnam.
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Si elle réussissait, on pourrait partir au Vietnam.
04:29
And she actually, of course -- I'm here, she passes.
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Et elle a en fait, évidemment, je suis ici, elle a réussi.
04:33
And we end up in Hong Ngu on the Vietnamese side.
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Et on finit par se trouver à Hong Ngu du côté vietnamien.
04:36
And then onwards to Chau Doc.
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Et puis jusqu'à Chau Doc.
04:38
And this is a picture of Hong Ngu, Vietnam today.
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Et ceci est une photo de Hong Ngu, au Vietnam aujourd'hui.
04:40
A pretty idyllic place on the Mekong Delta.
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Un endroit assez idyllique sur le delta du Mekong.
04:42
But for us it meant freedom.
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Mais pour nous ça signifiait la liberté.
04:44
And freedom from persecution from the Khmer Rouge.
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Et la liberté de la persécution du Khmer Rouge.
04:49
Last year, the Khmer Rouge Tribunal,
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L'année passé, le Tribunal du Khmer Rouge,
04:52
which the U.N. is helping Cambodia take on,
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que l'ONU aide le Cambodge à organiser,
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started, and I decided that as a matter of record
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a été ouvert, et j'ai décidé que pour les archives
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I should file a Civil Complaint
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je devais déposer une plainte civile
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with the Tribunal about my father's passing away.
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auprès du tribunal, au sujet du décès de mon père.
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And I got word last month
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Et j'ai entendu le mois passé
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that the complaint was officially accepted by the Khmer Rouge Tribunal.
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que la plainte était acceptée officiellement par le Tribunal du Khmer Rouge.
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And it's for me a matter of justice for history, and accountability for the future,
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Et c'est pour moi une question de justice pour le passé, et de responsabilité devant l'avenir.
05:13
because Cambodia remains a pretty lawless place, at times.
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Parce que le Cambodge demeure un endroit assez anarchique, parfois.
05:18
Five years ago my mother and I went back to Chau Doc.
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Il y a cinq ans, ma mère et moi, on est retournés à Chau Doc.
05:22
And she was able to return to a place
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Et elle était capable de retourner à un endroit
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that for her meant freedom, but also fear,
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qui pour elle signalait la liberté, mais aussi la peur,
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because we had just come out of Cambodia.
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parce qu'on venait de quitter le Cambodge.
05:30
I'm happy, actually, today, to present her.
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Je suis heureux aujourd'hui, de la présenter.
05:34
She's here today with us in the audience.
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Elle est ici aujourd'hui avec nous dans le public.
05:36
Thank you mother.
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Merci, Mère.
05:38
(Applause)
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(Les applaudissements)
Translated by Jennifer Zettel
Reviewed by Antoniu Gugu

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sophal Ear - Development economist
Sophal Ear leads research on post-conflict countries -- looking at the effectiveness of foreign aid and the challenge of development in places like his native land, Cambodia.

Why you should listen

Elected to the Crescenta Valley Town Council in November 2015 for a 3-year term, encompassing more than 20,000 residents in unincorporated La Crescenta and Montrose, California, Sophal Ear, Ph.D., is a tenured Associate Professor of Diplomacy & World Affairs at Occidental College in Los Angeles where he lectures on political economy, security, development and Asia.

Previously, he taught how to rebuild countries after wars at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School and international development at the Maxwell School of Syracuse University. He consulted for the World Bank, was Assistant Resident Representative for the United Nations in East Timor and Advisor to Cambodia's 1st private equity fund Leopard Capital. A TED Fellow, Fulbright Specialist, Term Member of the Council on Foreign Relations and Young Global Leader of the World Economic Forum, he sits on the board of the Nathan Cummings Foundation, Refugees International, Partners for Development, the Southeast Asia Resource Action Center, the Southeast Asia Development Program, Diagnostic Microbiology Development Program, the Journal of International Relations and Development (Palgrave), the International Public Management Journal (Taylor & Francis), Journal of South-East Asian American Education & Advancement (Purdue), and Politics and the Life Sciences (Cambridge University Press).

He is the author of Aid Dependence in Cambodia: How Foreign Assistance Undermines Democracy (Columbia University Press, 2013) and co-author of The Hungry Dragon: How China’s Resources Quest is Reshaping the World (Routledge, 2013). He wrote and narrated the award-winning documentary film "The End/Beginning: Cambodia" (47 minutes, 2011) based on his 2009 TED Talk and has appeared in four other documentaries.

A graduate of Princeton and Berkeley, he moved to the United States from France as a Cambodian refugee at the age of 10.

More profile about the speaker
Sophal Ear | Speaker | TED.com

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