TEDxNASA
Joel Levine: Why we need to go back to Mars
Joel Levine: Zašto se moramo vratiti na Mars
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Na TEDxNASA-i, planetarni znanstvenik Joel Levine pokazuje neka intrigantna - i zbunjujuća - nova otkrića o Marsu: krateri puni leda, tragovi prastarih oceana i snažne naznake prisutnosti života, nekoć u prošlosti. On objašnjava kako se trebamo vratiti na Mars da bismo saznali više.
Joel Levine - Planetary and atmospheric scientist
Joel Levine studies the atmospheres of Earth and Mars, looking at their origin, evolution, structure and chemistry and climate change. He's the principal investigator of the proposed ARES Mars Airplane Mission. Full bio
Joel Levine studies the atmospheres of Earth and Mars, looking at their origin, evolution, structure and chemistry and climate change. He's the principal investigator of the proposed ARES Mars Airplane Mission. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I want to talk about 4.6 billion years of history
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Želim govoriti o 4.6 milijardi godina povijesti
00:20
in 18 minutes.
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u 18 minuta.
00:22
That's 300 million years per minute.
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To je 300 milijuna godina po minuti.
00:25
Let's start with the first photograph NASA obtained
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Započnimo s prvom NASA-inom slikom
00:29
of planet Mars.
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planeta Marsa.
00:31
This is fly-by, Mariner IV.
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Ovo je Mariner IV, sonda koja je proletjela pokraj Marsa.
00:33
It was taken in 1965.
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Snimljena je 1965.
00:36
When this picture appeared,
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Kada se ova slika pojavila,
00:38
that well-known scientific journal,
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poznati znanstveni časopis,
00:41
The New York Times, wrote in its editorial,
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The New York Times, napisao je u svom uvodnom članku:
00:44
"Mars is uninteresting.
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"Mars nije zanimljiv.
00:46
It's a dead world. NASA should not spend
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To je mrtav svijet. NASA ne bi trebala više ulagati
00:49
any time or effort studying Mars anymore."
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ni vrijeme ni trud na proučavanje Marsa."
00:53
Fortunately, our leaders in Washington
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Na sreću, naši vođe iz Washingtona
00:55
at NASA headquarters knew better
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u NASA-inom sjedištu bili su mudriji
00:57
and we began a very extensive study
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i započeli smo veoma opsežno proučavanje
01:01
of the red planet.
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crvenog planeta,
01:03
One of the key questions in all of science,
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Jedno od ključnih pitanja u svim znanostima jest:
01:07
"Is there life outside of Earth?"
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"Ima li života izvan Zemlje?"
01:09
I believe that Mars is the most likely target
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Smatram da je Mars najpogodnije mjesto
01:13
for life outside the Earth.
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za život izvan Zemlje.
01:15
I'm going to show you in a few minutes
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Pokazat ću vam za nekoliko minuta
01:17
some amazing measurements that suggest
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neka čudesna mjerenja koja sugeriraju
01:19
there may be life on Mars.
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da bi moglo biti života na Marsu.
01:21
But let me start with a Viking photograph.
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Ali započet ću s Vikingovom fotografijom.
01:25
This is a composite taken by Viking in 1976.
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Ovo je slika koju je 1976. uslikao Viking.
01:29
Viking was developed and managed at the
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Viking su razvili i vodili u
01:32
NASA Langley Research Center.
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NASA-inom Langley istraživačkom centru.
01:34
We sent two orbiters and two landers in the summer of 1976.
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Poslali smo dva orbitera i dva landera u ljeto 1967.
01:38
We had four spacecraft, two around Mars,
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Imali smo četiri svemirske letjelice, dvije oko Marsa,
01:42
two on the surface --
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dvije na površini -
01:44
an amazing accomplishment.
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čudesno postignuće.
01:46
This is the first photograph taken from
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Ovo je prva fotografija snimljena s
01:48
the surface of any planet.
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površine bilo kojeg planeta.
01:50
This is a Viking Lander photograph
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Ovo je fotografija površine Marsa
01:52
of the surface of Mars.
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s landera Vikinga.
01:54
And yes, the red planet is red.
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I da, crveni planet je crven.
01:57
Mars is half the size of the Earth,
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Mars je upola manji od Zemlje,
02:00
but because two-thirds of the Earth is covered by water,
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ali kako su dvije trećine Zemlje prekrivene vodom,
02:03
the land area on Mars
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kopneno područje Marsa
02:06
is comparable to the land area on Earth.
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je usporedivo s kopnenim područjem na Zemlji.
02:08
So, Mars is a pretty big place even though it's half the size.
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Dakle, Mars je dosta veliko mjesto iako je upola manji.
02:13
We have obtained topographic measurements
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Dobili smo fotografska mjerenja
02:16
of the surface of Mars. We understand
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površine Marsa. Razumijemo
02:18
the elevation differences.
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razlike u visini.
02:20
We know a lot about Mars.
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Znamo mnogo o Marsu.
02:22
Mars has the largest volcano in the solar system,
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Mars ima najveći vukan u sunčevom sustavu,
02:26
Olympus Mons.
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Olympus Mons.
02:28
Mars has the Grand Canyon
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Mars ima Grand Canyon
02:30
of the solar system, Valles Marineris.
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sunčevog sustava, Valles Marineris.
02:33
Very, very interesting planet.
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Vrlo, vrlo zanimljiv planet.
02:35
Mars has the largest
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Mars ima najveći
02:38
impact crater in the solar system,
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udarni krater u sunčevom sustavu,
02:40
Hellas Basin.
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Hellas Planitia.
02:42
This is 2,000 miles across.
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Njegov promjer iznosi 3200 kilometara.
02:44
If you happened to be on Mars
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Da ste se našli na Marsu
02:46
when this impactor hit,
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kada se udarac dogodio,
02:48
it was a really bad day on Mars.
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to je bio zbilja loš dan na Marsu.
02:50
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:52
This is Olympus Mons.
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Ovo je Olympus Mons.
02:54
This is bigger than the state of Arizona.
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Veći je od države Arizone.
02:57
Volcanoes are important, because volcanoes
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Vulkani su važni, zato što vulkani
02:59
produce atmospheres and they produce oceans.
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stvaraju atmosfere i stvaraju oceane.
03:02
We're looking at Valles Marineris,
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Gledamo Valles Marineris,
03:05
the largest canyon in the solar system,
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najveći kanjon u sunčevom sustavu,
03:07
superimposed on a map of the United States,
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položen na kartu SAD-a,
03:10
3,000 miles across.
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koji je dug 5000 kilometara.
03:12
One of the most intriguing features about Mars,
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Jedna od najzanimljivijih karakteristika Marsa,
03:15
the National Academy of Science says
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prema Nacionalnoj Akademiji Znanosti,
03:17
one of the 10 major mysteries of the space age,
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jedan od 10 većih misterija starosti svemira,
03:20
is why certain areas of Mars
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jest pitanje zašto su određena područja Marsa
03:23
are so highly magnetized.
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tako jako magnetizirana.
03:25
We call this crustal magnetism.
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To zovemo magnetizmom kore.
03:27
There are regions on Mars, where, for some reason --
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Postoje područja na Marsu, gdje je, iz nekog razloga -
03:30
we don't understand why at this point --
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u ovom trenu ne razumijemo zašto -
03:33
the surface is very, very highly magnetized.
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površina jako, jako magnetizirana.
03:36
Is there water on Mars?
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Ima li vode na Marsu?
03:38
The answer is no, there is no liquid water
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Odgovor je ne, nema tekuće vode
03:41
on the surface of Mars today.
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na površini Marsa danas.
03:43
But there is intriguing evidence
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Ali postoje intrigantni dokazi
03:45
that suggests that the early history of Mars
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koji predlažu da su u ranoj povijesti Marsa
03:48
there may have been rivers
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možda postojale rijeke
03:50
and fast flowing water.
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i brze tekuće vode.
03:53
Today Mars is very very dry.
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Danas je Mars veoma, veoma suh.
03:55
We believe there's some water in the polar caps,
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Vjerujemo da ima vode u polarnim kapama,
03:58
there are polar caps of North Pole and South Pole.
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na Južnom i Sjevernom polu nalaze se polarne kape.
04:01
Here are some recent images.
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Evo nekih novijih slika.
04:03
This is from Spirit and Opportunity.
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Ovo su snimili Spirit i Opportunity.
04:06
These images that show at one time,
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Ove slike pokazuje da je nekada
04:08
there was very fast flowing water on the surface of Mars.
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bilo jako brze tekuće vode na površini Marsa.
04:12
Why is water important? Water is important
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Zašto je voda važna? Voda je važna
04:14
because if you want life you have to have water.
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zato što ako želite život, morate imati vodu.
04:18
Water is the key ingredient
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Voda je ključni sastojak
04:20
in the evolution, the origin of life on a planet.
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u evoluciji, porijeklo života na planetu.
04:24
Here is some picture of Antarctica
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Ovo je jedna slika Antartike
04:26
and a picture of Olympus Mons,
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i slika Olympus Monsa,
04:29
very similar features, glaciers.
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vrlo slične značajke, ledenjačke.
04:31
So, this is frozen water.
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Dakle, to je smrznuta voda.
04:33
This is ice water on Mars.
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To je ledena voda na Marsu.
04:36
This is my favorite picture. This was just taken a few weeks ago.
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Ovo je moja omiljena slika. Snimljena je prije tek nekoliko tjedana.
04:39
It has not been seen publicly.
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Nije prikazana javnosti.
04:41
This is European space agency
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Ovo je slika Mars Expressa Europske svjetske agencije
04:44
Mars Express, image of a crater on Mars
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koja prikazuje krater na Marsu,
04:46
and in the middle of the crater
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a usred kratera
04:48
we have liquid water, we have ice.
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imamo tekuću vodu, imamo led.
04:51
Very intriguing photograph.
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Vrlo zanimljiva fotografija.
04:53
We now believe that in the early history of Mars,
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Sada vjerujemo da je u svojoj ranoj povijesti,
04:57
which is 4.6 billion years ago,
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što je bilo prije 4.6 milijardi godina,
05:00
4.6 billion years ago, Mars was very Earth-like.
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prije 4.6 milijardi, Mars bio veoma nalik Zemlji.
05:04
Mars had rivers, Mars had lakes,
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Mars je imao rijeke, Mars je imao jezera,
05:07
but more important Mars had planetary-scale oceans.
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ali što je najvažnije, Mars je imao oceane po skoro cijeloj površini.
05:11
We believe that the oceans were in the northern hemisphere,
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Vjerujemo da su oceani bili u sjevernoj hemisferi,
05:15
and this area in blue,
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a ovo područje obojeno plavo
05:17
which shows a depression of about four miles,
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koje pokazuje uvalu od oko 6.5 kilometara
05:20
was the ancient ocean area
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bilo je prastaro oceansko područje
05:23
on the surface of Mars.
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na površini Marsa.
05:25
Where did the ocean's worth of water on Mars go?
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Gdje je oceanska količina vode nestala s Marsa?
05:28
Well, we have an idea.
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Pa, imamo ideju.
05:30
This is a measurement we obtained a few years ago
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Ovo je mjerenje koje smo dobili prije nekoliko godina
05:33
from a Mars-orbiting satellite called Odyssey.
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s Odysseya, satelita koji kruži oko Marsa.
05:37
Sub-surface water on Mars,
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Voda pod površinom Marsa,
05:39
frozen in the form of ice.
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smrznuta u led.
05:42
And this shows the percent. If it's a blueish color,
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A ovo pokazuje postotak. Ako je plavkaste boje,
05:45
it means 16 percent by weight.
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znači da je ima 16% masenog udjela.
05:48
Sixteen percent, by weight, of the interior
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16% masenog udjela unutrašnjosti
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contains frozen water, or ice.
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sadržava smrznutu vodu, ili led.
05:53
So, there is a lot of water below the surface.
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Dakle, ima mnogo vode ispod površine.
05:56
The most intriguing and puzzling measurement,
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Mjerenje koje je najzanimljivije i koje najviše zbunjuje,
06:00
in my opinion, we've obtained of Mars,
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prema mom mišljenju, dobili smo s Marsa,
06:03
was released earlier this year
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a objavljeno je ranije ove godine
06:06
in the magazine Science.
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u časopisu Science.
06:09
And what we're looking at is the presence of the gas methane,
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Ono što gledamo jest prisutnost plina metana,
06:13
CH4, in the atmosphere of Mars.
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CH4, u Marsovoj atmosferi.
06:17
And you can see there are three distinct regions of methane.
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I možete vidjeti da postoje tri različita područja metana.
06:21
Why is methane important?
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Zašto je metan važan?
06:23
Because on Earth, almost all --
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Zato što na Zemlji, skoro sav -
06:25
99.9 percent -- of the methane
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99.9% - metan
06:28
is produced by living systems,
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proizvode živi sistemi,
06:31
not little green men, but microscopic life
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ne mali zeleni ljudi, već mikroskopska bića
06:35
below the surface or at the surface.
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ispod površine ili na njoj.
06:37
We now have evidence
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Sada imamo dokaze
06:39
that methane is in the atmosphere of Mars,
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da metana ima u Marsovoj atmosferi,
06:42
a gas that, on Earth,
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plina koji je na Zemlji
06:44
is biogenic in origin,
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biogenog porijekla,
06:46
produced by living systems.
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koji proizvode živi sistemi.
06:48
These are the three plumes: A, B1, B2.
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Ovo su tri oblaka dima: A, B1, B2.
06:52
And this is the terrain it appears over,
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A ovo je teren iznad kojeg se pojavljuju,
06:55
and we know from geological studies
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a iz geoloških istraživanja znamo
06:58
that these regions are the oldest regions on Mars.
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da su ova područja najstarija na Marsu.
07:02
In fact, the Earth and Mars
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Naime, Zemlja i Mars
07:04
are both 4.6 billion years old.
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su oboje stari 4.6 milijardi godina.
07:08
The oldest rock on Earth is only 3.6 billion.
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Najstariji kamen na Zemlji star je samo 3.6 milijardi.
07:12
The reason there is a billion-year gap
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Razlog tome što postoji milijardu godina razlike
07:15
in our geological understanding
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u našem geološkom poimanju
07:17
is because of plate tectonics,
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jest tektonika ploča,
07:19
The crust of the Earth has been recycled.
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Zemljina kora se reciklirala.
07:22
We have no geological record prior
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Nemamo geoloških podataka
07:24
for the first billion years.
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za prvih milijardu godina.
07:26
That record exists on Mars.
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Takvi podaci postoje na Marsu.
07:28
And this terrain that we're looking at
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A ovaj teren koji gledamo
07:30
dates back to 4.6 billion years
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datira 4.6 milijardi godina u prošlost
07:34
when Earth and Mars were formed.
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kada su se Zemlja i Mars formirali.
07:37
It was a Tuesday.
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Bilo je to jednog utorka.
07:39
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
07:41
This is a map that shows
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Ovo je karta koja pokazuje
07:43
where we've put our spacecraft on the surface of Mars.
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gdje smo smjestili svoju svemirsku letjelicu na površinu Marsa.
07:47
Here is Viking I, Viking II.
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Ovdje je Viking I, Viking II.
07:50
This is Opportunity. This is Spirit.
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Ovo je Opportunity. Ovo je Spirit.
07:53
This is Mars Pathfinder. This is Phoenix,
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Ovo je Mars Pathfinder. Ovo je Phoenix,
07:55
we just put two years ago.
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njega smo smjestili tek prije dvije godine.
07:57
Notice all of our rovers and all of our landers
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Primijetite da su svi naši roveri i svi landeri
08:01
have gone to the northern hemisphere.
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otišli u sjevernu hemisferu.
08:03
That's because the northern hemisphere
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To je zato što je sjeverna hemisfera
08:06
is the region of the ancient
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područje starog
08:08
ocean basin.
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oceanskog korita.
08:10
There aren't many craters.
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Nema mnogo kratera.
08:12
And that's because the water protected the basin
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A to je zato što je voda zaštitila korito
08:15
from being impacted by asteroids and meteorites.
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od udara asteroida i meteorita.
08:19
But look in the southern hemisphere.
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No pogledajte južnu hemisferu.
08:22
In the southern hemisphere there are impact craters,
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U južnoj hemisferi nalaze se udarni krateri,
08:24
there are volcanic craters.
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vulkanski krateri.
08:26
Here's Hellas Basin,
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Ovdje je Hellas Planitia,
08:28
a very very different place, geologically.
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jedno veoma drugačije mjesto, geološki gledano.
08:31
Look where the methane is, the methane is in a very
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Pogledajte gdje je metan, nalazi se u
08:34
rough terrain area.
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području vrlo neravnog terena.
08:38
What is the best way to unravel
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Koji je najbolji način za odgonetavanje
08:40
the mysteries on Mars that exist?
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misterija koji postoje na Marsu?
08:43
We asked this question 10 years ago.
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Postavili smo to pitanje prije 10 godina.
08:47
We invited 10 of the top Mars scientists
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Pozvali smo 10 vodećih znanstvenika koji proučavaju Mars
08:50
to the Langley Research Center for two days.
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u Langley istraživački centar na dva dana.
08:54
We addressed on the board
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Na komisiji smo raspravljali o
08:56
the major questions that have not been answered.
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najvećim pitanjima na koja nije bilo odgovora.
08:59
And we spent two days deciding
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I potrošili smo dva dana odlučujući
09:02
how to best answer this question.
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na koji način najbolje odgovoriti na to pitanje.
09:05
And the result of our meeting
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I rezultat našeg sastanka
09:08
was a robotic rocket-powered airplane we call ARES.
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bio je robotski raketni zrakoplov nazvan ARES.
09:14
It's an Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Surveyor.
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To je zračni regionalni promatrač okoliša.
09:18
There's a model of ARES here.
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Ovdje se nalazi model ARES-a.
09:20
This is a 20-percent scale model.
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To je model pet puta manji od originala.
09:23
This airplane was designed at the Langley Research Center.
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Zrakoplov je osmišljen u Langley istraživačkom centru.
09:27
If any place in the world
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Ako se negdje u svijetu
09:29
can build an airplane to fly on Mars,
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može napraviti zrakoplov za let na Mars,
09:31
it's the Langley Research Center,
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to se može u Langley istraživačkom centru
09:33
for almost 100 years
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koji je već skoro 100 godina
09:35
a leading center of aeronautics in the world.
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vodeći centar aeronautike u svijetu.
09:38
We fly about a mile above the surface.
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Letimo oko 1.6 km iznad površine.
09:41
We cover hundreds of miles,
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Pokrivamo stotine kilometara
09:43
and we fly about 450 miles an hour.
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i letimo oko 720 km na sat.
09:46
We can do things that rovers can't do
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Možemo raditi ono što niti roveri
09:49
and landers can't do:
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niti landeri ne mogu:
09:51
We can fly above mountains, volcanoes, impact craters;
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Možemo letjeti iznad planina, vulkana, udarnih kratera;
09:54
we fly over valleys;
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letimo iznad dolina;
09:56
we can fly over surface magnetism,
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možemo letjeti iznad površinskog magnetizma,
09:58
the polar caps, subsurface water;
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polarnih kapa, vode pod površinom;
10:01
and we can search for life on Mars.
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i možemo tražiti život na Marsu.
10:03
But, of equal importance,
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Ali, što je od jednake važnosti,
10:05
as we fly through the atmosphere of Mars,
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kako letimo kroz Marsovu atmosferu,
10:08
we transmit that journey,
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odašiljemo to putovanje,
10:11
the first flight of an airplane outside of the Earth,
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prvo putovanje zrakoplova izvan Zemlje,
10:14
we transmit those images back to Earth.
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odašiljemo te slike natrag na Zemlju.
10:17
And our goal is to inspire the American public
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I naš cilj je nadahnuti američku javnost
10:21
who is paying for this mission through tax dollars.
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koja plaća ovu misiju preko poreza.
10:24
But more important we will
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Ali važnije je što ćemo
10:27
inspire the next generation of scientists,
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nadahnuti sljedeću generaciju znanstvenika,
10:30
technologists, engineers and mathematicians.
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tehnologa, inženjera i matematičara.
10:33
And that's a critical area of national security
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A to je kritično područje državne sigurnosti
10:37
and economic vitality, to make sure
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i ekonomske vitalnosti, da bi se osiguralo
10:41
we produce the next generation
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stvaranje nove generacije
10:43
of scientists, engineers, mathematicians and technologists.
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znanstvenika, inženjera, matematičara i tehnologa.
10:46
This is what ARES looks like
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Ovako ARES izgleda
10:49
as it flies over Mars.
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dok leti nad Marsom.
10:51
We preprogram it.
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Prethodno ga programiramo.
10:53
We will fly where the methane is.
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Letjet ćemo tamo gdje je metan.
10:55
We will have instruments aboard the plane
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U zrakoplovu će biti instrumenti
10:58
that will sample, every three minutes, the atmosphere of Mars.
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koji će svake tri minute uzimati uzorak atmosfere Marsa.
11:01
We will look for methane
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Tražit ćemo metan,
11:03
as well as other gasses
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ali i druge plinove
11:05
produced by living systems.
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koje proizvode živi sistemi.
11:07
We will pinpoint where these gases emanate from,
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Odredit ćemo odakle ti plinovi dolaze,
11:11
because we can measure the gradient where it comes from,
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zato što možemo izmjeriti gradijent otkuda dolazi,
11:14
and there, we can direct the next mission
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i možemo usmjeriti sljedeću misiju
11:17
to land right in that area.
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da sleti upravo u to područje.
11:20
How do we transport an airplane to Mars?
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Kako prevesti zrakoplov na Mars?
11:23
In two words, very carefully.
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U dvije riječi, veoma oprezno.
11:26
The problem is we don't fly it to Mars,
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Problem je što ne leti sam do Marsa,
11:30
we put it in a spacecraft
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već ga stavimo u svemirsku letjelicu
11:33
and we send it to Mars.
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i pošaljemo na Mars.
11:35
The problem is the spacecraft's
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Problem je što je
11:37
largest diameter is nine feet;
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najveći promjer letjelice 2.7 metara;
11:41
ARES is 21-foot wingspan, 17 feet long.
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ARES-ova krila su duga 6.4 metara, a dug je 5.2 metara.
11:46
How do we get it to Mars?
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Kako ćemo ga dopremiti na Mars?
11:48
We fold it,
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Sklopimo ga
11:50
and we transport it in a spacecraft.
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i prenesemo u letjelici.
11:53
And we have it in something called an aeroshell.
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Imamo ga u nečemu što se zove aeroštit.
11:56
This is how we do it.
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Ovako ćemo to napraviti.
11:58
And we have a little video that describes the sequence.
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I imamo mali video koji opisuje slijed.
12:02
Video: Seven, six. Green board. Five, four, three, two, one.
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Video: sedam, šest. Zelena ploča. Pet, četiri, tri, dva, jedan.
12:07
Main engine start, and liftoff.
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Glavni motor se pali, i uzlijetanje.
12:20
Joel Levine: This is a launch from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
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Joel Levine: Ovo je lansiranje iz Svemirskog centra Kennedy u Floridi.
12:29
This is the spacecraft taking nine months
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Ovo je letjelica kojoj treba 9 mjeseci
12:31
to get to Mars.
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kako bi stigla na Mars.
12:33
It enters the atmosphere of Mars.
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Ulazi u atmosferu Marsa.
12:36
A lot of heating,
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Mnogo zagrijavanja,
12:41
frictional heating. It's going 18 thousand miles an hour.
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zagrijavanja trenjem. Kreće se 29 000 km na sat.
12:43
A parachute opens up to slow it down.
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Otvara se padobran da bi je usporio.
12:47
The thermal tiles fall off.
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Otpadaju termalni zaštitni dijelovi.
12:50
The airplane is exposed to the atmosphere for the first time.
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Zrakoplov je po prvi puta izložen atmosferi.
12:53
It unfolds.
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Rastvara se.
12:56
The rocket engine begins.
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Pokreće se motor rakete.
13:05
We believe that in a one-hour flight
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Vjerujemo da ćemo nakon sat vremena leta
13:08
we can rewrite the textbook on Mars
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moći prepraviti udžbenik o Marsu
13:11
by making high-resolution measurements of the atmosphere,
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radeći mjerenja atmosfere visoke rezolucije,
13:14
looking for gases of biogenic origin,
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tražeći plinove biogenog porijekla,
13:17
looking for gases of volcanic origin,
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tražeći plinove vulkanskog porijekla,
13:20
studying the surface, studying the magnetism
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proučavajući površinu, proučavajući magnetizam
13:23
on the surface, which we don't understand,
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na površini, koji ne razumijemo,
13:25
as well as about a dozen other areas.
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kao i desetke drugih područja.
13:28
Practice makes perfect.
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Vježbom do savršenstva.
13:30
How do we know we can do it?
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Kako znamo da mi to možemo?
13:32
Because we have tested ARES model,
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Zato što smo testirali ARES-ov model,
13:36
several models in a half a dozen wind tunnels
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nekoliko modela u 6 zračnih tunela
13:39
at the NASA Langley Research Center for eight years,
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u NASA-inom Langley istraživačkom centru zadnjih 8 godina
13:42
under Mars conditions.
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u uvjetima s Marsa.
13:44
And, of equal importance
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I, isto je tako važno
13:46
is, we test ARES in the Earth's atmosphere,
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da ispitujemo ARES u Zemljinoj atmosferi,
13:50
at 100,000 feet,
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na 30 000 metara,
13:53
which is comparable to the density and pressure
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što se može usporediti s gustoćom i tlakom
13:56
of the atmosphere on Mars where we'll fly.
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atmosfere na Marsu gdje ćemo njime letjeti.
13:59
Now, 100,000 feet, if you fly cross-country to Los Angeles,
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Sad, 30 000 metara, ako letite do Los Angelesa,
14:02
you fly 37,000 feet.
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letite na 11 000 metara.
14:04
We do our tests at 100,000 feet.
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Mi svoje testove izvodimo na 30 000 metara.
14:07
And I want to show you one of our tests.
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I želim vam pokazati jedan od naših testova.
14:10
This is a half-scale model.
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Ovo je model u omjeru 1:2.
14:12
This is a high-altitude helium balloon.
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Ovo je helijski balom za velike visine.
14:14
This is over Tilamook, Oregon.
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Ovo je iznad Tilamooka, u Oregonu.
14:17
We put the folded airplane on the balloon --
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Stavimo sklopljeni zrakoplov na balon -
14:21
it took about three hours to get up there --
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trebalo mu je oko tri sata da dođe dotle -
14:23
and then we released it on command
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i tada smo ga na zapovijed izbacili
14:25
at 103,000 feet,
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na 31 400 metara,
14:27
and we deploy the airplane and everything works perfectly.
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upravljamo zrakoplovom i sve savršeno radi.
14:31
And we've done
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I radili smo
14:33
high-altitude and low-altitude tests,
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testove na velikim i malim visinama,
14:35
just to perfect this technique.
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samo da bismo usavršili tu tehniku.
14:40
We're ready to go.
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Spremni smo za kretanje.
14:42
I have a scale model here.
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Ovdje imam mali model.
14:44
But we have a full-scale model
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Ali imamo model pune veličine
14:46
in storage at the NASA Langley Research Center.
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u skladištu NASA-inog Langley istraživačkog centra.
14:49
We're ready to go. All we need is a check from NASA headquarters
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Spremni smo za kretanje. Sve što trebamo je ček iz NASA-inih sjedišta
14:53
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
14:55
to cover the costs.
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koji bi pokrio troškove.
14:57
I'm prepared to donate my honorarium for today's talk
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Spreman sam donirati svoj honorar od današnjeg govora
15:00
for this mission.
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za ovu misiju.
15:02
There's actually no honorarium for anyone for this thing.
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Zapravo nitko ne dobiva honorar za ovo.
15:06
This is the ARES team;
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Ovo je ARES-ov tim;
15:08
we have about 150 scientists, engineers;
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imamo oko 150 znanstvenika, inženjera;
15:12
where we're working with Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
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ovdje radimo s laboratorijem Jet Propulsion,
15:14
Goddard Space Flight Center,
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Godard Centrom za svemirske letove,
15:16
Ames Research Center and half a dozen major universities
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Ames istraživačkim centrom i 6 važnih sveučilišta
15:19
and corporations in developing this.
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i korporacija koje rade na ovome.
15:21
It's a large effort. It's all at NASA Langley Research Center.
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Ulaže se mnogo napora. Sve je to u NASA-inom Langley istraživačkom centru.
15:28
And let me conclude by saying
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Dopustite mi da zaključim s ovim:
15:31
not too far from here,
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Ne tako daleko odavde,
15:33
right down the road in Kittyhawk, North Carolina,
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niz cestu u Kittyhawku, u Sjevernoj Karolini,
15:36
a little more than 100 years ago
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prije nešto više od 100 godina
15:38
history was made
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stvarala se povijest
15:40
when we had the first powered flight of an airplane on Earth.
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kada smo imali prvi let zrakoplova na motorni pogon na Zemlji.
15:43
We are on the verge right now
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Na korak smo do
15:45
to make the first flight of an airplane
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prvog leta zrakoplova
15:48
outside the Earth's atmosphere.
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izvan Zemljine atmosfere.
15:50
We are prepared to fly this on Mars,
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Spremni smo otpremiti ovo na Mars,
15:53
rewrite the textbook about Mars.
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ispraviti udžbenik o Marsu.
15:55
If you're interested in more information,
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Ako vas zanima još više,
15:58
we have a website that describes this exciting
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imamo web stranicu koja opisuje ovu uzbudljivu
16:01
and intriguing mission, and why we want to do it.
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i intrigantnu misiju i zašto je želimo ostvariti.
16:04
Thank you very much.
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Puno vam hvala.
16:06
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Joel Levine - Planetary and atmospheric scientistJoel Levine studies the atmospheres of Earth and Mars, looking at their origin, evolution, structure and chemistry and climate change. He's the principal investigator of the proposed ARES Mars Airplane Mission.
Why you should listen
Joel S. Levine is a senior research scientist in the Science Mission Directorate at NASA's Langley Research Center, and the principal investigator and chief scientist of the proposed ARES Mars Airplane Mission. ARES (Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey) is a robotic, rocket-powered Mars airplane designed to investigate the atmosphere, surface and sub-surface of Mars.
In his research, he studies the atmospheres of Earth and Mars, tracking their development and changes: How similar are they? What can Earth learn from Mars?
His work as an atmospheric scientist had an interesting sideline, as he wrote in this Q&A for students:
From 1998 to 2001, at the request of the National Archives and Records Administration in Washington, D.C., I formed and led a team of NASA scientists to solve the mystery of why tiny white spots were forming in the hermetically sealed encasements containing the Declaration of Independence, the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights. Using noninvasive techniques that were originally developed to measure trace gases in Earth's atmosphere, we solved the problem. We measured very high concentrations of water vapor in the hermetically sealed encasements. The high concentrations of water vapor chemically reacted with the glass encasements, causing the leaching out of alkaline material from the glass, resulting in the formation of the mysterious white spots. The situation was corrected in 2001, when personnel at the National Archives and Records Administration removed the documents from the original encasements, put them in brand-new encasements and put them back on display at the National Archives. This was a unique opportunity to apply NASA-developed technology to solve a non-aerospace problem of great national interest and concern -- the preservation of the founding documents of the United States of America!
Joel Levine | Speaker | TED.com