TEDxVancouver
Jack Horner: Where are the baby dinosaurs?
Jack Horner: Premena dinosaurov
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Kde sú mláďatá dinosaurov? Skvelá prednáška z TEDxVancouver, kde paleontológ Jack Horner popisuje, ako otváraním skamenelých lebiek odhaľuje šokujúcu pravdu o niektorých našich obľúbených dinosauroch.
Jack Horner - Dinosaur digger
Jack Horner and his dig teams have discovered the first evidence of parental care in dinosaurs, extensive nesting grounds, evidence of dinosaur herds, and the world’s first dinosaur embryos. He's now exploring how to build a dinosaur. Full bio
Jack Horner and his dig teams have discovered the first evidence of parental care in dinosaurs, extensive nesting grounds, evidence of dinosaur herds, and the world’s first dinosaur embryos. He's now exploring how to build a dinosaur. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Shall I ask for a show of hands
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Môžem vás požiadať, aby zdvihli ruku
00:18
or a clapping
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alebo zatlieskali
00:20
of people in different generations?
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ľudia rôznych generácií?
00:23
I'm interested in how many
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Zaujíma ma, koľko z vás
00:25
are three to 12 years old.
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má 3 – 12 rokov.
00:27
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
00:31
None, huh?
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Nikto, čo?
00:34
All right.
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No dobre.
00:36
I'm going to talk about dinosaurs.
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Budem hovoriť o dinosauroch.
00:38
Do you remember dinosaurs when you were that age?
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Spomínate si na tie dinosaury,
keď ste mali toľko?
keď ste mali toľko?
00:41
(Applause)
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(potlesk)
00:48
Dinosaurs are kind of funny, you know.
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Dinosaury sú celkom zábavné, že.
00:51
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
00:53
We're going to kind of go in a different direction right now.
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Teraz hneď zmeníme tému.
00:55
I hope you all realize that.
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Dúfam, že si to všetci uvedomujete.
00:58
So I'll just give you my message up front:
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Takže vám to dôležité poviem hneď teraz:
01:00
Try not to go extinct.
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Snažte sa nevyhynúť.
01:02
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
01:04
That's it.
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To je všetko.
01:06
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
01:10
People ask me a lot --
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Ľudia sa ma často pýtajú –
01:12
in fact, one of the most asked questions I get
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v podstate je to najčastejšia
otázka, ktorú dostávam –
otázka, ktorú dostávam –
01:15
is, why do children like dinosaurs so much?
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prečo majú deti tak rady dinosaury?
01:19
What's the fascination?
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Čo ich na nich tak fascinuje?
01:21
And I usually just say,
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Zvyčajne odpovedám:
01:24
"Well dinosaurs were big,
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„Dinosaury boli veľké,
01:26
different and gone."
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iné a už vymreli.“
01:29
They're all gone.
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Všetky sú preč.
01:31
Well that's not true,
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Čo ale nie je pravda,
01:33
but we'll get to the goose in a minute.
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ale k tomu sa dostaneme o chvíľu.
01:35
So that's sort of the theme:
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Takže asi takto:
01:38
big, different and gone.
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veľké, iné a vyhynuté.
01:42
The title of my talk:
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Názov mojej prednášky je:
01:44
Shape-shifting Dinosaurs:
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Prevteľovanie dinosaurov:
01:46
The Cause of a Premature Extinction.
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príčina predčasného vyhynutia.
01:48
Now I assume that we remember dinosaurs.
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Predpokladám,
že si na dinosaury spomínate.
že si na dinosaury spomínate.
01:51
And there's lots of different shapes.
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Majú rozličné formy.
01:54
Lots of different kinds.
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Mnoho rôznych druhov.
01:57
A long time ago,
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Pred mnohými rokmi,
01:59
back in the early 1900s,
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na začiatku 20. storočia,
02:01
museums were out looking for dinosaurs.
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múzeá pátrali po dinosauroch.
02:04
They went out and gathered them up.
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Vyrážali do terénu a zbierali ich.
02:07
And this is an interesting story.
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Je to zaujímavý príbeh.
02:09
Every museum wanted a little bigger or better one
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Každé múzeum chcelo trochu
väčší alebo lepší kúsok,
väčší alebo lepší kúsok,
02:12
than anybody else had.
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ako mali ostatné.
02:14
So if the museum in Toronto went out
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Takže keď múzeum v Toronte vyrazilo von
02:17
and collected a Tyrannosaur, a big one,
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a našlo veľkého Tyranosaura,
02:20
then the museum in Ottawa wanted a bigger one
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tak múzeum v Ottave
chcelo ešte väčšieho
chcelo ešte väčšieho
02:23
and a better one.
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a lepšieho.
02:25
And that happened for all museums.
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Tak to bolo so všetkými múzeami.
02:27
So everyone was out looking
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Všetci vyhľadávali
02:29
for all these bigger and better dinosaurs.
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všetky tie väčšie a lepšie dinosaury.
02:32
And this was in the early 1900s.
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To bolo na začiatku 20. storočia.
02:36
By about 1970,
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Ale okolo roku 1970
02:39
some scientists were sitting around
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sa niekoľko vedcov
02:41
and they thought, "What in the world?
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zamyslelo: „Čo to má znamenať?
02:44
Look at these dinosaurs.
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Pozrite sa na tie dinosaury.
02:46
They're all big.
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Všetky sú veľké.
02:48
Where are all the little ones?"
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Kde sú všetky tie mladé?“
02:53
And they thought about it
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Premýšľali o tom
02:55
and they even wrote papers about it:
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a dokonca o tom napísali aj článok:
02:57
"Where are the little dinosaurs?"
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„Kde sú malé dinosaury?“
02:59
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
03:07
Well, go to a museum, you'll see,
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No, choďte do múzea a uvidíte,
03:11
see how many baby dinosaurs there are.
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koľko je tam mláďat dinosaurov.
03:14
People assumed -- and this was actually a problem --
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Ľudia si mysleli,
a to bol práve ten problém,
a to bol práve ten problém,
03:17
people assumed
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mysleli si,
03:19
that if they had little dinosaurs,
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že ak by mali malé dinosaury,
03:21
if they had juvenile dinosaurs,
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ak by mali mláďatá,
03:23
they'd be easy to identify.
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bolo by jednoduché ich rozpoznať.
03:25
You'd have a big dinosaur
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Mali by ste veľkého dinosaura
03:27
and a littler dinosaur.
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a malého dinosaura.
03:30
But all they had were big dinosaurs.
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Ale mali len veľké dinosaury.
03:33
And it comes down to a couple of things.
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Má to niekoľko dôvodov.
03:36
First off, scientists have egos,
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Po prvé, vedci majú ego
03:40
and scientists like to name dinosaurs.
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a radi pomenúvajú dinosaury.
03:44
They like to name anything.
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Chcú všetko pomenovávať.
03:46
Everybody likes to have their own animal that they named.
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Každý chce mať nejaké vlastné
zviera, ktoré sa po ňom volá, a tak…
zviera, ktoré sa po ňom volá, a tak…
03:49
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
03:52
And so every time they found something that looked a little different,
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Takže vždy, keď našli niečo,
čo vyzeralo trochu inak,
čo vyzeralo trochu inak,
03:55
they named it something different.
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dali tomu iné meno.
03:58
And what happened, of course,
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Samozrejme to dopadlo tak,
04:00
is we ended up with a whole bunch of different dinosaurs.
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že máme kopu rôznych dinosaurov.
04:05
In 1975,
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V roku 1975
04:08
a light went on in somebody's head.
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to niekomu napadlo.
04:11
Dr. Peter Dodson
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Dr. Peter Dodson
04:13
at the University of Pennsylvania
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z Pensylvánskej univerzity
04:15
actually realized
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si uvedomil,
04:18
that dinosaurs grew
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že dinosaury rástli
04:21
kind of like birds do,
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podobne ako vtáci,
04:23
which is different
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čo sa líši od spôsobu
04:25
than the way reptiles grow.
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rastu plazov.
04:27
And in fact,
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V podstate
použil ako príklad kazuáry.
04:29
he used the cassowary as an example.
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04:32
And it's kind of cool -- if you look at the cassowary,
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Čo bolo múdre,
lebo ak sa pozriete na kazuára
lebo ak sa pozriete na kazuára
04:35
or any of the birds that have crests on their heads,
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alebo na akýkoľvek druh vtáka,
ktorý má na hlave hrebeň,
ktorý má na hlave hrebeň,
04:38
they actually grow
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narastajú do 80 % svojej veľkosti,
04:40
to about 80 percent adult size
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04:42
before the crest starts to grow.
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kým im začne rásť hrebeň.
04:45
Now think about that.
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Zamyslite sa nad tým.
04:48
They're basically retaining their juvenile characteristics
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V podstate si uchovávajú
vlastnosti mláďaťa
vlastnosti mláďaťa
04:51
very late in what we call ontogeny.
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až do veku neskorej ontogenézy.
04:54
So allometric cranial ontogeny
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Alometrická kraniálna ontogenéza
04:58
is relative skull growth.
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je relatívny rast lebky.
05:01
So you can see
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Vidíte,
05:03
that if you actually found one
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že ak by ste našli nejakého,
05:05
that was 80 percent grown
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ktorý dorástol do 80 %,
05:08
and you didn't know that it was going to grow up to a cassowary,
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a nevedeli by ste, že z neho bude kazuár,
05:11
you would think they were two different animals.
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mysleli by ste si,
že ide o dve rôzne zvieratá.
že ide o dve rôzne zvieratá.
05:15
So this was a problem,
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Takže na tento problém
05:18
and Peter Dodson pointed this out
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upozornil Peter Dodson
05:21
using some duck-billed dinosaurs
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na príklade kačkozubých dinosaurov,
05:23
then called Hypacrosaurus.
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vtedy nazývaných Hypacrosaurus.
05:25
And he showed
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Ukázal,
05:27
that if you were to take a baby and an adult
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že ak by ste vzali mláďa
a dospelého jedinca
a dospelého jedinca
05:30
and make an average of what it should look like,
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a priemerom určili, ako by mal vyzerať,
05:33
if it grew in sort of a linear fashion,
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ak by rástol lineárnym spôsobom,
05:36
it would have a crest
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mal by hrebeň
05:38
about half the size of the adult.
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asi polovičnej veľkosti ako dospelý.
05:41
But the actual sub-adult
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Ale skutoční takmer dospelí jedinci
05:43
at 65 percent
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nemajú pri 65 % veľkosti
05:45
had no crest at all.
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vôbec žiadny hrebeň.
05:47
So this was interesting.
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To bolo zaujímavé.
05:49
So this is where
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Takže tu vedci
05:52
people went astray again.
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znovu zišli zo správnej cesty.
05:55
I mean, if they'd have just taken that,
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Ak by jednoducho prijali prácu
05:57
taken Peter Dodson's work, and gone on with that,
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Petera Dodsona a pokračovali v nej,
06:00
then we would have a lot less dinosaurs
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bolo by omnoho menej dinosaurov,
06:02
than we have.
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než ich máme dnes.
06:04
But scientists have egos;
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Ale vedci majú ego,
06:06
they like to name things.
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radi pomenúvajú veci.
06:09
And so they went on naming dinosaurs
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Takže pokračovali
v pomenúvaní dinosaurov,
v pomenúvaní dinosaurov,
06:12
because they were different.
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pretože vyzerali inak.
06:15
Now we have a way of actually testing
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Teraz máme spôsob, ako určiť,
06:17
to see whether a dinosaur, or any animal,
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či je dinosaurus alebo iné zviera
06:20
is a young one or an older one.
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mláďaťom alebo dospelým jedincom.
06:23
And that's by actually cutting into their bones.
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Robí sa to rezaním do ich kostí.
06:26
But cutting into the bones of a dinosaur
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Ale rezanie dinosaurích kostí
06:30
is hard to do, as you can imagine,
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je ťažká vec, ako iste chápete,
06:33
because in museums
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lebo v múzeách
06:36
bones are precious.
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sa kosti veľmi cenia.
06:40
You go into a museum and they take really good care of them.
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V múzeách sa o ne veľmi dobre starajú.
06:43
They put them in foam, little containers.
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Ukladajú ich do škatuliek
do penovej hmoty.
do penovej hmoty.
06:46
They're very well taken care of.
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Starajú sa o ne veľmi dobre.
06:50
They don't like it if you come in
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Nepáči sa im, keď prídeme
06:52
and want to saw them open and look inside.
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a chceme ich rozrezať
a pozrieť sa dovnútra.
a pozrieť sa dovnútra.
06:54
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
06:56
So they don't normally let you do that.
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Takže nám to zvyčajne nedovolia.
06:59
But I have a museum
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Ale ja mám múzeum
07:02
and I collect dinosaurs
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a zbieram dinosaury
07:04
and I can saw mine open.
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a svoje si rozrezať smiem.
07:06
So that's what I do.
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Takže to aj robím.
07:08
(Applause)
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(potlesk)
07:13
So if you cut open a little dinosaur,
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Čiže keď rozrežem mladého dinosaura,
07:18
it's very spongy inside like A.
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je to vnútri veľmi hubovité, ako A.
07:20
And if you cut into an older dinosaur,
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Pri starších dinosauroch
07:22
it's very massive.
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je to veľmi masívne.
07:24
You can tell it's mature bone.
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Vidíme, že to je dospelá kosť.
07:26
So it's real easy to tell them apart.
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Je veľmi ľahké ich rozlíšiť.
07:29
So what I want to do
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Takže by som vám to rád ukázal.
07:31
is show you these.
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07:33
In North America in the Northern Plains of the United States
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V Severnej Amerike,
na severných pláňach v USA
na severných pláňach v USA
07:37
and the Southern Plains of Alberta and Saskatchewan,
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a na južných pláňach
Alberty a Saskatchewanu
Alberty a Saskatchewanu
07:41
there's this unit of rock called the Hell Creek Formation
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je geologické súvrstvie zvané Hell Creek,
07:44
that produces the last dinosaurs that lived on Earth.
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ktoré ukrývalo posledné dinosaury,
ktoré na Zemi žili.
ktoré na Zemi žili.
07:47
And there are 12 of them
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Je ich 12,
07:49
that everyone recognizes --
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každý ich pozná –
07:51
I mean the 12 primary dinosaurs
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myslím tých 12 hlavných dinosaurov,
07:53
that went extinct.
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ktorí vyhynuli.
07:55
And so we will evaluate them.
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Takže sa na ne pozrieme.
07:58
And that's sort of what I've been doing.
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Týmto sa zaoberám.
08:00
So my students, my staff,
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Moji študenti, moji zamestnanci,
08:03
we've been cutting them open.
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my ich otvárame.
08:06
Now as you can imagine,
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Ako si asi viete predstaviť,
08:08
cutting open a leg bone is one thing,
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rozrezať kosť nohy je jedna vec,
08:10
but when you go to a museum
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ale keď idete do múzea
08:13
and say, "You don't mind if I cut open
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a poviete im: „Neprekážalo by vám,
08:15
your dinosaur's skull do you?"
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keby som rozrezal
dinosauriu lebku, že?“,
dinosauriu lebku, že?“,
08:18
they say, "Go away."
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odpovedia vám: „Zmiznite.“
08:21
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
08:26
So here are 12 dinosaurs.
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Tu máme 12 dinosaurov.
08:30
And we want to look at these three first.
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Pozrime sa najprv na tieto tri.
08:33
So these are dinosaurs that are called Pachycephalosaurs.
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Tieto dinosaury sa volajú
Pachycefalosaury.
Pachycefalosaury.
08:36
And everybody knows
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Každý vie,
08:38
that these three animals are related.
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že tieto tri zvieratá sú príbuzné.
08:40
And the assumption is
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Domnievame sa,
08:42
is that they're related
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že sú príbuzní asi ako bratranci.
08:44
like cousins or whatever.
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08:47
But no one ever considered
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Ale ešte nikomu nenapadlo,
08:49
that they might be more closely related.
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že by mohli byť ešte viac príbuzní.
08:52
In other words,
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Inými slovami,
08:54
people looked at them and they saw the differences.
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ľudia sa na ne dívali a videli rozdiely.
08:57
And you all know
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Všetci viete,
08:59
that if you are going to determine
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že ak chcete určiť,
09:01
whether you're related to your brother or your sister,
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či ste príbuzný so svojím
bratom alebo sestrou,
bratom alebo sestrou,
09:03
you can't do it by looking at differences.
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nepodarí sa vám to hľadaním rozdielov.
09:07
You can only determine relatedness
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Príbuznosť určíme iba
09:09
by looking for similarities.
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hľadaním podobností.
09:11
So people were looking at these
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Takže ľudia sa na ne dívali
09:13
and they were talking about how different they are.
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a hovorili si, akí sú odlišní.
09:15
Pachycephalosaurus has a big, thick dome on its head,
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Pachycephalosaurus mal na hlave
veľkú, silnú klenbu
veľkú, silnú klenbu
09:18
and it's got some little bumps on the back of its head,
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a na zátylku niekoľko menších
09:21
and it's got a bunch of gnarly things on the end of its nose.
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a na konci nosa drsné výrastky.
09:25
And then Stygimoloch, another dinosaur
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Iný dinosaurus, Stygimoloch,
09:27
from the same age, lived at the same time,
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žil v rovnakej dobe
09:31
has spikes sticking out the back of its head.
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a mal vzadu na hlave ostne.
09:33
It's got a little, tiny dome,
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Má malinkú klenbu
09:35
and it's got a bunch of gnarly stuff on its nose.
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a na nose výrastky.
09:39
And then there's this thing called Dracorex,
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Potom je tu takzvaný Dracorex,
09:41
Hogwart's Eye.
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oko Rokfortu.
09:43
Guess where that came from? Dragon.
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Hádajte, odkiaľ to meno pochádza? Z draka.
09:46
So here's a dinosaur
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09:48
that has spikes sticking out of its head, no dome
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Tento dinosaurus má ostne na hlave,
žiadnu klenbu a drsné výrastky na nose.
09:51
and gnarly stuff on its nose.
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09:54
Nobody noticed the gnarly stuff sort of looked alike.
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Nikto si nevšimol,
že tie výrastky vyzerajú podobne.
že tie výrastky vyzerajú podobne.
09:57
But they did look at these three
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Ale dívali sa na túto trojicu
09:59
and they said, "These are three different dinosaurs,
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a povedali si: „To sú 3 rôzne dinosaury
10:01
and Dracorex is probably the most primitive of them.
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a Dracorex je z nich
asi najprimitívnejší.“
asi najprimitívnejší.“
10:04
And the other one is more primitive than the other.
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Jeden je primitívnejší ako druhý.
10:07
It's unclear to me
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Nie je mi jasné,
10:10
how they actually sorted these three of them out.
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ako tieto tri rozdelili.
10:13
But if you line them up,
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Ale keď ich zoradíte,
10:15
if you just take those three skulls and just line them up,
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keď vezmete tieto tri lebky
a zoradíte ich,
a zoradíte ich,
10:18
they line up like this.
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radia sa takto:
10:20
Dracorex is the littlest one,
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Dracorex je najmenší,
10:22
Stygimoloch is the middle size one,
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Stygimoloch je veľkosťou prostredný,
10:24
Pachycephalosaurus is the largest one.
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Pachycephalosaurus je najväčší.
10:27
And one would think,
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Jeden by si myslel,
10:29
that should give me a clue.
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že nám to niečo napovedá. (smiech)
10:31
(Laughter)
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10:33
But it didn't give them a clue.
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Ale im to nenapovedalo nič.
10:36
Because, well we know why.
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Pretože… no, vieme prečo.
10:39
Scientists like to name things.
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Vedci radi dávajú mená.
10:42
So if we cut open
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Ale keď rozrežeme
10:44
Dracorex --
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Dracorexa –
10:46
I cut open our Dracorex --
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rozrezal som nášho Dracorexa –
10:48
and look, it was spongy inside,
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a pozrite, vo vnútri bol špongiovitý,
10:50
really spongy inside.
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veľmi špongiovitý.
10:52
I mean, it is a juvenile
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Je to predsa mláďa,
10:54
and it's growing really fast.
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ktoré rýchlo rastie.
10:56
So it is going to get bigger.
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Časom bude väčší.
10:58
If you cut open Stygimoloch,
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Keď rozrežeme Stygimolocha,
11:00
it is doing the same thing.
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vyzerá to rovnako.
11:02
The dome, that little dome,
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Tá malá klenba
11:04
is growing really fast.
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rastie veľmi rýchlo,
rýchlo sa vydúva.
11:06
It's inflating very fast.
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11:08
What's interesting is the spike on the back of the Dracorex
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Je zaujímavé, že osteň
na chrbte Dracorexa
na chrbte Dracorexa
11:11
was growing very fast as well.
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tiež rastie veľmi rýchlo.
11:13
The spikes on the back of the Stygimoloch
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Ostne na chrbte Stygimolocha
11:15
are actually resorbing,
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ale ustupujú, čiže sa zmenšujú
11:17
which means they're getting smaller
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11:19
as that dome is getting bigger.
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spolu so zväčšujúcou sa klenbou.
11:21
And if we look at Pachycephalosaurus,
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Ale keď sa pozrieme na Pachycephalosaura,
11:24
Pachycephalosaurus has a solid dome
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má poriadnu klenbu
11:27
and its little bumps on the back of its head
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a malé výrastky na zátylku
11:30
were also resorbing.
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tiež ustupujú.
11:32
So just with these three dinosaurs,
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Takže už len na tejto trojici dinosaurov
11:34
you can easily -- as a scientist --
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je možné – vedecky –
11:36
we can easily hypothesize
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jednoducho vysloviť hypotézu,
11:38
that it is just a growth series
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že ide o rastový rad
11:40
of the same animal.
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jedného zvieraťa.
11:43
Which of course means
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Čo samozrejme znamená,
11:46
that Stygimoloch and Dracorex
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že Stygimoloch a Dracorex
11:50
are extinct.
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týmto vyhynuli.
11:52
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
11:57
Okay.
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Dobre.
12:01
Which of course means
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Čo samozrejme znamená,
12:04
we have 10 primary dinosaurs to deal with.
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že nám ostáva 10 hlavných dinosaurov.
12:08
So a colleague of mine at Berkley,
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Spolu s mojím kolegom z Berkeley
12:10
he and I were looking at Triceratops.
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sme sa pozreli na Triceratopsa.
12:13
And before the year 2000 --
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A pred rokom 2000 –
12:15
now remember,
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uvedomte si,
12:17
Triceratops was first found in the 1800s --
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že prvého Triceratopsa
našli v 19. storočí –
našli v 19. storočí –
12:19
before 2000, no one had ever seen
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pred rokom 2000 nikto nikdy nevidel
12:22
a juvenile Triceratops.
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mladého Triceratopsa.
12:25
There's a Triceratops in every museum in the world,
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V každom múzeu po celom
svete je Triceratops,
svete je Triceratops,
12:28
but no one had ever collected a juvenile.
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ale nikdy nikto nenašiel mláďa.
12:32
And we know why, right?
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A my vieme prečo, že?
12:34
Because everybody wants to have a big one.
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Pretože všetci chcú mať iba veľké.
12:37
So everyone had a big one.
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Takže všetci mali veľké.
12:39
So we went out and collected a whole bunch of stuff
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Tak sme vyrazili von a nazbierali
12:41
and we found a whole bunch of little ones.
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celú kopu malých.
12:43
They're everywhere. They're all over the place.
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Sú všade. Úplne všade.
12:47
So we have a whole bunch of them at our museum.
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Takže ich v našom múzeu
máme celú kopu.
máme celú kopu.
12:49
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
12:54
And everybody says it's because I have a little museum.
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Všetci hovoria, že to je preto,
že mám malé múzeum.
že mám malé múzeum.
12:56
When you have a little museum, you have little dinosaurs.
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Kto má malé múzeum,
má malé dinosaury.
má malé dinosaury.
12:59
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
13:02
If you look at the Triceratops,
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Keď sa pozriete na Triceratopsa,
13:04
you can see it's changing, it's shape-shifting.
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vidíte, že mení tvar.
13:06
As the juveniles are growing up,
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Ako mladé rastú,
13:08
their horns actually curve backwards.
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ich rohy sa zakláňajú dozadu.
13:10
And then as they grow older,
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A potom, ako starnú,
13:12
the horns grow forward.
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rohy smerujú dopredu.
13:14
And that's pretty cool.
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To je zaujímavé.
13:16
If you look along the edge of the frill,
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Keď sa pozrieme na okraj goliera,
13:18
they have these little triangular bones
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vidíme malé trojuholníkové kosti,
13:21
that actually grow big as triangles
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ktoré sa rozširujú
13:23
and then they flatten against the frill
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a nakoniec sa vyhladia
13:26
pretty much like the spikes do
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veľmi podobne ako ostne Pachycephalosaura.
13:28
on the Pachycephalosaurs.
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[Kosti lebky menia počas rastu svoj tvar.]
13:31
And then, because the juveniles are in my collection,
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A potom, keďže sú to mladé
z mojej zbierky,
z mojej zbierky,
13:35
I cut them open
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ich rozrežem
13:37
and look inside.
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a pozriem sa dovnútra.
13:39
And the little one is really spongy.
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Ten malý je veľmi špongiovitý.
13:42
And the middle size one is really spongy.
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Ten stredný
je veľmi špongiovitý.
je veľmi špongiovitý.
13:45
But what was interesting
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Zaujímavé bolo,
13:47
was the adult Triceratops was also spongy.
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že dospelý Triceratops
bol tiež špongiovitý.
bol tiež špongiovitý.
13:49
And this is a skull that is two meters long.
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Táto lebka je dlhá dva metre.
13:52
It's a big skull.
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Je to veľká lebka.
13:55
But there's another dinosaur
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Ale je tu ďalší dinosaurus,
13:57
that is found in this formation
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ktorý sa našiel na tom mieste,
14:00
that looks like a Triceratops, except it's bigger,
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a ktorý vyzerá
ako Triceratops, len je väčší
ako Triceratops, len je väčší
14:03
and it's called Torosaurus.
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a nazýva sa Torosaurus.
14:06
And Torosaurus, when we cut into it,
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Keď rozrežeme Torosaura,
14:09
has mature bone.
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má dospelé kosti.
14:11
But it's got these big holes in its shield.
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Ale má tieto veľké diery v pancieri.
14:13
And everybody says, "A Triceratops and a Torosaurus
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Všetci hovoria: „Triceratops a Torosaurus
14:16
can't possibly be the same animal
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vôbec nemôžu byť to isté zviera,
14:18
because one of them's bigger than the other one."
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lebo jeden z nich je väčší než ten druhý.“
14:20
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
14:25
"And it has holes in its frill."
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„A má diery v golieri.“
14:27
And I said, "Well do we have any juvenile Torosauruses?"
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Povedal som: „Máme nejaké malé Torosaury?“
14:30
And they said, "Well no,
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A oni na to: „No, nemáme,
14:33
but it has holes in its frill."
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ale má diery v golieri.“
14:36
So one of my graduate students, John Scannella,
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Jeden z mojich študentov, John Scannella,
14:39
looked through our whole collection
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preskúmal celú zbierku
14:41
and he actually discovered
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a zistil,
14:43
that the hole starting to form
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že tá diera sa začína vytvárať
14:45
in Triceratops
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u Triceratopsa
14:47
and, of course it's open, in Torosaurus --
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a samozrejme je otvorená u Torosaura –
14:50
so he found the transitional ones
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čiže objavil medzičlánok
14:53
between Triceratops and Torosaurus,
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medzi Triceratopsom a Torosaurom,
14:55
which was pretty cool.
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čo už bolo niečo.
14:57
So now we know
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Takže teraz vieme,
14:59
that Torosaurus
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že Torosaurus
15:01
is actually a grownup Triceratops.
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je v skutočnosti dospelý Triceratops.
15:04
Now when we name dinosaurs,
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Keď pomenúvame dinosaury,
15:06
when we name anything,
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keď dávame mená čomukoľvek,
15:08
the original name gets to stick
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pôvodné meno zostáva
15:10
and the second name is thrown out.
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a druhé meno je zamietnuté.
15:14
So Torosaurus is extinct.
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Takže Torosaurus vyhynul.
15:17
Triceratops, if you've heard the news,
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Triceratops, ak ste to počuli v správach,
15:20
a lot of the newscasters got it all wrong.
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mnoho hlásateľov to úplne poplietlo.
15:22
They thought Torosaurus should be kept and Triceratops thrown out,
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Mysleli si, že by sme mali ponechať
Torosaura a zrušiť Triceratopsa,
Torosaura a zrušiť Triceratopsa,
15:25
but that's not going to happen.
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ale to sa nestane.
15:27
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
15:33
All right, so we can do this with a bunch of dinosaurs.
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Dobre, tak toto sa dá robiť
s kopou dinosaurov.
s kopou dinosaurov.
15:36
I mean, here's Edmontosaurus
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Tu máme Edmontosaura a Anatotitana.
15:38
and Anatotitan.
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15:40
Anatotitan: giant duck.
350
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Anatotitan: obrovská kačka.
15:43
It's a giant duck-bill dinosaur.
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Je to obrovský kačkozubý dinosaurus.
15:45
Here's another one.
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Tu je ďalší.
15:47
So we look at the bone histology.
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Takže sa pozrieme na histológiu kosti.
15:49
The bone histology tells us
354
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Histológia nám hovorí,
15:52
that Edmontosaurus is a juvenile,
355
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že Edmontosaurus je mláďa,
15:54
or at least a sub-adult,
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alebo aspoň dospievajúci
15:56
and the other one is an adult
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a ten druhý je dospelý,
15:59
and we have an ontogeny.
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máme tu ontogenézu.
16:02
And we get rid of Anatotitan.
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A zbavíme sa Anatotitana.
16:05
So we can just keep doing this.
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A v tomto môžeme pokračovať.
16:08
And the last one
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Posledným je
16:10
is T. Rex.
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T. Rex.
16:12
So there's these two dinosaurs,
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Máme tieto dva dinosaury,
16:14
T. Rex and Nanotyrannus.
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T. Rexa a Nanotyranna.
16:17
(Laughter)
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2000
(smiech)
16:19
Again, makes you wonder.
366
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16:22
(Laughter)
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Znovu si hovoríme…
(smiech)
16:25
But they had a good question.
368
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Ale napadla im dobrá otázka.
16:27
They were looking at them
369
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Pozreli si ich a povedali:
16:29
and they said, "One's got 17 teeth, and the biggest one's got 12 teeth.
370
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„Jeden má 17 zubov
a ten najväčší má 12 zubov.“
a ten najväčší má 12 zubov.“
16:32
And that doesn't make any sense at all,
371
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Čo vôbec nedáva zmysel,
16:34
because we don't know of any dinosaurs
372
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pretože nepoznáme žiadne dinosaury,
16:36
that gain teeth as they get older.
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ktorým by s vekom pribúdali zuby.
16:38
So it must be true --
374
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Takže to musí byť správne –
16:40
they must be different."
375
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3000
sú určite odlišní.“
16:43
So we cut into them.
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Tak sme ich rozrezali.
16:45
And sure enough,
377
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A naozaj, Nanotyrannus má kosti mláďaťa
16:47
Nanotyrannus has juvenile bone
378
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16:50
and the bigger one has more mature bone.
379
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a ten väčší má dospelejšie kosti.
16:53
It looks like it could still get bigger.
380
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Zdá sa, že by mohol ešte narásť.
16:56
And at the Museum of the Rockies where we work,
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V Museum of the Rockies,
kde pracujeme,
kde pracujeme,
16:58
I have four T. Rexes,
382
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mám štyroch T. Rexov,
17:00
so I can cut a whole bunch of them.
383
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takže toho mám na rezanie dosť.
17:02
But I didn't have to cut any of them really,
384
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Ale to som ani nemusel,
17:05
because I just lined up their jaws
385
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iba som zoradil ich čeľuste
17:08
and it turned out the biggest one had 12 teeth
386
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3000
a ukázalo sa, že ten najväčší mal 12 zubov
17:11
and the next smallest one had 13
387
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a ten menší vedľa mal 13
17:13
and the next smallest had 14.
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2000
a ten ešte menší 14.
17:15
And of course, Nano has 17.
389
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A Nano má 17.
17:17
And we just went out and looked at other people's collections
390
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Tak sme vyrazili a pozreli si
zbierky iných ľudí
zbierky iných ľudí
17:20
and we found one that has sort of 15 teeth.
391
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4000
a našli sme jedného, ktorý mal 15 zubov.
17:24
So again, real easy to say
392
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Takže znovu je jasné,
17:27
that Tyrannosaurus ontogeny
393
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že ontogenéza Tyrannosaura
17:29
included Nanotyrannus,
394
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zahŕňa Nanotyranna,
17:32
and therefore we can take out another dinosaur.
395
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5000
a preto môžeme zrušiť ďalšieho dinosaura.
17:37
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
17:39
So when it comes down
397
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Takže pokiaľ ide
17:43
to our end cretaceous,
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o naše obdobie neskorej kriedy,
17:45
we have seven left.
399
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zostáva nám ich 7.
17:48
And that's a good number.
400
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To je pekné číslo.
17:51
That's a good number to go extinct, I think.
401
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Dobré číslo na vymretie, povedal by som.
17:54
Now as you can imagine,
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Ako si asi viete predstaviť,
17:56
this is not very popular with fourth-graders.
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u štvrtákov to nie je veľmi populárne.
17:59
Fourth-graders love their dinosaurs,
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Štvrtáci milujú svoje dinosaury,
18:01
they memorize them.
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učia sa ich naspamäť.
18:06
And they're not happy with this.
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A toto sa im nepáči.
18:09
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
18:11
Thank you very much.
408
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Ďakujem pekne.
18:13
(Applause)
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(potlesk)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jack Horner - Dinosaur diggerJack Horner and his dig teams have discovered the first evidence of parental care in dinosaurs, extensive nesting grounds, evidence of dinosaur herds, and the world’s first dinosaur embryos. He's now exploring how to build a dinosaur.
Why you should listen
Paleontologist Jack Horner discovered the first dinosaur eggs in the Western Hemisphere, the first evidence of dinosaur colonial nesting, the first evidence of parental care among dinosaurs, and the first dinosaur embryos.
Horner's research covers a wide range of topics about dinosaurs, including their behavior, physiology, ecology and evolution. Due to struggles with the learning disability, dyslexia, Horner does not hold a formal college degree but was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Science from the University of Montana in 1986. Also in 1986 he was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship.
He's the Curator of Paleontology at the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman, Montana, and is widely acknowledged to be the inspiration for the main character in the book and film Jurassic Park.
Jack Horner | Speaker | TED.com