ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jack Horner - Dinosaur digger
Jack Horner and his dig teams have discovered the first evidence of parental care in dinosaurs, extensive nesting grounds, evidence of dinosaur herds, and the world’s first dinosaur embryos. He's now exploring how to build a dinosaur.

Why you should listen

Paleontologist Jack Horner discovered the first dinosaur eggs in the Western Hemisphere, the first evidence of dinosaur colonial nesting, the first evidence of parental care among dinosaurs, and the first dinosaur embryos.

Horner's research covers a wide range of topics about dinosaurs, including their behavior, physiology, ecology and evolution. Due to struggles with the learning disability, dyslexia, Horner does not hold a formal college degree but was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Science from the University of Montana in 1986. Also in 1986 he was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship.

He's the Curator of Paleontology at the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman, Montana, and is widely acknowledged to be the inspiration for the main character in the book and film Jurassic Park.

More profile about the speaker
Jack Horner | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxVancouver

Jack Horner: Where are the baby dinosaurs?

傑克‧霍納:變形的恐龍

Filmed:
2,632,927 views

小恐龍在哪裡?古生物學家傑克‧霍納在TEDx溫哥華發表引人入勝的談話,說明切開恐龍化石──包括幾種廣受喜愛的恐龍──頭骨,可以揭開驚人的秘密
- Dinosaur digger
Jack Horner and his dig teams have discovered the first evidence of parental care in dinosaurs, extensive nesting grounds, evidence of dinosaur herds, and the world’s first dinosaur embryos. He's now exploring how to build a dinosaur. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
Shall I ask for a show顯示 of hands
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可以請各位舉手
00:18
or a clapping拍手
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或是鼓掌
00:20
of people in different不同 generations?
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讓我知道各位的年齡嗎?
00:23
I'm interested有興趣 in how many許多
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我想知道在座有多少人
00:25
are three to 12 years年份 old.
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年齡在3到12歲?
00:27
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
00:31
None沒有, huh?
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一個也沒有 嗯?
00:34
All right.
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好吧
00:36
I'm going to talk about dinosaurs恐龍.
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今天我的主題是恐龍
00:38
Do you remember記得 dinosaurs恐龍 when you were that age年齡?
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各位還記得恐龍嗎? 你們3到12歲時很愛的?
00:41
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
00:48
Dinosaurs恐龍 are kind of funny滑稽, you know.
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話說恐龍還蠻搞笑的
00:51
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
00:53
We're going to kind of go in a different不同 direction方向 right now.
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今天我切入的角度會不太一樣
00:55
I hope希望 you all realize實現 that.
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希望各位已經感覺到了
00:58
So I'll just give you my message信息 up front面前:
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那我就開門見山地講明主旨了
01:00
Try not to go extinct絕種.
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請不要滅絕
01:02
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
01:04
That's it.
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完了
01:06
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
01:10
People ask me a lot --
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人們常常問我
01:12
in fact事實, one of the most asked questions問題 I get
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事實上 我最常遇到的問題是
01:15
is, why do children孩子 like dinosaurs恐龍 so much?
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爲什麽孩子們這麼喜歡恐龍?
01:19
What's the fascination魅力?
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恐龍的魅力在哪?
01:21
And I usually平時 just say,
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我通常只會說:
01:24
"Well dinosaurs恐龍 were big,
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「呃 恐龍很大隻
01:26
different不同 and gone走了."
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很特別、而且已經消失了」
01:29
They're all gone走了.
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全部消失了
01:31
Well that's not true真正,
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嗯,也不盡然如此
01:33
but we'll get to the goose in a minute分鐘.
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但我們等一下再來講這個
01:35
So that's sort分類 of the theme主題:
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所以重點差不多就是這樣
01:38
big, different不同 and gone走了.
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大隻、特別、消失了
01:42
The title標題 of my talk:
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我演講的題目是:
01:44
Shape-shifting形狀轉移 Dinosaurs恐龍:
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變形的恐龍
01:46
The Cause原因 of a Premature過早 Extinction消光.
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過早滅絕的原因
01:48
Now I assume承擔 that we remember記得 dinosaurs恐龍.
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現在我假設各位都記得恐龍
01:51
And there's lots of different不同 shapes形狀.
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恐龍有各種體型
01:54
Lots of different不同 kinds.
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許多種類
01:57
A long time ago,
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很久以前
01:59
back in the early 1900s,
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1900年代早期時
02:01
museums博物館 were out looking for dinosaurs恐龍.
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博物館競相尋找恐龍
02:04
They went out and gathered雲集 them up.
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他們四處尋找、搜集恐龍
02:07
And this is an interesting有趣 story故事.
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整件事情的發展非常有趣
02:09
Every一切 museum博物館 wanted a little bigger or better one
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每個博物館都想要更大、更好的恐龍
02:12
than anybody任何人 else其他 had.
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把其他博物館比下去
02:14
So if the museum博物館 in Toronto多倫多 went out
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所以如果多倫多的博物館
02:17
and collected a Tyrannosaur暴龍, a big one,
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蒐集到一副暴龍的骸骨,大隻的暴龍
02:20
then the museum博物館 in Ottawa渥太華 wanted a bigger one
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那麼渥太華的博物館就想要一隻更大
02:23
and a better one.
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更好的暴龍
02:25
And that happened發生 for all museums博物館.
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所有的博物館都打一樣的算盤
02:27
So everyone大家 was out looking
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所以每個博物館都出動
02:29
for all these bigger and better dinosaurs恐龍.
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要找更大更好的恐龍骸骨
02:32
And this was in the early 1900s.
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這是1900年代早期的事
02:36
By about 1970,
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到了大約1970年代
02:39
some scientists科學家們 were sitting坐在 around
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某些科學家聚在一起
02:41
and they thought, "What in the world世界?
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開始思索:「搞什麼鬼?
02:44
Look at these dinosaurs恐龍.
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「看看這些恐龍
02:46
They're all big.
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「全都這麼大隻
02:48
Where are all the little ones那些?"
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「小的恐龍哪去了?」
02:53
And they thought about it
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他們想了又想
02:55
and they even wrote papers文件 about it:
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甚至還寫論文探討
02:57
"Where are the little dinosaurs恐龍?"
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「小型恐龍在哪兒?」
02:59
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
03:07
Well, go to a museum博物館, you'll你會 see,
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去博物館看看吧
03:11
see how many許多 baby寶寶 dinosaurs恐龍 there are.
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看你找不找得到小恐龍
03:14
People assumed假定 -- and this was actually其實 a problem問題 --
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人們假定─其實這樣是有問題的─
03:17
people assumed假定
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不過人們假定
03:19
that if they had little dinosaurs恐龍,
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如果有小型恐龍
03:21
if they had juvenile少年 dinosaurs恐龍,
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如果有年幼的恐龍
03:23
they'd他們會 be easy簡單 to identify鑑定.
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很容易就可以認出來
03:25
You'd have a big dinosaur恐龍
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反正就是一隻大隻的
03:27
and a littler利特勒 dinosaur恐龍.
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和一隻小隻的
03:30
But all they had were big dinosaurs恐龍.
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但博物館收藏的都是大型恐龍
03:33
And it comes down to a couple一對 of things.
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這顯示了幾件事
03:36
First off, scientists科學家們 have egos自我,
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第一:科學家都自視甚高
03:40
and scientists科學家們 like to name名稱 dinosaurs恐龍.
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而且喜歡替恐龍命名
03:44
They like to name名稱 anything.
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只要能被命名的他們都喜歡
03:46
Everybody每個人 likes喜歡 to have their own擁有 animal動物 that they named命名.
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大家都希望有自己命名、專屬於自己的動物
03:49
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
03:52
And so every一切 time they found發現 something that looked看著 a little different不同,
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所以每次他們找到一個看起來不一樣的東西
03:55
they named命名 it something different不同.
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就會替它取一個不一樣的名字
03:58
And what happened發生, of course課程,
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當然最後就變成
04:00
is we ended結束 up with a whole整個 bunch of different不同 dinosaurs恐龍.
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我們有了一大群不同的恐龍
04:05
In 1975,
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在1975年
04:08
a light went on in somebody's某人的 head.
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某人靈光一閃
04:11
Dr博士. Peter彼得 Dodson多德森
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就是彼得‧德森
04:13
at the University大學 of Pennsylvania賓夕法尼亞
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一位賓州大學的博士
04:15
actually其實 realized實現
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發現
04:18
that dinosaurs恐龍 grew成長
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恐龍成長的方式
04:21
kind of like birds鳥類 do,
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與鳥類有點相似
04:23
which哪一個 is different不同
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而鳥類的成長方式
04:25
than the way reptiles爬行動物 grow增長.
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與爬蟲類不同
04:27
And in fact事實,
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事實上
04:29
he used the cassowary食火雞 as an example.
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他拿食火雞當例子
04:32
And it's kind of cool -- if you look at the cassowary食火雞,
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還蠻酷的。如果你看食火雞
04:35
or any of the birds鳥類 that have crests波峰 on their heads,
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或者其他頭上有冠的鳥類
04:38
they actually其實 grow增長
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實際上
04:40
to about 80 percent百分 adult成人 size尺寸
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牠們在長到成年身型的80%時
04:42
before the crest波峰 starts啟動 to grow增長.
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頭上的冠才開始生長
04:45
Now think about that.
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各位想想
04:48
They're basically基本上 retaining固定 their juvenile少年 characteristics特點
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食火雞基本上長時間保留未成年的特徵
04:51
very late晚了 in what we call ontogeny個體發生.
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直到個體發生階段的晚期
04:54
So allometric異速 cranial ontogeny個體發生
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所以異速頭顱個體發生
04:58
is relative相對的 skull頭骨 growth發展.
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就是頭蓋骨的相對生長
05:01
So you can see
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所以各位可以看到
05:03
that if you actually其實 found發現 one
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如果你發現一隻
05:05
that was 80 percent百分 grown長大的
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只生長發育了80%的動物
05:08
and you didn't know that it was going to grow增長 up to a cassowary食火雞,
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但你不知道牠會長成一隻食火雞
05:11
you would think they were two different不同 animals動物.
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你就會以為牠是別的動物
05:15
So this was a problem問題,
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這就是問題所在
05:18
and Peter彼得 Dodson多德森 pointed this out
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彼得‧德森指出了這點
05:21
using運用 some duck-billed鴨嘴 dinosaurs恐龍
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他用的例子是某種鴨嘴恐龍
05:23
then called Hypacrosaurus亞冠龍屬.
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當時被稱為亞冠龍
05:25
And he showed顯示
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他發現
05:27
that if you were to take a baby寶寶 and an adult成人
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如果你用一隻幼年和一隻成年恐龍
05:30
and make an average平均 of what it should look like,
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來計算這種恐龍在不同年齡的體型
05:33
if it grew成長 in sort分類 of a linear線性 fashion時尚,
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假設牠是以線性方式生長
05:36
it would have a crest波峰
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牠就會有頭冠
05:38
about half the size尺寸 of the adult成人.
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頭冠大小約是成年恐龍的一半
05:41
But the actual實際 sub-adult亞成體
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但是實際上未成年的恐龍
05:43
at 65 percent百分
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只發育了65%的
05:45
had no crest波峰 at all.
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根本沒有頭冠
05:47
So this was interesting有趣.
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所以這就有意思了
05:49
So this is where
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這就是
05:52
people went astray走錯 again.
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科學家的思路出錯的地方
05:55
I mean, if they'd他們會 have just taken採取 that,
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我是說 如果他們可以接受
05:57
taken採取 Peter彼得 Dodson's多德森的 work, and gone走了 on with that,
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接受彼得‧道森的研究結論,然後繼續往下發展
06:00
then we would have a lot less dinosaurs恐龍
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那麼我們的恐龍數目
06:02
than we have.
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就會大大減少
06:04
But scientists科學家們 have egos自我;
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但是科學家自視甚高
06:06
they like to name名稱 things.
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又喜歡替事物命名
06:09
And so they went on naming命名 dinosaurs恐龍
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所以他們繼續給恐龍命名
06:12
because they were different不同.
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因為牠們看上去不一樣
06:15
Now we have a way of actually其實 testing測試
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不過呢,我們有方法可以確實測量
06:17
to see whether是否 a dinosaur恐龍, or any animal動物,
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檢查恐龍或任何動物
06:20
is a young年輕 one or an older舊的 one.
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是年幼的還是較年長的
06:23
And that's by actually其實 cutting切割 into their bones骨頭.
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方法就是真的切骨見髓
06:26
But cutting切割 into the bones骨頭 of a dinosaur恐龍
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但是切開恐龍的骨頭
06:30
is hard to do, as you can imagine想像,
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是很困難的,各位想也知道
06:33
because in museums博物館
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因為對博物館而言
06:36
bones骨頭 are precious珍貴.
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恐龍骨頭很珍貴
06:40
You go into a museum博物館 and they take really good care關心 of them.
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每個博物館都會非常小心地維護這些骨頭
06:43
They put them in foam泡沫, little containers集裝箱.
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把骨頭放在小小的發泡容器中
06:46
They're very well taken採取 care關心 of.
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妥善收藏
06:50
They don't like it if you come in
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館方不會樂見你一進來
06:52
and want to saw them open打開 and look inside.
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就打算鋸開骨頭看內部
06:54
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
06:56
So they don't normally一般 let you do that.
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所以他們通常不允許你這樣做
06:59
But I have a museum博物館
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但是我有一個博物館
07:02
and I collect蒐集 dinosaurs恐龍
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而且我也蒐集恐龍
07:04
and I can saw mine open打開.
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我可以鋸我自己的收藏
07:06
So that's what I do.
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我也這麼做了
07:08
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
07:13
So if you cut open打開 a little dinosaur恐龍,
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如果你切開小恐龍的骨頭
07:18
it's very spongy海綿狀 inside like A.
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骨頭裡面疏鬆如海綿 像圖A
07:20
And if you cut into an older舊的 dinosaur恐龍,
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如果切開的骨頭是較年長恐龍
07:22
it's very massive大規模的.
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裡面十分緊密
07:24
You can tell it's mature成熟 bone.
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一看就知道是成熟的骨頭
07:26
So it's real真實 easy簡單 to tell them apart距離.
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所以要區分骨頭是很容易的
07:29
So what I want to do
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現在
07:31
is show顯示 you these.
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讓各位看看這些東西
07:33
In North America美國 in the Northern北方 Plains平原 of the United聯合的 States狀態
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在北美洲、美國的北美大平原
07:37
and the Southern南部的 Plains平原 of Alberta阿爾伯塔 and Saskatchewan薩斯喀徹溫省,
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和加拿大亞伯達省和薩斯喀徹溫省的南部平原上
07:41
there's this unit單元 of rock called the Hell地獄 Creek Formation編隊
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有一處岩石區被稱為地獄溪地層
07:44
that produces產生 the last dinosaurs恐龍 that lived生活 on Earth地球.
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從這裡找到了最後存活在地球上的恐龍
07:47
And there are 12 of them
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其中的12種
07:49
that everyone大家 recognizes識別 --
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是眾所周知的
07:51
I mean the 12 primary dinosaurs恐龍
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我指的是12種主要的恐龍
07:53
that went extinct絕種.
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後來都滅絕了
07:55
And so we will evaluate評估 them.
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因此我們測試這些恐龍
07:58
And that's sort分類 of what I've been doing.
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這差不多就是我一直在從事的工作
08:00
So my students學生們, my staff員工,
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我的學生、我的員工
08:03
we've我們已經 been cutting切割 them open打開.
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一直在鋸恐龍骨頭
08:06
Now as you can imagine想像,
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各位一定可以想像
08:08
cutting切割 open打開 a leg bone is one thing,
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切開腿骨是一回事
08:10
but when you go to a museum博物館
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但當你走進一間博物館
08:13
and say, "You don't mind心神 if I cut open打開
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說:「你們應該不介意
08:15
your dinosaur's恐龍 skull頭骨 do you?"
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「我切開貴館恐龍的頭骨吧?」
08:18
they say, "Go away."
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館員會說:「滾開」
08:21
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
08:26
So here are 12 dinosaurs恐龍.
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這就是那12種恐龍
08:30
And we want to look at these three first.
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我們先看這三種
08:33
So these are dinosaurs恐龍 that are called Pachycephalosaurs腫頭龍.
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這些恐龍被稱為腫頭龍
08:36
And everybody每個人 knows知道
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大家都知道
08:38
that these three animals動物 are related有關.
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這三種恐龍是親戚
08:40
And the assumption假設 is
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我們假設
08:42
is that they're related有關
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牠們的血緣關係
08:44
like cousins表兄弟 or whatever隨你.
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是類似堂兄弟之類的
08:47
But no one ever considered考慮
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但沒有人想過
08:49
that they might威力 be more closely密切 related有關.
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牠們可能有更緊密的關係
08:52
In other words,
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換句話說
08:54
people looked看著 at them and they saw the differences分歧.
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科學家觀察牠們 看到了不同之處
08:57
And you all know
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大家都知道
08:59
that if you are going to determine確定
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如果你要確定
09:01
whether是否 you're related有關 to your brother哥哥 or your sister妹妹,
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你跟你的兄弟姐妹有沒有血緣關係
09:03
you can't do it by looking at differences分歧.
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不能只根據你們的相異之處做判斷
09:07
You can only determine確定 relatedness關聯
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要確認血緣關係
09:09
by looking for similarities相似之處.
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要從相似之處下手
09:11
So people were looking at these
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因此人們看著這些恐龍時
09:13
and they were talking about how different不同 they are.
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總是只注意牠們有多麼不同
09:15
Pachycephalosaurus厚頭龍 has a big, thick dome拱頂 on its head,
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腫頭龍的頭上 有一個又大又厚的圓頂
09:18
and it's got some little bumps顛簸 on the back of its head,
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頭部背面有一些小的凸起物
09:21
and it's got a bunch of gnarly粗糙 things on the end結束 of its nose鼻子.
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鼻子末端有一堆瘤狀物
09:25
And then Stygimoloch冥河龍屬, another另一個 dinosaur恐龍
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這是冥河龍 另一種恐龍
09:27
from the same相同 age年齡, lived生活 at the same相同 time,
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跟腫頭龍生存的時代相同
09:31
has spikes釘鞋 sticking癥結 out the back of its head.
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牠的頭部後面有棘突出
09:33
It's got a little, tiny dome拱頂,
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頭上有個很小的圓頂
09:35
and it's got a bunch of gnarly粗糙 stuff東東 on its nose鼻子.
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而且鼻子上也有一堆瘤狀物
09:39
And then there's this thing called Dracorex龍王龍屬,
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然後這隻是名為龍王龍的傢伙
09:41
Hogwart's霍格沃茨的 Eye.
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霍格華茲的眼睛
09:43
Guess猜測 where that came來了 from? Dragon.
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猜猜牠的名字源自哪裡?龍
09:46
So here's這裡的 a dinosaur恐龍
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這頭恐龍
09:48
that has spikes釘鞋 sticking癥結 out of its head, no dome拱頂
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頭上有棘 沒有圓頂
09:51
and gnarly粗糙 stuff東東 on its nose鼻子.
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鼻子上有瘤狀物
09:54
Nobody沒有人 noticed注意到 the gnarly粗糙 stuff東東 sort分類 of looked看著 alike一樣.
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沒人注意到這些瘤狀物有點相似
09:57
But they did look at these three
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但人們看著這三隻恐龍
09:59
and they said, "These are three different不同 dinosaurs恐龍,
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心裡想:「這是三種不同的恐龍
10:01
and Dracorex龍王龍屬 is probably大概 the most primitive原始 of them.
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「龍王龍也許是其中最原始的
10:04
And the other one is more primitive原始 than the other.
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這隻比另一隻更早期一點」
10:07
It's unclear不明 to me
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我不是很確定
10:10
how they actually其實 sorted分類 these three of them out.
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他們究竟是怎麼挑出這三種恐龍的
10:13
But if you line them up,
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但如果你把牠們一字排開
10:15
if you just take those three skulls頭骨 and just line them up,
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把牠們的頭骨排成一列
10:18
they line up like this.
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排起來會像這樣
10:20
Dracorex龍王龍屬 is the littlest點點 one,
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龍王龍的最小
10:22
Stygimoloch冥河龍屬 is the middle中間 size尺寸 one,
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冥河龍在中間
10:24
Pachycephalosaurus厚頭龍 is the largest最大 one.
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腫頭龍是最大的
10:27
And one would think,
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你們可能認為
10:29
that should give me a clue線索.
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這應該很明顯了吧
10:31
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
10:33
But it didn't give them a clue線索.
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但科學家什麼都沒察覺
10:36
Because, well we know why.
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我們都知道為什麼
10:39
Scientists科學家們 like to name名稱 things.
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因為科學家喜歡替東西命名
10:42
So if we cut open打開
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所以如果我們
10:44
Dracorex龍王龍屬 --
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對龍王龍下手
10:46
I cut open打開 our Dracorex龍王龍屬 --
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把我們的龍王龍鋸開
10:48
and look, it was spongy海綿狀 inside,
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你看 骨頭裡面是海綿狀的
10:50
really spongy海綿狀 inside.
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非常明顯的海綿
10:52
I mean, it is a juvenile少年
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意思是說牠還年幼
10:54
and it's growing生長 really fast快速.
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而且長得很快
10:56
So it is going to get bigger.
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所以牠會長得更大
10:58
If you cut open打開 Stygimoloch冥河龍屬,
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如果你鋸開冥河龍
11:00
it is doing the same相同 thing.
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也會發現一樣的事情
11:02
The dome拱頂, that little dome拱頂,
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那個小小的圓頂
11:04
is growing生長 really fast快速.
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長得非常快
11:06
It's inflating充氣 very fast快速.
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迅速地膨脹
11:08
What's interesting有趣 is the spike on the back of the Dracorex龍王龍屬
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有趣的是 龍王龍背上的棘
11:11
was growing生長 very fast快速 as well.
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也長得非常快
11:13
The spikes釘鞋 on the back of the Stygimoloch冥河龍屬
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冥河龍背上的棘
11:15
are actually其實 resorbing消溶,
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其實在萎縮
11:17
which哪一個 means手段 they're getting得到 smaller
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也就是越變越小
11:19
as that dome拱頂 is getting得到 bigger.
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而頭上的圓頂則越變越大
11:21
And if we look at Pachycephalosaurus厚頭龍,
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如果我們看看腫頭龍
11:24
Pachycephalosaurus厚頭龍 has a solid固體 dome拱頂
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牠頭上有堅硬的圓頂
11:27
and its little bumps顛簸 on the back of its head
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頭部背面的凸起物
11:30
were also resorbing消溶.
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也在萎縮
11:32
So just with these three dinosaurs恐龍,
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因此只要看這三種恐龍
11:34
you can easily容易 -- as a scientist科學家 --
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科學家很容易就能夠
11:36
we can easily容易 hypothesize或推測
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做出假設
11:38
that it is just a growth發展 series系列
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牠們代表不同的成長階段
11:40
of the same相同 animal動物.
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其實都是同一種動物
11:43
Which哪一個 of course課程 means手段
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當然這就表示
11:46
that Stygimoloch冥河龍屬 and Dracorex龍王龍屬
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冥河龍和龍王龍
11:50
are extinct絕種.
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都絕種了
11:52
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
11:57
Okay.
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好吧
12:01
Which哪一個 of course課程 means手段
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當然這就表示
12:04
we have 10 primary dinosaurs恐龍 to deal合同 with.
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我們有10種主要恐龍要對付
12:08
So a colleague同事 of mine at Berkley伯克利,
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因此我在柏克萊的一位同事
12:10
he and I were looking at Triceratops三角龍.
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和我一起研究三觭龍
12:13
And before the year 2000 --
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2000年之前
12:15
now remember記得,
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請記住
12:17
Triceratops三角龍 was first found發現 in the 1800s --
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三觭龍最初是在1800年代發現的
12:19
before 2000, no one had ever seen看到
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在2000年之前 沒有人看過
12:22
a juvenile少年 Triceratops三角龍.
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幼年的三觭龍
12:25
There's a Triceratops三角龍 in every一切 museum博物館 in the world世界,
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全世界每座博物館都有一隻三觭龍
12:28
but no one had ever collected a juvenile少年.
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但不曾有人找到幼年三觭龍過
12:32
And we know why, right?
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我們都知道為什麼,對吧?
12:34
Because everybody每個人 wants to have a big one.
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因為每個人都想要大隻的
12:37
So everyone大家 had a big one.
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所以大家的都是大隻的
12:39
So we went out and collected a whole整個 bunch of stuff東東
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我們去考古時找到一大堆東西
12:41
and we found發現 a whole整個 bunch of little ones那些.
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一大堆小三觭龍的骸骨
12:43
They're everywhere到處. They're all over the place地點.
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到處都是,遍佈整個區域
12:47
So we have a whole整個 bunch of them at our museum博物館.
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因此我們博物館裡有一大堆
12:49
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
12:54
And everybody每個人 says it's because I have a little museum博物館.
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大家都說這是因為我有一座小博物館
12:56
When you have a little museum博物館, you have little dinosaurs恐龍.
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當你有小博物館,你就會有小恐龍
12:59
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
13:02
If you look at the Triceratops三角龍,
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如果各位觀察三觭龍
13:04
you can see it's changing改變, it's shape-shifting形狀轉移.
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就會發現牠在改變 變形
13:06
As the juveniles少年 are growing生長 up,
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當幼年的個體長大時
13:08
their horns牛角 actually其實 curve曲線 backwards向後.
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牠們的角會往後彎
13:10
And then as they grow增長 older舊的,
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接著越長越大之後
13:12
the horns牛角 grow增長 forward前鋒.
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角會再往前彎
13:14
And that's pretty漂亮 cool.
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還蠻酷的
13:16
If you look along沿 the edge邊緣 of the frill做樣子,
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請各位看看頭骨的邊緣
13:18
they have these little triangular三角形的 bones骨頭
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上面三角狀的小骨頭
13:21
that actually其實 grow增長 big as triangles三角形
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會長大變成三角形
13:23
and then they flatten弄平 against反對 the frill做樣子
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然後在邊緣扁下去變平
13:26
pretty漂亮 much like the spikes釘鞋 do
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就像剛剛講過的棘一樣
13:28
on the Pachycephalosaurs腫頭龍.
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長在腫頭龍背上的棘
13:31
And then, because the juveniles少年 are in my collection採集,
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然後因為我有蒐集幼年三觭龍
13:35
I cut them open打開
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我就把牠們鋸開
13:37
and look inside.
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觀察內部
13:39
And the little one is really spongy海綿狀.
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小隻的恐龍骨頭裡面很像海綿
13:42
And the middle中間 size尺寸 one is really spongy海綿狀.
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中型的也很像海綿
13:45
But what was interesting有趣
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有趣的是
13:47
was the adult成人 Triceratops三角龍 was also spongy海綿狀.
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成年的三觭龍 骨頭內部也像海綿
13:49
And this is a skull頭骨 that is two meters long.
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這副頭蓋骨有兩公尺長
13:52
It's a big skull頭骨.
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是非常大的頭
13:55
But there's another另一個 dinosaur恐龍
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但還有另一種恐龍
13:57
that is found發現 in this formation編隊
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樣子也長這樣
14:00
that looks容貌 like a Triceratops三角龍, except it's bigger,
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長得像三觭龍 但是更大隻
14:03
and it's called Torosaurus牛角.
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叫做牛角龍
14:06
And Torosaurus牛角, when we cut into it,
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當我們把牛角龍切開時
14:09
has mature成熟 bone.
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發現牠有成熟的骨頭
14:11
But it's got these big holes in its shield屏蔽.
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不過牠的頭盾上有大洞
14:13
And everybody每個人 says, "A Triceratops三角龍 and a Torosaurus牛角
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大家都說三觭龍和牛角龍
14:16
can't possibly或者 be the same相同 animal動物
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不可能是同一種動物
14:18
because one of them's他們的 bigger than the other one."
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因為牛角龍比三觭龍大
14:20
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
14:25
"And it has holes in its frill做樣子."
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頭盾上還有洞
14:27
And I said, "Well do we have any juvenile少年 TorosaurusesTorosauruses?"
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我說:「呃,那我們有幼年的牛角龍嗎?」
14:30
And they said, "Well no,
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他們回答:「嗯,沒有」
14:33
but it has holes in its frill做樣子."
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「但是牠的頭盾上有洞」
14:36
So one of my graduate畢業 students學生們, John約翰 ScannellaScannella,
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因此我的一位研究生約翰‧史坎納拉
14:39
looked看著 through通過 our whole整個 collection採集
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研究了我們所有的蒐藏
14:41
and he actually其實 discovered發現
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赫然發現
14:43
that the hole starting開始 to form形成
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這些洞的成形
14:45
in Triceratops三角龍
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源自三觭龍
14:47
and, of course課程 it's open打開, in Torosaurus牛角 --
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當然在牛角龍頭上已經是完整的洞
14:50
so he found發現 the transitional過渡 ones那些
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所以他發現的恐龍
14:53
between之間 Triceratops三角龍 and Torosaurus牛角,
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處於三觭龍和牛角龍之間的過渡時期
14:55
which哪一個 was pretty漂亮 cool.
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還蠻酷的
14:57
So now we know
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因此現在我們知道
14:59
that Torosaurus牛角
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牛角龍
15:01
is actually其實 a grownup長大 Triceratops三角龍.
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其實是成年的三觭龍
15:04
Now when we name名稱 dinosaurs恐龍,
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當我們在替恐龍命名
15:06
when we name名稱 anything,
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或任何其他東西命名時
15:08
the original原版的 name名稱 gets得到 to stick
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第一個名字都會長存
15:10
and the second第二 name名稱 is thrown拋出 out.
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第二個名字都會被遺忘
15:14
So Torosaurus牛角 is extinct絕種.
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因此牛角龍也滅絕了
15:17
Triceratops三角龍, if you've heard聽說 the news新聞,
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如果你有看新聞,講到三觭龍時
15:20
a lot of the newscasters新聞播音員 got it all wrong錯誤.
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很多新聞記者根本大錯特錯
15:22
They thought Torosaurus牛角 should be kept不停 and Triceratops三角龍 thrown拋出 out,
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他們認為應該保留牛角龍,剔除三觭龍
15:25
but that's not going to happen發生.
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但這是不可能發生的
15:27
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
15:33
All right, so we can do this with a bunch of dinosaurs恐龍.
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所以說 我們可以對許多恐龍做同樣的事
15:36
I mean, here's這裡的 Edmontosaurus埃德蒙頓
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像是這隻埃德蒙頓龍
15:38
and AnatotitanAnatotitan.
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和大鴨龍
15:40
AnatotitanAnatotitan: giant巨人 duck.
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大鴨龍:巨大的鴨子
15:43
It's a giant巨人 duck-bill鴨嘴 dinosaur恐龍.
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是一種大型的鴨嘴龍
15:45
Here's這裡的 another另一個 one.
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牠們是另一個例子
15:47
So we look at the bone histology組織學.
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我們以組織學的角度觀察骨頭
15:49
The bone histology組織學 tells告訴 us
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骨骼組織學顯示
15:52
that Edmontosaurus埃德蒙頓 is a juvenile少年,
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埃德蒙頓龍是幼年恐龍
15:54
or at least最小 a sub-adult亞成體,
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或至少是未成年的
15:56
and the other one is an adult成人
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另一隻則是成年恐龍
15:59
and we have an ontogeny個體發生.
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個體發生歷程很完備
16:02
And we get rid擺脫 of AnatotitanAnatotitan.
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因此大鴨龍也不存在了
16:05
So we can just keep doing this.
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我們一直重複這個過程
16:08
And the last one
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到最後一種恐龍
16:10
is T. Rex雷克斯.
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暴龍
16:12
So there's these two dinosaurs恐龍,
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這裡有兩隻恐龍
16:14
T. Rex雷克斯 and Nanotyrannus矮暴龍屬.
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暴龍和矮暴龍
16:17
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
16:19
Again, makes品牌 you wonder奇蹟.
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又來了,真讓人疑惑
16:22
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
16:25
But they had a good question.
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但科學家問了個好問題
16:27
They were looking at them
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他們觀察這兩隻恐龍
16:29
and they said, "One's那些 got 17 teeth, and the biggest最大 one's那些 got 12 teeth.
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說 小隻有17顆牙 大隻的有12顆牙
16:32
And that doesn't make any sense at all,
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這完全沒有道理
16:34
because we don't know of any dinosaurs恐龍
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因為我們從未發現有哪一種恐龍
16:36
that gain獲得 teeth as they get older舊的.
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年紀越大 牙齒會越多
16:38
So it must必須 be true真正 --
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因此事實擺在眼前
16:40
they must必須 be different不同."
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牠們一定不一樣
16:43
So we cut into them.
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所以我們鋸開恐龍
16:45
And sure enough足夠,
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果真
16:47
Nanotyrannus矮暴龍屬 has juvenile少年 bone
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矮暴龍的骨頭是幼年的
16:50
and the bigger one has more mature成熟 bone.
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暴龍的骨頭較成熟
16:53
It looks容貌 like it could still get bigger.
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似乎還可以長更大
16:56
And at the Museum博物館 of the Rockies落基山脈 where we work,
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然後 在我們工作的洛磯山脈博物館
16:58
I have four T. RexesRexes,
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有四隻暴龍
17:00
so I can cut a whole整個 bunch of them.
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我可以把牠們通通鋸開
17:02
But I didn't have to cut any of them really,
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但實際上不用這麼做
17:05
because I just lined up their jaws
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因為我只要把牠們的下巴排開
17:08
and it turned轉身 out the biggest最大 one had 12 teeth
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就會發現 最大隻的有12顆牙
17:11
and the next下一個 smallest最少 one had 13
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第二大的有13顆牙
17:13
and the next下一個 smallest最少 had 14.
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第三大的有14顆牙
17:15
And of course課程, Nano納米 has 17.
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當然 矮暴龍有17顆牙
17:17
And we just went out and looked看著 at other people's人們 collections集合
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所以我們就去看其他人的蒐藏
17:20
and we found發現 one that has sort分類 of 15 teeth.
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發現有一隻恐龍似乎有15顆牙
17:24
So again, real真實 easy簡單 to say
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因此很容易得到結論
17:27
that Tyrannosaurus暴龍 ontogeny個體發生
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就是暴龍的個體發生歷程
17:29
included包括 Nanotyrannus矮暴龍屬,
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包括矮暴龍
17:32
and therefore因此 we can take out another另一個 dinosaur恐龍.
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因此我們又要跟一種恐龍說拜拜了
17:37
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
17:39
So when it comes down
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因此
17:43
to our end結束 cretaceous白堊紀,
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到白堊紀末期
17:45
we have seven left.
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我們只剩七種恐龍
17:48
And that's a good number.
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很好的數字
17:51
That's a good number to go extinct絕種, I think.
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很適合絕種 我覺得啦
17:54
Now as you can imagine想像,
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各位可以想像
17:56
this is not very popular流行 with fourth-graders四年級學生.
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國小四年級生肯定大失所望
17:59
Fourth-graders四年級學生 love their dinosaurs恐龍,
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小四生很愛恐龍
18:01
they memorize記憶 them.
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每一種都如數家珍
18:06
And they're not happy快樂 with this.
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聽到這個一定會很沮喪
18:09
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
18:11
Thank you very much.
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謝謝各位
18:13
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Michelle Fan
Reviewed by Joan Liu

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jack Horner - Dinosaur digger
Jack Horner and his dig teams have discovered the first evidence of parental care in dinosaurs, extensive nesting grounds, evidence of dinosaur herds, and the world’s first dinosaur embryos. He's now exploring how to build a dinosaur.

Why you should listen

Paleontologist Jack Horner discovered the first dinosaur eggs in the Western Hemisphere, the first evidence of dinosaur colonial nesting, the first evidence of parental care among dinosaurs, and the first dinosaur embryos.

Horner's research covers a wide range of topics about dinosaurs, including their behavior, physiology, ecology and evolution. Due to struggles with the learning disability, dyslexia, Horner does not hold a formal college degree but was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Science from the University of Montana in 1986. Also in 1986 he was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship.

He's the Curator of Paleontology at the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman, Montana, and is widely acknowledged to be the inspiration for the main character in the book and film Jurassic Park.

More profile about the speaker
Jack Horner | Speaker | TED.com