TEDxCaltech
Angela Belcher: Using nature to grow batteries
Anđela Belčer: Korišćenje prirode za uzgoj baterija
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Inspirisana abalon školjkom, Anđela Belčer programira viruse kako bi formirali elegantne strukture, reda nano veličine, koje ljudi mogu da koriste. Selektujući gene visokih performansi kroz direktnu evoluciju, ona je proizvela viruse koji mogu izgraditi nove, moćne baterije, čista vodonična goriva i solarne ćelije rekordne efikasnosti. Na TEDxCaltech konferenciji, pokazuje nam kako se to radi.
Angela Belcher - Biological engineer
Angela Belcher looks to nature for inspiration on how to engineer viruses to create extraordinary new materials. Full bio
Angela Belcher looks to nature for inspiration on how to engineer viruses to create extraordinary new materials. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I thought I would talk a little bit about how nature makes materials.
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Mislila sam da govorim o tome kako priroda stvara materijale.
00:18
I brought along with me an abalone shell.
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Donela sam jednu abalon školjku.
00:20
This abalone shell is a biocomposite material
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Ona je biokompozitni materijal,
00:23
that's 98 percent by mass calcium carbonate
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čija je masa sastavljena od 98 odsto kalcijum karbonata
00:26
and two percent by mass protein.
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i 2 odsto proteina.
00:28
Yet, it's 3,000 times tougher
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Pa ipak, 3000 puta je jača
00:30
than its geological counterpart.
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od svog geološkog duplikata.
00:32
And a lot of people might use structures like abalone shells,
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Mnogi ljudi mogu koristiti strukture poput abalon školjke,
00:35
like chalk.
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kao što je kreda.
00:37
I've been fascinated by how nature makes materials,
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Bila sam fascinirana načinom na koji priroda stvara materijale,
00:39
and there's a lot of sequence
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a postoji i mnogo nizova
00:41
to how they do such an exquisite job.
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u načinu na koji ona vrši takav izuzetan posao.
00:43
Part of it is that these materials
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Jedan deo ovoga jeste da su ovi materijali
00:45
are macroscopic in structure,
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po strukturi makroskopski,
00:47
but they're formed at the nanoscale.
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međutim formirani su na nano skali.
00:49
They're formed at the nanoscale,
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Formirani su na nano skali
00:51
and they use proteins that are coded by the genetic level
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i koriste proteine koji su šifrirani na genetskom nivou
00:54
that allow them to build these really exquisite structures.
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da bi im dozvolili da izgrade ove zaista izvrsne strukture.
00:57
So something I think is very fascinating
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Fascinira me pomisao
00:59
is what if you could give life
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da bismo mogli da podarimo život
01:02
to non-living structures,
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neživim strukturama,
01:04
like batteries and like solar cells?
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poput baterija i solarnih ćelija.
01:06
What if they had some of the same capabilities
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Šta ako bi oni imali neke od sposobnosti
01:08
that an abalone shell did,
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koje abalon školjka ima,
01:10
in terms of being able
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u pogledu mogućnosti
01:12
to build really exquisite structures
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da izgradi veoma izvrsne strukture,
01:14
at room temperature and room pressure,
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na sobnoj temperaturi i sobnom pritisku
01:16
using non-toxic chemicals
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koristeći netoksične hemikalije
01:18
and adding no toxic materials back into the environment?
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i ne ispuštajući ikakve toksine u životno okruženje?
01:21
So that's the vision that I've been thinking about.
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To je vizija o kojoj sam razmišljala.
01:24
And so what if you could grow a battery in a Petri dish?
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Šta ako bismo mogli da uzgojimo bateriju u Petrijevoj šolji?
01:26
Or, what if you could give genetic information to a battery
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Ili, šta ako bismo mogli bateriji da damo genetsku informaciju
01:29
so that it could actually become better
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tako da zapravo postane bolja
01:31
as a function of time,
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u smislu njenog životnog veka,
01:33
and do so in an environmentally friendly way?
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a da to uradimo na način koji je prijateljski prema okruženju?
01:35
And so, going back to this abalone shell,
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Vratimo se sada na ovu abalon školjku,
01:38
besides being nano-structured,
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osim što je nano strukturisana
01:40
one thing that's fascinating,
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jedna stvar koja je fascinantna
01:42
is when a male and a female abalone get together,
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je da kada se muška i ženska abalon školjka nađu zajedno
01:44
they pass on the genetic information
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one prenose genetske informacije
01:46
that says, "This is how to build an exquisite material.
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koje kažu: "Ovako se izgrađuje jedan izvrstan materijal.
01:49
Here's how to do it at room temperature and pressure,
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Ovako se to radi na sobnoj temperaturi i pritisku,
01:51
using non-toxic materials."
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korišćenjem netoksičnih materijala".
01:53
Same with diatoms, which are shown right here, which are glasseous structures.
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Isti je slučaj i sa silikatnim algama, staklaste strukture, prikazane upravo ovde.
01:56
Every time the diatoms replicate,
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Svaki put kada se ove alge kopiraju,
01:58
they give the genetic information that says,
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daju genetsku informaciju koja kaže:
02:00
"Here's how to build glass in the ocean
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"Evo kako da u okeanu izgradite staklo
02:02
that's perfectly nano-structured.
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koje je savršene nano strukture.
02:04
And you can do it the same, over and over again."
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Ovo možete da ponavljate, iznova i iznova".
02:06
So what if you could do the same thing
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Šta ako biste mogli da uradite istu stvar
02:08
with a solar cell or a battery?
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sa solarnom ćelijom ili baterijom?
02:10
I like to say my favorite biomaterial is my four year-old.
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Volim da kažem da je moj omiljeni biomaterijal moj četvorogodišnjak.
02:13
But anyone who's ever had, or knows, small children
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Svako ko je čuo ili zna malu decu,
02:16
knows they're incredibly complex organisms.
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zna da su oni neverovatno složeni organizmi.
02:19
And so if you wanted to convince them
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Ako biste želeli da ih ubedite
02:21
to do something they don't want to do, it's very difficult.
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da urade nešto što oni ne žele, to je veoma teško.
02:23
So when we think about future technologies,
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Kada mislimo o budućim tehnologijama
02:26
we actually think of using bacteria and virus,
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zapravo mislimo na upotrebu bakterija i virusa,
02:28
simple organisms.
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jednostavnih organizama.
02:30
Can you convince them to work with a new toolbox,
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Možete li ih ubediti da rade sa novim alatom,
02:32
so that they can build a structure
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tako da mogu izgraditi strukturu
02:34
that will be important to me?
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koja će za mene biti značajna?
02:36
Also, when we think about future technologies,
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Takođe, kada mislimo o budućim tehnologijama,
02:38
we start with the beginning of Earth.
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počinjemo sa početkom Zemlje.
02:40
Basically, it took a billion years
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U osnovi, bilo je neophodno milijardu godina
02:42
to have life on Earth.
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da se stvori život na Zemlji.
02:44
And very rapidly, they became multi-cellular,
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Ubrzo su nastali višećelijski organizmi,
02:46
they could replicate, they could use photosynthesis
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mogli su da se reprodukuju, da koriste fotosintezu
02:49
as a way of getting their energy source.
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kao način dobijanja energetskog izvora.
02:51
But it wasn't until about 500 million years ago --
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Ali do pre 500 miliona godina --
02:53
during the Cambrian geologic time period --
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tokom geološkog perioda Kambrijuma --
02:55
that organisms in the ocean started making hard materials.
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organizmi u okeanu nisu mogli da formiraju čvrste materijale.
02:58
Before that, they were all soft, fluffy structures.
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Pre toga, svi su bili mekane, paperjaste strukture.
03:01
And it was during this time
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Tokom ovog perioda
03:03
that there was increased calcium and iron
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postojale su uvećane količine kalcijuma, gvožđa
03:05
and silicon in the environment,
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i silikona u životnom okruženju
03:07
and organisms learned how to make hard materials.
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i organizmi su naučili kako da naprave ove čvrste materijale.
03:10
And so that's what I would like be able to do --
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To je ono što bih volela da mogu da uradim --
03:12
convince biology
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da ubedim biologiju
03:14
to work with the rest of the periodic table.
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da sarađuje sa ostatkom periodnog sistema elemenata.
03:16
Now if you look at biology,
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Sada, ako pogledate biologiju,
03:18
there's many structures like DNA and antibodies
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videćete mnoge strukture poput DNK i antitela
03:20
and proteins and ribosomes that you've heard about
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i proteina i ribozoma za koje ste čuli,
03:22
that are already nano-structured.
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a koji su već nano strukturirani.
03:24
So nature already gives us
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Dakle, priroda nam već daje
03:26
really exquisite structures on the nanoscale.
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zaista izvrsne strukture na nano skali.
03:28
What if we could harness them
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Šta ako bismo mogli da ih iskoristimo
03:30
and convince them to not be an antibody
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i ubedimo ih da ne budu antitela
03:32
that does something like HIV?
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koja se bave nečime poput HIV-a?
03:34
But what if we could convince them
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Ali šta ako bismo mogli da ih ubedimo
03:36
to build a solar cell for us?
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da za nas izgrade solarnu ćeliju?
03:38
So here are some examples: these are some natural shells.
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Evo nekih primera: ovo su neke od prirodnih školjki.
03:40
There are natural biological materials.
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Postoje prirodni, biološki materijali.
03:42
The abalone shell here -- and if you fracture it,
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Ova abalon školjka ovde -- ako je polomite,
03:44
you can look at the fact that it's nano-structured.
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možete videti da je zapravo nano strukturirana.
03:46
There's diatoms made out of SIO2,
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Ima silikatnih algi koje su napravljene od silikon dioksida,
03:49
and they're magnetotactic bacteria
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i one su magnetotaktične bakterije
03:51
that make small, single-domain magnets used for navigation.
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koje stvaraju male magnete u jednom području radi navigacije.
03:54
What all these have in common
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Ono što im je svima zajedničko
03:56
is these materials are structured at the nanoscale,
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jeste da su svi ovi materijali strukturisani na nano skali,
03:58
and they have a DNA sequence
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i imaju DNK niz
04:00
that codes for a protein sequence
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koji šifrira proteinski niz
04:02
that gives them the blueprint
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i daje im šemu
04:04
to be able to build these really wonderful structures.
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da bi mogle da naprave ove zaista divne strukture.
04:06
Now, going back to the abalone shell,
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Sada, vratimo se na abalon školjku,
04:08
the abalone makes this shell by having these proteins.
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koja stvara svoju ljušturu od ovih proteina.
04:11
These proteins are very negatively charged.
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Ovi proteini su jako negativno naelektrisani.
04:13
And they can pull calcium out of the environment,
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Mogu da privuku kalcijum iz okruženja,
04:15
put down a layer of calcium and then carbonate, calcium and carbonate.
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deponuju sloj kalcijuma onda karbonata, kalcijuma pa karbonata.
04:18
It has the chemical sequences of amino acids,
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Ima hemijske nizove amino kiselina,
04:21
which says, "This is how to build the structure.
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koje kažu, "Evo kako da izgradite tu strukturu.
04:23
Here's the DNA sequence, here's the protein sequence
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Evo DNK niza, evo proteinskog niza
04:25
in order to do it."
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da biste ih napravili".
04:27
And so an interesting idea is, what if you could take any material that you wanted,
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Jedna interesantna ideja je, šta ako biste mogli da uzmete koji god materijal poželite,
04:30
or any element on the periodic table,
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ili bilo koji element periodnog sistema elemenata,
04:32
and find its corresponding DNA sequence,
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i da nađete njegov odgovarajući DNK niz,
04:35
then code it for a corresponding protein sequence
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onda ga šifrirate za odgovarajući proteinski niz
04:37
to build a structure, but not build an abalone shell --
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da biste izgradili strukturu, ali ne abalon školjku --
04:40
build something that, through nature,
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da biste izgradili nešto sa čime
04:42
it has never had the opportunity to work with yet.
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do sada nisu imali prilike da rade kroz prirodu.
04:45
And so here's the periodic table.
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Ovo je periodni sistem elemenata.
04:47
And I absolutely love the periodic table.
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Ja ga apsolutno obožavam.
04:49
Every year for the incoming freshman class at MIT,
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Svake godine za brucoše na Masačusetskom tehnološkom institutu
04:52
I have a periodic table made that says,
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imam periodni sistem koji kaže:
04:54
"Welcome to MIT. Now you're in your element."
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"Dobrodošli na MTI. Sada ste u svom elementu".
04:57
And you flip it over, and it's the amino acids
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Ako ga okrenete, videćete amino kiseline
05:00
with the PH at which they have different charges.
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sa pH na kome prolaze kroz različite promene.
05:02
And so I give this out to thousands of people.
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Ovo podelim hiljadama ljudi.
05:05
And I know it says MIT, and this is Caltech,
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Znam da piše MTI, a da je ovo Kaltek,
05:07
but I have a couple extra if people want it.
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ali imam nešto viška za ljude koji ih žele.
05:09
And I was really fortunate
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Bila sam veoma srećna
05:11
to have President Obama visit my lab this year
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kada je predsednik Obama posetio moju laboratoriju ove godine
05:13
on his visit to MIT,
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tokom njegove posete MTI-u,
05:15
and I really wanted to give him a periodic table.
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i zaista sam želela da mu dam periodni sistem elemenata.
05:17
So I stayed up at night, and I talked to my husband,
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Ostala sam budna celu noć i pričala sam sa svojim mužem,
05:19
"How do I give President Obama a periodic table?
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"Kako da dam predsedniku Obami periodni sistem?
05:22
What if he says, 'Oh, I already have one,'
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Šta ako kaže: "Oh, već imam jedan",
05:24
or, 'I've already memorized it'?" (Laughter)
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ili: "Već sam ga zapamtio"? (Smeh)
05:26
And so he came to visit my lab
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I tako je on došao da poseti moju laboratoriju
05:28
and looked around -- it was a great visit.
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i razgledao je okolo -- bila je to sjajna poseta.
05:30
And then afterward, I said,
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Nakon toga, rekla sam,
05:32
"Sir, I want to give you the periodic table
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"Gospodine, želela bih da vam dam periodni sistem
05:34
in case you're ever in a bind and need to calculate molecular weight."
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u slučaju da ste ikada u teškoj situaciji i treba da izračunate molekularnu težinu".
05:38
And I thought molecular weight sounded much less nerdy
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Mislila sam da molekularna težina zvuči manje štreberski
05:40
than molar mass.
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od molarne mase.
05:42
And so he looked at it,
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On ga je pogledao
05:44
and he said,
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i rekao:
05:46
"Thank you. I'll look at it periodically."
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"Hvala Vam. Pogledaću ga periodično".
05:48
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
05:50
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
05:54
And later in a lecture that he gave on clean energy,
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Kasnije ga je, u lekciji koju je držao na temu čiste energije,
05:57
he pulled it out and said,
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izvukao i rekao:
05:59
"And people at MIT, they give out periodic tables."
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"A ljudi na MTI-ju, oni dele periodne sisteme".
06:01
So basically what I didn't tell you
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Ono što vam nisam rekla je da su
06:04
is that about 500 million years ago, organisms starter making materials,
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pre oko 500 miliona godina, organizmi počeli da stvaraju materijale,
06:07
but it took them about 50 million years to get good at it.
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ali im je bilo neophodno oko 50 miliona godina da bi postali dobri u tome.
06:09
It took them about 50 million years
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I trebalo im je 50 miliona godina
06:11
to learn how to perfect how to make that abalone shell.
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da bi usavršili stvaranje te abalon školjke.
06:13
And that's a hard sell to a graduate student. (Laughter)
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Maturante je teško ubediti u ovo. (Smeh)
06:15
"I have this great project -- 50 million years."
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"Imam ovaj izvanredan projekat -- 50 miliona godina."
06:18
And so we had to develop a way
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Morali smo da razvijemo način
06:20
of trying to do this more rapidly.
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da pokušamo da uradimo ovo brže.
06:22
And so we use a virus that's a non-toxic virus
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Tako koristimo viruse, tj. netoksične viruse
06:24
called M13 bacteriophage
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nazvane M13 bakteriofazi
06:26
that's job is to infect bacteria.
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čiji je posao da zaraze bakteriju.
06:28
Well it has a simple DNA structure
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Ima jednostavnu DNK strukturu
06:30
that you can go in and cut and paste
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koju možete iseći i na nju nalepiti
06:32
additional DNA sequences into it.
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dodatne DNK nizove.
06:34
And by doing that, it allows the virus
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Radeći ovo, dozvoljavate virusu
06:36
to express random protein sequences.
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da izrazi različite proteinske nizove.
06:39
And this is pretty easy biotechnology.
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Ovo je veoma laka biotehnologija.
06:41
And you could basically do this a billion times.
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Ovo doslovce možete uraditi milijardu puta.
06:43
And so you can go in and have a billion different viruses
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Tako, imate milijardu virusa
06:45
that are all genetically identical,
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koji su genetski isti,
06:47
but they differ from each other based on their tips,
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ali koji se malo razlikuju međusobno na vrhovima,
06:49
on one sequence
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na jednom nizu
06:51
that codes for one protein.
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koji šifrira jedan protein.
06:53
Now if you take all billion viruses,
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Ako uzmete milijardu virusa
06:55
and you can put them in one drop of liquid,
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i stavite ih u jednu kap tečnosti
06:57
you can force them to interact with anything you want on the periodic table.
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možete ih naterati da reaguju sa bilo čime iz periodnog sistema.
07:00
And through a process of selection evolution,
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Procesom selektivne evolucije možete izvući
07:02
you can pull one out of a billion that does something that you'd like it to do,
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jednog iz milijarde koji će da radi tačno ono što biste želeli,
07:05
like grow a battery or grow a solar cell.
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kao na primer, da uzgoji bateriju ili solarnu ćeliju.
07:07
So basically, viruses can't replicate themselves; they need a host.
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U osnovi, virusi ne mogu da se razmnožavaju, treba im domaćin.
07:10
Once you find that one out of a billion,
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Jednom kada nađete tog jednog u milijardi,
07:12
you infect it into a bacteria,
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zarazite bakteriju njime
07:14
and you make millions and billions of copies
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i stvorite milione i milijarde kopija
07:16
of that particular sequence.
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upravo tog niza.
07:18
And so the other thing that's beautiful about biology
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Druga stvar koja je divna u vezi sa biologijom
07:20
is that biology gives you really exquisite structures
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jeste što vam biologija pruža izvanredne strukture
07:22
with nice link scales.
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sa veoma finim vezama skala.
07:24
And these viruses are long and skinny,
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Ovi virusi su dugi i mršavi,
07:26
and we can get them to express the ability
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i možemo ih naterati da izraze sposobnost
07:28
to grow something like semiconductors
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izgradnje nečega poput poluprovodnika
07:30
or materials for batteries.
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ili materijale za baterije.
07:32
Now this is a high-powered battery that we grew in my lab.
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Ovo je baterija visokog napona koju sam uzgojila u laboratoriji.
07:35
We engineered a virus to pick up carbon nanotubes.
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Napravili smo virus koji može da podigne ugljenične nano cevčice.
07:38
So one part of the virus grabs a carbon nanotube.
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Dakle, jedan deo virusa podigne ugljeničnu nano cevčicu.
07:40
The other part of the virus has a sequence
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Drugi deo virusa ima niz
07:42
that can grow an electrode material for a battery.
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koji može da izgradi elektrodu za bateriju.
07:45
And then it wires itself to the current collector.
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Onda se poveže za kolektor struje.
07:48
And so through a process of selection evolution,
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Tako, kroz proces selektivne evolucije,
07:50
we went from being able to have a virus that made a crummy battery
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smo napredovali od virusa koji je mogao da napravi jadnu bateriju,
07:53
to a virus that made a good battery
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preko virusa koji može da napravi dobru bateriju,
07:55
to a virus that made a record-breaking, high-powered battery
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do virusa koji je napravio jaku bateriju, koja obara rekorde, a sve
07:58
that's all made at room temperature, basically at the bench top.
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ovo je napravljeno na sobnoj temperaturi, praktično na radnoj površini.
08:01
And that battery went to the White House for a press conference.
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Ta baterija je poslata u Belu kuću, na konferenciju za štampu.
08:04
I brought it here.
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Ja sam je donela ovde.
08:06
You can see it in this case -- that's lighting this LED.
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Ovde je možete videti kako osvetljava ovu "LED" diodu.
08:09
Now if we could scale this,
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Ako bismo mogli da odmerimo ovo,
08:11
you could actually use it
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mogli biste da je koristite
08:13
to run your Prius,
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za pokretanje vašeg Prijusa,
08:15
which is my dream -- to be able to drive a virus-powered car.
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što je moj san -- da vozimo automobile pokrenute virusima.
08:19
But it's basically --
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U osnovi --
08:21
you can pull one out of a billion.
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možete da dobijete jednog u milijardi.
08:24
You can make lots of amplifications to it.
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Možete napraviti puno pojačanja na ovome.
08:26
Basically, you make an amplification in the lab,
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U osnovi, možete napraviti pojačanje u laboratoriji
08:28
and then you get it to self-assemble
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i možete je naterati da se sama sastavi
08:30
into a structure like a battery.
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u strukturu nalik bateriji.
08:32
We're able to do this also with catalysis.
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U mogućnosti smo da ovo uradimo i sa katalizom.
08:34
This is the example
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Ovo je primer
08:36
of photocatalytic splitting of water.
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fotokatalitičkog razdvajanja vode.
08:38
And what we've been able to do
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Ono što smo u mogućnosti da uradimo je da
08:40
is engineer a virus to basically take dye-absorbing molecules
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napravimo virus koji može da uhvati molekule koji vezuju boju
08:43
and line them up on the surface of the virus
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i poređa ih po površini virusa
08:45
so it acts as an antenna,
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tako da se ponašaju kao antena,
08:47
and you get an energy transfer across the virus.
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a vi dobijete protok energije preko virusa.
08:49
And then we give it a second gene
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Onda mu damo još jedan gen
08:51
to grow an inorganic material
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da bi uzgojio neorganski materijal
08:53
that can be used to split water
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koji se može koristiti da razdvoji vodu
08:55
into oxygen and hydrogen
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na kiseonik i vodonik
08:57
that can be used for clean fuels.
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koji se mogu upotrebiti za čista goriva.
08:59
And I brought an example with me of that today.
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Danas sam sa sobom donela jedan primerak.
09:01
My students promised me it would work.
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Moji studenti su mi obećali da će raditi.
09:03
These are virus-assembled nanowires.
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Ovo su nano žice sastavljene uz pomoć virusa.
09:05
When you shine light on them, you can see them bubbling.
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Kada ih obasjate svetlošću, vidite kako se formiraju mehurići.
09:08
In this case, you're seeing oxygen bubbles come out.
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U ovom slučaju, vidite mehuriće kiseonika kako izlaze.
09:12
And basically, by controlling the genes,
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U osnovi, kontrolišući gene, možete kontrolisati
09:15
you can control multiple materials to improve your device performance.
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mnogo materijala da biste unapredili učinak vašeg uređaja.
09:18
The last example are solar cells.
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Poslednji primer su solarne ćelije.
09:20
You can also do this with solar cells.
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Ovo takođe možete uraditi sa solarnim ćelijama.
09:22
We've been able to engineer viruses
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Možemo da napravimo viruse
09:24
to pick up carbon nanotubes
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koji podižu ugljenične nano cevčice
09:26
and then grow titanium dioxide around them --
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i onda uzgoje titanijum-dioksid oko sebe --
09:30
and use as a way of getting electrons through the device.
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i koriste ga kao način da pokrenu elektrone kroz uređaj.
09:34
And what we've found is through genetic engineering,
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Ono što smo otkrili jeste da kroz genetski inženjering,
09:36
we can actually increase
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zapravo možemo povećati
09:38
the efficiencies of these solar cells
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učinak ovih solarnih ćelija
09:41
to record numbers
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do rekordnih brojeva
09:43
for these types of dye-sensitized systems.
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za ove tipove sistema osetljivih na boje.
09:46
And I brought one of those as well
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Donela sam i jednu od njih takođe
09:48
that you can play around with outside afterward.
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sa kojom posle možete da se igrate napolju.
09:51
So this is a virus-based solar cell.
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Dakle, ovo je solarna ćelija zasnovana na virusima.
09:53
Through evolution and selection,
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Kroz evoluciju i selekciju
09:55
we took it from an eight percent efficiency solar cell
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došli smo od solarne ćelije sa učinkom od 8 odsto
09:58
to an 11 percent efficiency solar cell.
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do solarne ćelije sa učinkom od 11 odsto.
10:01
So I hope that I've convinced you
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Nadam se da sam vas ubedila
10:03
that there's a lot of great, interesting things to be learned
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da postoji mnogo velikih, interesantnih stvari koje se mogu naučiti
10:06
about how nature makes materials --
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o proizvodnji materijala --
10:08
and taking it the next step
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i dovođenja proizvodnje na sledeći nivo
10:10
to see if you can force,
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da bismo videli da li možete da prisilite ili da li možete
10:12
or whether you can take advantage of how nature makes materials,
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da iskoristite prednost načina na koji priroda stvara materijale,
10:14
to make things that nature hasn't yet dreamed of making.
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da biste stvorili materijale o kojima priroda još i ne sanja.
10:17
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Angela Belcher - Biological engineerAngela Belcher looks to nature for inspiration on how to engineer viruses to create extraordinary new materials.
Why you should listen
With a bachelors in Creative Studies and a Ph.D. in Inorganic Chemistry, Angela Belcher has made a career out of finding surprising and innovative solutions to energy problems.
As head of the Biomolecular Materials Group at MIT, Belcher brings together the fields of materials chemistry, electrical engineering and molecular biology to engineer viruses that can create batteries and clean energy sources. A MacArthur Fellow, she also founded Cambrios Technologies, a Cambridge-based startup focused on applying her work with natural biological systems to the manufacture and assembly of electronic, magnetic and other commercially important materials. TIME magazine named her a climate-change hero in 2007.
Watch an animation of Angela Belcher's life story >>
Angela Belcher | Speaker | TED.com