TEDxCaltech
Angela Belcher: Using nature to grow batteries
Angela Belcher: Koristeći prirodu za rast baterija
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Nadahnuta školjkom "petrovo uho", Angela Belcher programira viruse koji čine elegantne strukture na nano-razini koje ljudi mogu koristiti. Izabirući gene na visokoj razini izvedbe kroz izravnu evoluciju, ona je napravila viruse koji mogu izgraditi snažne nove baterije, čista hidrogenska goriva, nadmašujuće solarne ćelije. Na TEDxCaltech ona pokazuje kako je to učinjeno.
Angela Belcher - Biological engineer
Angela Belcher looks to nature for inspiration on how to engineer viruses to create extraordinary new materials. Full bio
Angela Belcher looks to nature for inspiration on how to engineer viruses to create extraordinary new materials. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I thought I would talk a little bit about how nature makes materials.
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Mislila sam kako bi bilo dobro pričati o tome kako priroda stvara materijale.
00:18
I brought along with me an abalone shell.
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Donijela sam sa mnom školjku petrovo uho.
00:20
This abalone shell is a biocomposite material
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Ta školjka je biorazgradiv materijal
00:23
that's 98 percent by mass calcium carbonate
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koji je po masi 98 posto kalcijev karbonat,
00:26
and two percent by mass protein.
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a dva posto po masi protein.
00:28
Yet, it's 3,000 times tougher
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Ipak, 3.000 puta je teži
00:30
than its geological counterpart.
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nego njegov geološki dvojnik.
00:32
And a lot of people might use structures like abalone shells,
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Puno ljudi može koristiti strukture poput petrovog uha,
00:35
like chalk.
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kao npr. kredu.
00:37
I've been fascinated by how nature makes materials,
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Oduševljena sam time kako priroda radi materijale,
00:39
and there's a lot of sequence
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i postoji puno nizova
00:41
to how they do such an exquisite job.
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u načinu na koji oni rade takav fini posao.
00:43
Part of it is that these materials
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Djelomično je to da su ti materijali
00:45
are macroscopic in structure,
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strukturno makroskopski,
00:47
but they're formed at the nanoscale.
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ali su formirani na nanostupanjskoj razini.
00:49
They're formed at the nanoscale,
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Formirani su na nanostupanjskoj razini
00:51
and they use proteins that are coded by the genetic level
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i koriste proteine koji su kodirani na genetskoj razini
00:54
that allow them to build these really exquisite structures.
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koji im dopuštaju gradnju tih izvrsnih struktura.
00:57
So something I think is very fascinating
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Nešto što stvarno oduševljava
00:59
is what if you could give life
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jest pitanje o tome bi li mogli dati život
01:02
to non-living structures,
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neživim strukturama
01:04
like batteries and like solar cells?
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poput baterija i solarnih ćelija?
01:06
What if they had some of the same capabilities
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Što ako one imaju neke iste mogućnosti
01:08
that an abalone shell did,
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koje ima i petrovo uho,
01:10
in terms of being able
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u smislu da su u stanju
01:12
to build really exquisite structures
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izgraditi stvarno fine strukture
01:14
at room temperature and room pressure,
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na sobnim temperaturama i sobnom tlaku,
01:16
using non-toxic chemicals
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koristeći neotrovne kemikalije
01:18
and adding no toxic materials back into the environment?
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i dodavajući neotrovne materijale natrag u okoliš?
01:21
So that's the vision that I've been thinking about.
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Dakle, to je vizija o kojoj sam razmišljala.
01:24
And so what if you could grow a battery in a Petri dish?
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Što ako možemo uzgojiti bateriju u petrijevoj zdjelici?
01:26
Or, what if you could give genetic information to a battery
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Ili što ako možemo dati genetsku informaciju bateriji,
01:29
so that it could actually become better
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tako da ona zapravo postane bolja
01:31
as a function of time,
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u funkciji vremena,
01:33
and do so in an environmentally friendly way?
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i da to možemo učniti na način koji ne šteti okolišu?
01:35
And so, going back to this abalone shell,
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I da se vratimo na petrovo uho,
01:38
besides being nano-structured,
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osim što je nano-strukturirana,
01:40
one thing that's fascinating,
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jedna stvar koja oduševljava je
01:42
is when a male and a female abalone get together,
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da kada se mužjak i ženka spare,
01:44
they pass on the genetic information
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prenose genetsku informaciju
01:46
that says, "This is how to build an exquisite material.
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koja kaže: "Ovako se gradi izvrstan materijal.
01:49
Here's how to do it at room temperature and pressure,
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Evo kako to napraviti na sobnoj temperaturi i tlaku,
01:51
using non-toxic materials."
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koristeći notrovne materijale."
01:53
Same with diatoms, which are shown right here, which are glasseous structures.
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Isto je s algama kremenjašicama, koje sjaje upravo ovdje, one imaju građu poput stakla.
01:56
Every time the diatoms replicate,
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Svaki puta kada se kremenjašice množe,
01:58
they give the genetic information that says,
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daju genetički informaciju koja govori:
02:00
"Here's how to build glass in the ocean
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"Ovako se gradi staklo u oceanu
02:02
that's perfectly nano-structured.
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koje je savršeno nano-strukturirano.
02:04
And you can do it the same, over and over again."
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I to se iznova može ponavljati."
02:06
So what if you could do the same thing
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Dakle, što ako bismo mogli napraviti istu stvar
02:08
with a solar cell or a battery?
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sa solarnim ćelijama ili baterijama?
02:10
I like to say my favorite biomaterial is my four year-old.
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Volim reći kako je moj najdraži biomaterijal moj četverogodišnjak.
02:13
But anyone who's ever had, or knows, small children
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Ali bilo tko tko je ikada imao, ili zna malu djecu
02:16
knows they're incredibly complex organisms.
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također zna da su ona nevjerojatno složeni organizmi.
02:19
And so if you wanted to convince them
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I ako ih želite uvjeriti
02:21
to do something they don't want to do, it's very difficult.
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da naprave nešto što ne žele, to je jako teško.
02:23
So when we think about future technologies,
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Kada razmišljamo o budućim tehnologijama,
02:26
we actually think of using bacteria and virus,
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mi zapravo razmišljamo o korištenju bakterija i virusa,
02:28
simple organisms.
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jednostavnih organizama.
02:30
Can you convince them to work with a new toolbox,
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Možete li njih uvjeriti da rade s novim alatima
02:32
so that they can build a structure
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tako da grade strukture
02:34
that will be important to me?
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koje će meni biti važne?
02:36
Also, when we think about future technologies,
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Također, mi razmišljamo o budućim tehnologijama.
02:38
we start with the beginning of Earth.
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Počevši od stvaranja Zemlje.
02:40
Basically, it took a billion years
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Napose, trebalo je milijardu godina
02:42
to have life on Earth.
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da život dođe na Zemlju.
02:44
And very rapidly, they became multi-cellular,
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I jako brzo, organizmi su postali višestanični,
02:46
they could replicate, they could use photosynthesis
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mogli su se replicirati, mogli su koristiti fotosintezu
02:49
as a way of getting their energy source.
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kao način dobivanja izvora energije.
02:51
But it wasn't until about 500 million years ago --
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Ali sve do prije 500 milijuna godina --
02:53
during the Cambrian geologic time period --
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tijekom geološkog razdoblja Kambrija --
02:55
that organisms in the ocean started making hard materials.
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ti organizmi u oceanu nisu počeli graditi tvrde materijale.
02:58
Before that, they were all soft, fluffy structures.
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Oni su prvotno bili mekane, pahuljaste građevine.
03:01
And it was during this time
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I tijekom tog perioda
03:03
that there was increased calcium and iron
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kalcij, željezo i silicij su narasli
03:05
and silicon in the environment,
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u okolišu.
03:07
and organisms learned how to make hard materials.
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Organizmi su naučili kako stvarati tvrde materijale.
03:10
And so that's what I would like be able to do --
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I to je ono što bi ja željela postići --
03:12
convince biology
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uvjeriti biologiju;
03:14
to work with the rest of the periodic table.
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da radi s ostatkom tablice periodnog sustava.
03:16
Now if you look at biology,
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Ako sada pogledate biologiju,
03:18
there's many structures like DNA and antibodies
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postoji mnogo građevina poput DNA i antitijela
03:20
and proteins and ribosomes that you've heard about
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i proteina i ribosoma o kojima ste čuli
03:22
that are already nano-structured.
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koji su također nano-strukturirani.
03:24
So nature already gives us
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Dakle, priroda nam već daje
03:26
really exquisite structures on the nanoscale.
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stvrano izvrsne strukture na nano-stupnju.
03:28
What if we could harness them
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Što ako bi ih mogli upregnuti
03:30
and convince them to not be an antibody
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i uvjeriti ih da ne budu antitijela
03:32
that does something like HIV?
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koja čine nešto kao HIV?
03:34
But what if we could convince them
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Što ako bismo ih mogli uvjeriti
03:36
to build a solar cell for us?
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da grade solarne ćelije za nas?
03:38
So here are some examples: these are some natural shells.
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Evo nekoliko primjera: ovo su prirodne školjke.
03:40
There are natural biological materials.
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One su prirodni biološki materijal
03:42
The abalone shell here -- and if you fracture it,
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Ovo petrovo uho -- ako ga rastavite,
03:44
you can look at the fact that it's nano-structured.
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možete vidjeti činjenicu da je nano-strukturiran.
03:46
There's diatoms made out of SIO2,
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Postoje dijatomeje napravljene od SIO2
03:49
and they're magnetotactic bacteria
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i one su magnetotaktične bakterije
03:51
that make small, single-domain magnets used for navigation.
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koje čine male, jedno domenske magnete korištene za navigaciju.
03:54
What all these have in common
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Što one sve imaju zajedničko jest
03:56
is these materials are structured at the nanoscale,
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kako su ti materijali strukturirani nanostupanjski,
03:58
and they have a DNA sequence
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i imaju DNA redosljed
04:00
that codes for a protein sequence
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koji kodira za protein tog slijeda,
04:02
that gives them the blueprint
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koji im daje nacrt
04:04
to be able to build these really wonderful structures.
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za gradnju tih stvarno predivnih struktura.
04:06
Now, going back to the abalone shell,
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Da se vratimo na petrovo uho,
04:08
the abalone makes this shell by having these proteins.
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ono gradi svoj oklop imajući te proteine.
04:11
These proteins are very negatively charged.
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Ti proteini su jako negativno nabijeni.
04:13
And they can pull calcium out of the environment,
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Oni mogu izvući kalcij iz okoline,
04:15
put down a layer of calcium and then carbonate, calcium and carbonate.
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staviti sloj kalcija i zatim karbonata, kalcija pa karbonata.
04:18
It has the chemical sequences of amino acids,
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Postoji kemijski redoslijed amino kiseline
04:21
which says, "This is how to build the structure.
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koji kaže: "Ovako se grade strukture.
04:23
Here's the DNA sequence, here's the protein sequence
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Ovdje je DNA redoslijed, a ovdje je sekvenca proteina
04:25
in order to do it."
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da se to može napraviti."
04:27
And so an interesting idea is, what if you could take any material that you wanted,
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Zanimljiva ideja je, što ako bismo mogli napraviti materijal koji želimo,
04:30
or any element on the periodic table,
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ili neki element na tablici periodnog sustava,
04:32
and find its corresponding DNA sequence,
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i otkriti da korespondira DNA poretku,
04:35
then code it for a corresponding protein sequence
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i tada ga kodirati za odgovarajući slijed proteina
04:37
to build a structure, but not build an abalone shell --
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da se izgradi struktura, ali ne struktura petrovog uha --
04:40
build something that, through nature,
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već nečeg sa čime se, kroz prirodu,
04:42
it has never had the opportunity to work with yet.
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još nije imalo priliku raditi.
04:45
And so here's the periodic table.
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I dakle, evo periodnog sustava.
04:47
And I absolutely love the periodic table.
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I ja apsolutno obožavam periodni sustav.
04:49
Every year for the incoming freshman class at MIT,
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Svake godine za nadolazeću novu generaciju studenata na MIT-u,
04:52
I have a periodic table made that says,
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ja imam tablicu periodnog sustava koja kaže:
04:54
"Welcome to MIT. Now you're in your element."
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"Dobrodošli na MIT. Sada ste u svom elementu."
04:57
And you flip it over, and it's the amino acids
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I kad je okrenete, ima amino kiseline
05:00
with the PH at which they have different charges.
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s PH vrijednosti koje imaju različite naboje.
05:02
And so I give this out to thousands of people.
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Ja ih dijelim tisućama ljudi.
05:05
And I know it says MIT, and this is Caltech,
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I znam da na njoj piše MIT, makar je ovo Caltech,
05:07
but I have a couple extra if people want it.
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ali ako želite, imam nešto viška.
05:09
And I was really fortunate
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Bila sam stvarno sretna
05:11
to have President Obama visit my lab this year
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što sam mogla ugostiti predsjednika Obamu u svom laboratoriju ove godine
05:13
on his visit to MIT,
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na njegovom posjetu MIT-u
05:15
and I really wanted to give him a periodic table.
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i stvarno sam mu željela dati jedan periodni sustav.
05:17
So I stayed up at night, and I talked to my husband,
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Ostala sam budna noć prije, i razgovarala sa svojim mužem:
05:19
"How do I give President Obama a periodic table?
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"Kako da dam predsjedniku Obami tablicu periodnog sustava?
05:22
What if he says, 'Oh, I already have one,'
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Što ako kaže: "Oh, već imam jedan."
05:24
or, 'I've already memorized it'?" (Laughter)
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ili: "Već sam je naučio napamet!?"
05:26
And so he came to visit my lab
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I tako je on posjetio moj laboratorij
05:28
and looked around -- it was a great visit.
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i razgledao okolo -- bio je to odličan posjet.
05:30
And then afterward, I said,
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Zatim sam kasnije rekla:
05:32
"Sir, I want to give you the periodic table
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"Gospodine, željela bih vam dati tablicu periodnog sustava
05:34
in case you're ever in a bind and need to calculate molecular weight."
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u slučaju da ikada morate izračunavati molekularnu težinu."
05:38
And I thought molecular weight sounded much less nerdy
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I mislila sam da "molekularna težina" zvuči manje štreberski
05:40
than molar mass.
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od "molekularna masa".
05:42
And so he looked at it,
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A on je pogledao
05:44
and he said,
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i rekao,
05:46
"Thank you. I'll look at it periodically."
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"Hvala vam. Pogledat ću na nju periodički."
05:48
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:50
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
05:54
And later in a lecture that he gave on clean energy,
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I u nastavku svog predavanja o čistoj energiji,
05:57
he pulled it out and said,
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on je izvukao tablicu i rekao:
05:59
"And people at MIT, they give out periodic tables."
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"I ljudi na MIT-u, oni dijele tablice periodnog sustava."
06:01
So basically what I didn't tell you
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Dakle, ono što vam nisam rekla je
06:04
is that about 500 million years ago, organisms starter making materials,
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da su prije 500 milijuna godina organizmi počeli raditi materijale,
06:07
but it took them about 50 million years to get good at it.
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ali im je trebalo oko 50 milijuna godina da postanu dobri u tome.
06:09
It took them about 50 million years
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Trebalo im je oko 50 milijuna godina
06:11
to learn how to perfect how to make that abalone shell.
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da nauče kako usavršiti gradnju te školjke koju danas zovemo petrovo uho.
06:13
And that's a hard sell to a graduate student. (Laughter)
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I to je teško prodati studentima koji rade na magisteriju.
06:15
"I have this great project -- 50 million years."
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"Imam ovaj super projekt -- traje 50 milijuna godina."
06:18
And so we had to develop a way
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Znači kako smo mi morali razviti način
06:20
of trying to do this more rapidly.
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da napravimo to bitno brže.
06:22
And so we use a virus that's a non-toxic virus
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Tako smo se koristili virusom koji je neotrovan
06:24
called M13 bacteriophage
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i koji se zove M13 bakteriofag
06:26
that's job is to infect bacteria.
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čiji je posao da zarazi bakteriju.
06:28
Well it has a simple DNA structure
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Ima jednostavnu DNA strukturu
06:30
that you can go in and cut and paste
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u koju se može uči, i na koju se može izrezati i prenijeti
06:32
additional DNA sequences into it.
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dodatni DNA slijedovi.
06:34
And by doing that, it allows the virus
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Čineči to, to dozvoljava virusu
06:36
to express random protein sequences.
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da izrazi nasumične proteinske slijedove.
06:39
And this is pretty easy biotechnology.
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I to je prilično jednostavna biotehnologija.
06:41
And you could basically do this a billion times.
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I to se praktički može učiniti milijardu puta.
06:43
And so you can go in and have a billion different viruses
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I time se može dobiti milijardu različitih virusa
06:45
that are all genetically identical,
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koji su svi genetički identični
06:47
but they differ from each other based on their tips,
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ali se svi razlikuju jedan od drugoga po njihovim vrhovima
06:49
on one sequence
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na određenom slijedu
06:51
that codes for one protein.
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koji kodira za jedan protein.
06:53
Now if you take all billion viruses,
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Ako uzmete svih milijardu virusa,
06:55
and you can put them in one drop of liquid,
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i stavite ih u jednu kapljicu tekućine
06:57
you can force them to interact with anything you want on the periodic table.
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možete ih prisiliti na interakciju s biločime na periodnom sustavu elemenata.
07:00
And through a process of selection evolution,
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I kroz proces selekcijske evolucije,
07:02
you can pull one out of a billion that does something that you'd like it to do,
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možete izvući jedan iz milijarde koji čini nešto što biste vi željeli,
07:05
like grow a battery or grow a solar cell.
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poput toga da izraste u bateriju ili solarnu ćeliju.
07:07
So basically, viruses can't replicate themselves; they need a host.
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Praktički, virusi se ne mogu replicirati, oni trebaju matičnu stanicu.
07:10
Once you find that one out of a billion,
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Jednom kada nađete tog jednog iz miljarde,
07:12
you infect it into a bacteria,
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zarazite ga bakterijom
07:14
and you make millions and billions of copies
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i stvarate milijune i milijardu kopija
07:16
of that particular sequence.
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tog određenog slijeda.
07:18
And so the other thing that's beautiful about biology
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Druga stvar koja je prekrasna u vezi biologije
07:20
is that biology gives you really exquisite structures
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jest to da vam biologija daje stvarno izvrsne strukture
07:22
with nice link scales.
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s dobro povezanim stupnjevima.
07:24
And these viruses are long and skinny,
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Ti su virusi dugi i mršavi
07:26
and we can get them to express the ability
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i možemo ih natjerati da izraze mogućnost
07:28
to grow something like semiconductors
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rasta nečega poput poluvodiča
07:30
or materials for batteries.
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ili materijala za baterije.
07:32
Now this is a high-powered battery that we grew in my lab.
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Ovo je baterija s visokom snagom koju smo proizveli u mojem laboratoriiju.
07:35
We engineered a virus to pick up carbon nanotubes.
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Izgradili smo virus koji ubire ugljikove nanocjevčice.
07:38
So one part of the virus grabs a carbon nanotube.
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Jedan dio virusa uzima ugljikovu nanocjevčicu.
07:40
The other part of the virus has a sequence
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Drugi dio virusa ima slijed
07:42
that can grow an electrode material for a battery.
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koji može napraviti elektrodu za bateriju.
07:45
And then it wires itself to the current collector.
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I tako se virus umreži sa sakupljačem struje.
07:48
And so through a process of selection evolution,
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I kroz proces selekcijske evolucije,
07:50
we went from being able to have a virus that made a crummy battery
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prolazimo od virusa koji radi bijednu bateriju
07:53
to a virus that made a good battery
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preko virusa koji radi dobru bateriju
07:55
to a virus that made a record-breaking, high-powered battery
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do virusa koji radi rekordnu, snažnu bateriju
07:58
that's all made at room temperature, basically at the bench top.
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i to je sve učinjeno na sobnoj temperaturi, praktički na radnom stolu.
08:01
And that battery went to the White House for a press conference.
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Ta je baterija otišla u Bijelu Kuću na press-konferenciju.
08:04
I brought it here.
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Odnijela sam je tamo.
08:06
You can see it in this case -- that's lighting this LED.
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Možete je vidjeti u ovoj kutiji -- dovoljno je jaka da upali LED svjetiljku.
08:09
Now if we could scale this,
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Kada bismo ovo mogli dovesti do razmjera
08:11
you could actually use it
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da možemo koristiti taj pogon
08:13
to run your Prius,
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za pokretanje vlastitog Priusa,
08:15
which is my dream -- to be able to drive a virus-powered car.
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što je moj san -- biti u mogućnosti voziti auto koji se pokreće virusom.
08:19
But it's basically --
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Ali to je praktički --
08:21
you can pull one out of a billion.
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možete izvući jedan iz milijardu
08:24
You can make lots of amplifications to it.
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Možete napraviti puno pojačanja na njoj.
08:26
Basically, you make an amplification in the lab,
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U osnovi, možete napraviti pojačanje u labosu.
08:28
and then you get it to self-assemble
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Možete je natjerati da se sama nakupi
08:30
into a structure like a battery.
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u strukturu poput baterije.
08:32
We're able to do this also with catalysis.
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To smo u mogućnosti učiniti s katalizom.
08:34
This is the example
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Ovo je primjer
08:36
of photocatalytic splitting of water.
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fotokatalitičkog dijeljenja vode.
08:38
And what we've been able to do
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Možemo izgraditi virus koji
08:40
is engineer a virus to basically take dye-absorbing molecules
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uzima molekule koje će apsorbirati pigment
08:43
and line them up on the surface of the virus
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i poredati ih na površinu virusa
08:45
so it acts as an antenna,
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tako da se ponaša kao antena
08:47
and you get an energy transfer across the virus.
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i dobit ćete prijenos energije kroz virus.
08:49
And then we give it a second gene
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I tada mu damo drugi gen
08:51
to grow an inorganic material
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da napravi anorganski materijal
08:53
that can be used to split water
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koji se može korisititi za podijelu vode
08:55
into oxygen and hydrogen
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na kisik i vodik,
08:57
that can be used for clean fuels.
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koji se može korisiti kao čisto gorivo.
08:59
And I brought an example with me of that today.
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I ja sam donijela primjer nečeg takvog danas.
09:01
My students promised me it would work.
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Moji su mi studenti obećali da će raditi.
09:03
These are virus-assembled nanowires.
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Ovo su virusno-sakupljajuće nanomreže.
09:05
When you shine light on them, you can see them bubbling.
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Kada ih obasjate svjetlom, možete vidjeti da se pjene.
09:08
In this case, you're seeing oxygen bubbles come out.
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U ovom slučaju, vidite mjehuriće kisika kako izlaze van.
09:12
And basically, by controlling the genes,
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I pomoću kontroliranja gena,
09:15
you can control multiple materials to improve your device performance.
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možete kontrolirati mnogobrojne materijale za unapređenje izvedbe vašeg uređaja.
09:18
The last example are solar cells.
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Zadnji primjer su bile solarne čelije.
09:20
You can also do this with solar cells.
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Ovo isto tako možete napraviti sa solarnim čelijama.
09:22
We've been able to engineer viruses
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Mi smo bili u mogućnosti izgraditi viruse
09:24
to pick up carbon nanotubes
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koji će sakupljarti ugljične nanocjevčice
09:26
and then grow titanium dioxide around them --
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i tada stvarati titan-dioksid oko sebe --
09:30
and use as a way of getting electrons through the device.
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i korisiti to kao način dobivanja elektrona kroz uređaje.
09:34
And what we've found is through genetic engineering,
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Ono što smo mi pronašli jest to da kroz genetski inžinjering
09:36
we can actually increase
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mi zapravo možemo povećati
09:38
the efficiencies of these solar cells
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učinkovitost tih solarnih čelija
09:41
to record numbers
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do rekordnih brojki
09:43
for these types of dye-sensitized systems.
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za te tipove pigmentski-osjetljivih sustava.
09:46
And I brought one of those as well
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I takvu jednu sam donijela
09:48
that you can play around with outside afterward.
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tako da se možete igrati s njom kasnije.
09:51
So this is a virus-based solar cell.
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Dakle, ovo je virusno-bazirana solarna čelija.
09:53
Through evolution and selection,
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Kroz evoluciju i selekciju,
09:55
we took it from an eight percent efficiency solar cell
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mi smo je doveli od učinkovitosti od 8%
09:58
to an 11 percent efficiency solar cell.
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do učinkovitosti od 11%.
10:01
So I hope that I've convinced you
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Tako da se nadam kako smo vas uvjerili
10:03
that there's a lot of great, interesting things to be learned
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da postoji puno izvrsnih, zanimljivih stvari za naučiti
10:06
about how nature makes materials --
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o tome kako priroda gradi materijale --
10:08
and taking it the next step
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i koje mi možemo dovesti na sljedeću razinu
10:10
to see if you can force,
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da vidimo možemo li natjerati
10:12
or whether you can take advantage of how nature makes materials,
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ili iskorisiti način na koji priroda gradi materijale,
10:14
to make things that nature hasn't yet dreamed of making.
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da napravimo stvari o kojima priroda još nije ni sanjala.
10:17
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Angela Belcher - Biological engineerAngela Belcher looks to nature for inspiration on how to engineer viruses to create extraordinary new materials.
Why you should listen
With a bachelors in Creative Studies and a Ph.D. in Inorganic Chemistry, Angela Belcher has made a career out of finding surprising and innovative solutions to energy problems.
As head of the Biomolecular Materials Group at MIT, Belcher brings together the fields of materials chemistry, electrical engineering and molecular biology to engineer viruses that can create batteries and clean energy sources. A MacArthur Fellow, she also founded Cambrios Technologies, a Cambridge-based startup focused on applying her work with natural biological systems to the manufacture and assembly of electronic, magnetic and other commercially important materials. TIME magazine named her a climate-change hero in 2007.
Watch an animation of Angela Belcher's life story >>
Angela Belcher | Speaker | TED.com