TEDxCaltech
Angela Belcher: Using nature to grow batteries
安琪拉·贝尔彻：用自然来培育电池
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受到鲍鱼壳的启发，安琪拉·贝尔彻用病毒来制造人类能使用的优雅的纳米结构。通过定向进化挑选出高性能基因，她生产出一种病毒，这种病毒能构筑强大的新的电池、清洁的氢燃料和破纪录的太阳能电池。在TEDxCaltech上，她向我们展示了她是如何做到这些的。
Angela Belcher - Biological engineer
Angela Belcher looks to nature for inspiration on how to engineer viruses to create extraordinary new materials. Full bio
Angela Belcher looks to nature for inspiration on how to engineer viruses to create extraordinary new materials. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I thought I would talk a little bit about how nature makes materials.
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我想我应该谈一谈自然是如何制造材料的。
00:18
I brought along with me an abalone shell.
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我带来了一个鲍鱼壳。
00:20
This abalone shell is a biocomposite material
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这个鲍鱼壳是种生物复合材料，
00:23
that's 98 percent by mass calcium carbonate
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其中百分之98是碳酸钙
00:26
and two percent by mass protein.
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百分之二是蛋白质。
00:28
Yet, it's 3,000 times tougher
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然而，它比地质学中相对应的
00:30
than its geological counterpart.
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物质要坚硬三千倍。
00:32
And a lot of people might use structures like abalone shells,
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许多人或许用过类似鲍鱼壳这样的结构，
00:35
like chalk.
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如粉笔。
00:37
I've been fascinated by how nature makes materials,
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如今我为自然创造材料的方法所深深着迷，
00:39
and there's a lot of sequence
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做到这样的精细活
00:41
to how they do such an exquisite job.
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要经过一系列的过程。
00:43
Part of it is that these materials
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这些材料在结构上
00:45
are macroscopic in structure,
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肉眼可见，
00:47
but they're formed at the nanoscale.
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但是它们是由纳米级材料组成的。
00:49
They're formed at the nanoscale,
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它们是由纳米级材料组成的，
00:51
and they use proteins that are coded by the genetic level
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它们使用由基因层次控制的蛋白质，
00:54
that allow them to build these really exquisite structures.
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这使得它们能构建非常精致的结构。
00:57
So something I think is very fascinating
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因此，我觉得非常让人着迷的是
00:59
is what if you could give life
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如果能赋予非生物结构
01:02
to non-living structures,
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以生命会发生什么，
01:04
like batteries and like solar cells?
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比如电池，比如太阳能电池？
01:06
What if they had some of the same capabilities
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如果它们能有一些鲍鱼壳所拥有的
01:08
that an abalone shell did,
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同样的能力会怎样，
01:10
in terms of being able
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能够
01:12
to build really exquisite structures
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在常温常压下
01:14
at room temperature and room pressure,
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用无毒的化学物质，
01:16
using non-toxic chemicals
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不添加对环境有害的材料
01:18
and adding no toxic materials back into the environment?
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构建精致的结构。
01:21
So that's the vision that I've been thinking about.
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这就是我曾想到过的愿景。
01:24
And so what if you could grow a battery in a Petri dish?
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那么，如果你能在皮氏培养皿中培养出电池将会怎样？
01:26
Or, what if you could give genetic information to a battery
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或者说，如果你能把基因信息赋予一个电池，
01:29
so that it could actually become better
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以便确实能在一定时间内
01:31
as a function of time,
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变得更好，
01:33
and do so in an environmentally friendly way?
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并以一种环境友好的方式进行时会怎样？
01:35
And so, going back to this abalone shell,
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回到这个鲍鱼壳，
01:38
besides being nano-structured,
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除了存在纳米结构之外，
01:40
one thing that's fascinating,
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令人着迷的一件事是，
01:42
is when a male and a female abalone get together,
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当一只雄性鲍鱼和磁性鲍鱼相遇，
01:44
they pass on the genetic information
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他们相互传递基因信息
01:46
that says, "This is how to build an exquisite material.
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信息中表明，“这是如何构建一个精巧的材料。
01:49
Here's how to do it at room temperature and pressure,
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这就是如何在常温常压下，用无毒材料
01:51
using non-toxic materials."
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做到这些的。”
01:53
Same with diatoms, which are shown right here, which are glasseous structures.
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与硅藻相同，有着光泽，有着玻璃状结构。
01:56
Every time the diatoms replicate,
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每次硅藻复制时，
01:58
they give the genetic information that says,
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它们给出基因信息，其中表明，
02:00
"Here's how to build glass in the ocean
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“这就是如何在海洋中
02:02
that's perfectly nano-structured.
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有完美纳米结构的玻璃。
02:04
And you can do it the same, over and over again."
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你能同样进行，并不断重复。”
02:06
So what if you could do the same thing
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那么如果你能用太阳能电池或
02:08
with a solar cell or a battery?
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电池做同样的事会怎样？
02:10
I like to say my favorite biomaterial is my four year-old.
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我想说我最喜欢的生物材料是我四岁的孩子。
02:13
But anyone who's ever had, or knows, small children
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但任何曾有过或了解小孩的人
02:16
knows they're incredibly complex organisms.
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都知道他们是多么复杂的生物体。
02:19
And so if you wanted to convince them
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因此，说服他们去
02:21
to do something they don't want to do, it's very difficult.
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做他们不想做的事，非常困难。
02:23
So when we think about future technologies,
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当我们思考未来科技时，
02:26
we actually think of using bacteria and virus,
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我们会想到细菌和病毒的应用，
02:28
simple organisms.
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简单的有机体。
02:30
Can you convince them to work with a new toolbox,
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你能让它们使用新的工具箱吗，
02:32
so that they can build a structure
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以使它们能构建一种
02:34
that will be important to me?
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对我来说很重要的结构么？
02:36
Also, when we think about future technologies,
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同样地，我们对未来科技进行思考。
02:38
we start with the beginning of Earth.
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我们从地球最初开始，
02:40
Basically, it took a billion years
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基本上，用了十亿年
02:42
to have life on Earth.
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地球上才开始出现生命。
02:44
And very rapidly, they became multi-cellular,
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接着很快地就进化成了多细胞生命，
02:46
they could replicate, they could use photosynthesis
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它们能够复制自己，能用光合作用
02:49
as a way of getting their energy source.
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作为获取能源的一种方式。
02:51
But it wasn't until about 500 million years ago --
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但知道500万年前 --
02:53
during the Cambrian geologic time period --
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在寒武纪地质时代 --
02:55
that organisms in the ocean started making hard materials.
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海洋中的生物开始制造坚硬的材料。
02:58
Before that, they were all soft, fluffy structures.
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之前它们制造的都是柔软蓬松的结构。
03:01
And it was during this time
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正是在这一时期内
03:03
that there was increased calcium and iron
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环境中的钙、铁
03:05
and silicon in the environment,
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硅的含量增加了。
03:07
and organisms learned how to make hard materials.
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生物学会了如何制作坚硬的材料。
03:10
And so that's what I would like be able to do --
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所以我希望能够 --
03:12
convince biology
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确定生物
03:14
to work with the rest of the periodic table.
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能与周期表中的其他元素工作。
03:16
Now if you look at biology,
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现在，如果查看一下生物，
03:18
there's many structures like DNA and antibodies
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有许多类似DNA、抗体、
03:20
and proteins and ribosomes that you've heard about
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蛋白质和核糖体这样你曾听说过的结构，
03:22
that are already nano-structured.
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这些结构以及是纳米结构了。
03:24
So nature already gives us
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因此自然已经给予了我们
03:26
really exquisite structures on the nanoscale.
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纳米级的非常精巧的结构。
03:28
What if we could harness them
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如果我们控制它们
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and convince them to not be an antibody
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让他们不要变成像艾滋病病毒
03:32
that does something like HIV?
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这样的抗体将会怎样？
03:34
But what if we could convince them
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但如果我们能让它们为我们
03:36
to build a solar cell for us?
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建造太阳能电池将会怎样？
03:38
So here are some examples: these are some natural shells.
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这儿有些例子：这是些天然的贝壳。
03:40
There are natural biological materials.
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它们是天然的生物材料。
03:42
The abalone shell here -- and if you fracture it,
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这个是鲍鱼壳 -- 如果折断它，
03:44
you can look at the fact that it's nano-structured.
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会看到它是纳米结构。
03:46
There's diatoms made out of SIO2,
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硅藻是由二氧化硅组成，
03:49
and they're magnetotactic bacteria
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他们是趋磁细菌，
03:51
that make small, single-domain magnets used for navigation.
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它们用微小的单极磁体导航。
03:54
What all these have in common
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这些事物的共同之处是
03:56
is these materials are structured at the nanoscale,
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这些材料的结构都是纳米级的，
03:58
and they have a DNA sequence
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它们拥有一个DNA序列
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that codes for a protein sequence
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这是一个蛋白质序列编码，
04:02
that gives them the blueprint
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这给了它们一个蓝图
04:04
to be able to build these really wonderful structures.
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使它们能够构建这些奇妙的结构。
04:06
Now, going back to the abalone shell,
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现在，回到鲍鱼壳，
04:08
the abalone makes this shell by having these proteins.
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鲍鱼用这些蛋白质做成壳。
04:11
These proteins are very negatively charged.
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这些蛋白质带有负电荷。
04:13
And they can pull calcium out of the environment,
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它们能吸收环境中的钙，
04:15
put down a layer of calcium and then carbonate, calcium and carbonate.
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放上一层钙，然后是一层碳酸盐，再一层钙一层碳酸盐。
04:18
It has the chemical sequences of amino acids,
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这是氨基酸的化学序列
04:21
which says, "This is how to build the structure.
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其中表明，“这就是如何构建这种结构。
04:23
Here's the DNA sequence, here's the protein sequence
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这是要做到这点的DNA序列，
04:25
in order to do it."
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蛋白质序列。”
04:27
And so an interesting idea is, what if you could take any material that you wanted,
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一个有意思的想法是，如果你能选择任何材料或是
04:30
or any element on the periodic table,
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周期表中的任何元素，
04:32
and find its corresponding DNA sequence,
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依照DNA序列，
04:35
then code it for a corresponding protein sequence
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然后依照蛋白质序列
04:37
to build a structure, but not build an abalone shell --
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建立结构，但不是构建一个鲍鱼壳，将会怎样 --
04:40
build something that, through nature,
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通过自然构建某种事物，
04:42
it has never had the opportunity to work with yet.
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这是从未有机会进行的尝试。
04:45
And so here's the periodic table.
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这是周期表。
04:47
And I absolutely love the periodic table.
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我非常喜欢周期表。
04:49
Every year for the incoming freshman class at MIT,
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在MIT，大一新生来的第一课，
04:52
I have a periodic table made that says,
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我都会提供一个周期表，
04:54
"Welcome to MIT. Now you're in your element."
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“欢迎来到MIT。现在你进入你的元素了。”
04:57
And you flip it over, and it's the amino acids
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把它翻过来，是带有PH值的氨基酸
05:00
with the PH at which they have different charges.
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不同的PH值下带有不同的电荷。
05:02
And so I give this out to thousands of people.
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我把这个发给了数以千计的人。
05:05
And I know it says MIT, and this is Caltech,
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我知道这上面写了MIT，写了加州理工，
05:07
but I have a couple extra if people want it.
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但如果有人要的话我还有些额外的。
05:09
And I was really fortunate
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我非常荣幸的是，
05:11
to have President Obama visit my lab this year
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奥巴马总统今年访问MIT时
05:13
on his visit to MIT,
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造访了我的实验室，
05:15
and I really wanted to give him a periodic table.
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我很想给他一张周期表。
05:17
So I stayed up at night, and I talked to my husband,
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我熬夜思索，对我的丈夫说
05:19
"How do I give President Obama a periodic table?
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“我怎么才能给奥巴马总统一张周期表呢？
05:22
What if he says, 'Oh, I already have one,'
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如果他说，‘哦，我已经有一张了’
05:24
or, 'I've already memorized it'?" (Laughter)
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或是‘我已经背下来了’该怎么办？”
05:26
And so he came to visit my lab
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因此他到访我的实验室
05:28
and looked around -- it was a great visit.
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四处浏览 -- 这是个很棒的访问。
05:30
And then afterward, I said,
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后来，我说，
05:32
"Sir, I want to give you the periodic table
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“先生，我想给你张周期表
05:34
in case you're ever in a bind and need to calculate molecular weight."
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以备你陷入困境，需要计算分子量时使用。”
05:38
And I thought molecular weight sounded much less nerdy
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我觉得分子量听起来不像摩尔质量
05:40
than molar mass.
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那么呆板。
05:42
And so he looked at it,
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他看了看它，
05:44
and he said,
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说到，
05:46
"Thank you. I'll look at it periodically."
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“谢谢。我会定期看看它的。”
05:48
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
05:50
(Applause)
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（掌声）
05:54
And later in a lecture that he gave on clean energy,
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之后在一次关于清洁能源的演讲中，
05:57
he pulled it out and said,
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他把它拿出来，说道，
05:59
"And people at MIT, they give out periodic tables."
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“在MIT时有人给了我周期表。”
06:01
So basically what I didn't tell you
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所以基本上我没有告诉各位的是
06:04
is that about 500 million years ago, organisms starter making materials,
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大约五亿年前，生物就开始制造材料，
06:07
but it took them about 50 million years to get good at it.
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大概花了五千万年变得擅长于此。
06:09
It took them about 50 million years
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花了五千万年时间
06:11
to learn how to perfect how to make that abalone shell.
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学会了完美地制造出鲍鱼壳。
06:13
And that's a hard sell to a graduate student. (Laughter)
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这对研究生来说很难理解
06:15
"I have this great project -- 50 million years."
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“我拥有这个伟大的项目 -- 五千万年。”
06:18
And so we had to develop a way
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因此我们不得不找出一种
06:20
of trying to do this more rapidly.
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更快速的方式来完成这些。
06:22
And so we use a virus that's a non-toxic virus
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因此我们使用了一种病毒，
06:24
called M13 bacteriophage
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一种名为M13噬菌体的无毒病毒，
06:26
that's job is to infect bacteria.
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用它去感染细菌。
06:28
Well it has a simple DNA structure
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它有简单的DNA结构，
06:30
that you can go in and cut and paste
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可以剪切、粘贴
06:32
additional DNA sequences into it.
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附加的DNA序列到其中。
06:34
And by doing that, it allows the virus
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这样做后，它允许病毒
06:36
to express random protein sequences.
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表达随机的蛋白质序列。
06:39
And this is pretty easy biotechnology.
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这是很简单的生物技术。
06:41
And you could basically do this a billion times.
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可以这么做个十亿次。
06:43
And so you can go in and have a billion different viruses
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这样就能得到十亿个不同的病毒
06:45
that are all genetically identical,
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它们具有相同的遗传基因，
06:47
but they differ from each other based on their tips,
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但它们可以基于它们的标签相互区分，
06:49
on one sequence
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为一个蛋白质
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that codes for one protein.
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编码的序列。
06:53
Now if you take all billion viruses,
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现在，收集起所有这些病毒，
06:55
and you can put them in one drop of liquid,
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可以把它们放入一滴液体中，
06:57
you can force them to interact with anything you want on the periodic table.
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可以强制它们与周期表中的任何元素交互。
07:00
And through a process of selection evolution,
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通过一个选择性进化的过程，
07:02
you can pull one out of a billion that does something that you'd like it to do,
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可以从十亿中选出一个符合你期望的病毒，
07:05
like grow a battery or grow a solar cell.
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比如长出一个电池或是一个太阳能电池。
07:07
So basically, viruses can't replicate themselves; they need a host.
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所以，基本上，病毒不能复制自身，它们需要宿主。
07:10
Once you find that one out of a billion,
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一旦有亿万中的一个
07:12
you infect it into a bacteria,
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感染了一个细菌，
07:14
and you make millions and billions of copies
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就会产生不计其数的那种
07:16
of that particular sequence.
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特定序列的复制体。
07:18
And so the other thing that's beautiful about biology
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生物学的另一个美妙之处是
07:20
is that biology gives you really exquisite structures
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生物学可以以一种良好的比例
07:22
with nice link scales.
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呈现精致的结构。
07:24
And these viruses are long and skinny,
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这些病毒长且瘦，
07:26
and we can get them to express the ability
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我们能让它们表达生长出一些事物的能力
07:28
to grow something like semiconductors
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比如半导体
07:30
or materials for batteries.
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或是制作电池的材料。
07:32
Now this is a high-powered battery that we grew in my lab.
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这是我们在实验室培育的高能电池。
07:35
We engineered a virus to pick up carbon nanotubes.
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我们让病毒收集碳纳米管。
07:38
So one part of the virus grabs a carbon nanotube.
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病毒的一部分抓住一个碳纳米管。
07:40
The other part of the virus has a sequence
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另一部分拥有一个
07:42
that can grow an electrode material for a battery.
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能长出电池的电极材料的序列。
07:45
And then it wires itself to the current collector.
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然后它把自己缠绕成集电器。
07:48
And so through a process of selection evolution,
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然后通过一个选择性进化的过程，
07:50
we went from being able to have a virus that made a crummy battery
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我们就从一个制造低劣电池的病毒
07:53
to a virus that made a good battery
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得到了一个制造良好电池的病毒
07:55
to a virus that made a record-breaking, high-powered battery
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一个制造破纪录的高能电池的病毒
07:58
that's all made at room temperature, basically at the bench top.
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这些都是在常温下，实验台上进行的。
08:01
And that battery went to the White House for a press conference.
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那个电池去白宫参加过一次记者招待会。
08:04
I brought it here.
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我把它带到这里来了。
08:06
You can see it in this case -- that's lighting this LED.
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各位能在这个盒子里看到它 -- 亮着的是个LED等。
08:09
Now if we could scale this,
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如果我们能放大这个，
08:11
you could actually use it
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就能用它来
08:13
to run your Prius,
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驱动普瑞斯车，
08:15
which is my dream -- to be able to drive a virus-powered car.
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这是我的梦想 -- 能驾驶一辆病毒驱动的汽车。
08:19
But it's basically --
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但基本上 --
08:21
you can pull one out of a billion.
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能从十亿中选出一个。
08:24
You can make lots of amplifications to it.
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能把它放大许多倍。
08:26
Basically, you make an amplification in the lab,
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基本上，能在实验室进行放大。
08:28
and then you get it to self-assemble
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然后让它自组装
08:30
into a structure like a battery.
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成一个如电池这样的结构。
08:32
We're able to do this also with catalysis.
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我们也能通过催化作用做到这些。
08:34
This is the example
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这是光触媒
08:36
of photocatalytic splitting of water.
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分离水的例子。
08:38
And what we've been able to do
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我们已经能做到的是
08:40
is engineer a virus to basically take dye-absorbing molecules
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设计一个病毒，能吸收染色分子
08:43
and line them up on the surface of the virus
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并把染色分子在病毒的表面排成一列，
08:45
so it acts as an antenna,
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就像个触须，
08:47
and you get an energy transfer across the virus.
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然后就能让能量转移穿过这些病毒了。
08:49
And then we give it a second gene
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接着我们给它第二段基因
08:51
to grow an inorganic material
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以生长出无机材料
08:53
that can be used to split water
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这能用于把水分离成
08:55
into oxygen and hydrogen
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氢气和氧气，
08:57
that can be used for clean fuels.
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氢气和氧气能用作清洁燃料。
08:59
And I brought an example with me of that today.
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今天我带来了一个样本。
09:01
My students promised me it would work.
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我的学生对我保证说它能运作。
09:03
These are virus-assembled nanowires.
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这些是由病毒组装的纳米线。
09:05
When you shine light on them, you can see them bubbling.
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当用光照向它们时，能看到他们在冒着泡泡。
09:08
In this case, you're seeing oxygen bubbles come out.
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这样的情况表明，所看到的是氧气正在冒出。
09:12
And basically, by controlling the genes,
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基本上通过控制基因
09:15
you can control multiple materials to improve your device performance.
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就能够控制多种材料来改进设备性能。
09:18
The last example are solar cells.
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最后一个例子是太阳能电池。
09:20
You can also do this with solar cells.
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也可以这样制造太阳能电池。
09:22
We've been able to engineer viruses
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我们已经能够设计病毒
09:24
to pick up carbon nanotubes
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来收集碳纳米管
09:26
and then grow titanium dioxide around them --
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然后再外面附着上二氧化钛 --
09:30
and use as a way of getting electrons through the device.
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并作为通过设备收集电子的一种方式。
09:34
And what we've found is through genetic engineering,
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我们的发现是，通过基因工程
09:36
we can actually increase
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我们能真正的增加
09:38
the efficiencies of these solar cells
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这些太阳能电池的效率
09:41
to record numbers
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为各种类型的
09:43
for these types of dye-sensitized systems.
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染色敏化系统记录数字。
09:46
And I brought one of those as well
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我也带了一个到这儿来
09:48
that you can play around with outside afterward.
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稍后各位可以在外面摆弄一下。
09:51
So this is a virus-based solar cell.
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这是个基于病毒的太阳能电池。
09:53
Through evolution and selection,
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通过进化和选择，
09:55
we took it from an eight percent efficiency solar cell
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我们把这个太阳能电池由效能百分之八
09:58
to an 11 percent efficiency solar cell.
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变为了百分之十一。
10:01
So I hope that I've convinced you
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我希望我已经让各位相信
10:03
that there's a lot of great, interesting things to be learned
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关于如何让自然制作材料
10:06
about how nature makes materials --
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有许多美好的、有趣的事情要学习--
10:08
and taking it the next step
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更进一步
10:10
to see if you can force,
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看看能否你能够推行，
10:12
or whether you can take advantage of how nature makes materials,
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或是利用自然制作材料的方式
10:14
to make things that nature hasn't yet dreamed of making.
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来制作一些自然还未被要求制作的东西。
10:17
Thank you.
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谢谢。
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Angela Belcher - Biological engineerAngela Belcher looks to nature for inspiration on how to engineer viruses to create extraordinary new materials.
Why you should listen
With a bachelors in Creative Studies and a Ph.D. in Inorganic Chemistry, Angela Belcher has made a career out of finding surprising and innovative solutions to energy problems.
As head of the Biomolecular Materials Group at MIT, Belcher brings together the fields of materials chemistry, electrical engineering and molecular biology to engineer viruses that can create batteries and clean energy sources. A MacArthur Fellow, she also founded Cambrios Technologies, a Cambridge-based startup focused on applying her work with natural biological systems to the manufacture and assembly of electronic, magnetic and other commercially important materials. TIME magazine named her a climate-change hero in 2007.
Watch an animation of Angela Belcher's life story >>
Angela Belcher | Speaker | TED.com