TEDxWitsUniversity
Marcus Byrne: The dance of the dung beetle
Markus Bern (Marcus Byrne): Balegarov ples
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Balegar ima mozak veličine zrna pirinča, a ipak pokazuje ogromnu količinu inteligencije kada je u pitanju kotrljanje njegovog izvora hrane - životinjskog izmeta - ka gnezdu. Kako? Sve se svodi na ples. (Snimljeno na TEDxWitsUniversity.)
Marcus Byrne - Entomologist
Marcus Byrne is fascinated by the way insects, particularly the intrepid dung beetle, have hardwired solutions to the challenges posed by their environments. Could they help humans solve problems? Full bio
Marcus Byrne is fascinated by the way insects, particularly the intrepid dung beetle, have hardwired solutions to the challenges posed by their environments. Could they help humans solve problems? Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
This is poo,
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Ovo je izmet
00:18
and what I want to do today is share my passion
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i ono što želim da uradim danas je
da podelim svoju strast
da podelim svoju strast
00:21
for poo with you,
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prema izmetu sa vama,
00:24
which might be quite difficult,
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što može biti veoma teško,
00:27
but I think what you might find more fascinating
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ali mislim da će vas više fascinirati
00:30
is the way these small animals deal with poo.
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način na koji ove male životinje
postupaju sa izmetom.
postupaju sa izmetom.
00:33
So this animal here has got a brain
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Ova životinja ovde ima mozak
00:35
about the size of a grain of rice, and yet it can do things
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veličine zrna pirinča,
a ipak može da radi stvari
a ipak može da radi stvari
00:39
that you and I couldn't possibly entertain the idea of doing.
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koje vi i ja ne možemo ni da zamislimo.
00:43
And basically it's all evolved to handle its food source,
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U suštini, evoluirala je do toga
da može da se nosi sa svojim izvorom hrane,
da može da se nosi sa svojim izvorom hrane,
00:47
which is dung.
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balegom.
00:49
So the question is, where do we start this story?
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Dakle, pitanje je, gde ova priča počinje?
00:52
And it seems appropriate to start at the end,
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Izgleda prikladno da počnemo na kraju,
00:55
because this is a waste product that comes out
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jer ovo su otpadne materije koje izlaze
00:58
of other animals, but it still contains nutrients
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iz drugih životinja, ali su ipak hranljive
01:01
and there are sufficient nutrients in there
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i dovoljno su hranljive
01:03
for dung beetles basically to make a living,
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da obezbede balegarima život.
01:06
and so dung beetles eat dung, and their larvae
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Tako balegari jedu balegu i njihove larve
01:09
are also dung-feeders.
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se takođe hrane balegom.
01:11
They are grown completely in a ball of dung.
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Kompletno su obmotane balegom.
01:15
Within South Africa, we've got about 800 species of dung beetles,
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U Južnoj Africi, postoji oko 800 vrsta balegara,
01:18
in Africa we've got 2,000 species of dung beetles,
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u Africi postoji 2 000 vrsta balegara,
01:22
and in the world we have about 6,000 species of dung beetles.
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a na celom svetu postoji
6 000 vrsta balegara.
6 000 vrsta balegara.
01:26
So, according to dung beetles, dung is pretty good.
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Dakle, po mišljenju balegara,
balega je prilično dobra.
balega je prilično dobra.
01:31
Unless you're prepared to get dung under your fingernails
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Ako niste spremni
da zarijete nokte u balegu
da zarijete nokte u balegu
01:34
and root through the dung itself, you'll never see
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i kopate kroz samu balegu,
nikada nećete videti
nikada nećete videti
01:37
90 percent of the dung beetle species,
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90 posto vrsta balegara
01:39
because they go directly into the dung,
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jer oni idu direktno u balegu,
01:42
straight down below it, and then they shuttle back and forth
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tačno ispod nje
i onda se kreću gore - dole
i onda se kreću gore - dole
01:44
between the dung at the soil surface
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između belege i površine zemlje
01:46
and a nest they make underground.
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i gnezda koje prave ispod zemlje.
01:49
So the question is, how do they deal with this material?
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Pitanje je, kako oni
obrađuju ovaj materijal?
obrađuju ovaj materijal?
01:54
And most dung beetles actually wrap it into a package of some sort.
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Većina balegara ga mota
u neku vrstu paketa.
u neku vrstu paketa.
01:58
Ten percent of the species actually make a ball,
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Deset posto vrste u stvari pravi loptu
02:02
and this ball they roll away from the dung source,
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i oni tu loptu kotrljaju od izvora balege,
02:06
usually bury it at a remote place away from the dung source,
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obično je zakopaju daleko
od izvora balege
od izvora balege
02:10
and they have a very particular behavior
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i imaju specifično ponašanje
02:13
by which they are able to roll their balls.
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koje im omogućava
da kotrljaju svoje lopte.
da kotrljaju svoje lopte.
02:18
So this is a very proud owner of a beautiful dung ball.
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Ovo je veoma ponosan vlasnik
prelepe lopte balege.
prelepe lopte balege.
02:22
You can see it's a male
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Možete videti da je mužjak
02:23
because he's got a little hair on the back of his legs there,
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jer ima kratku dlaku
na zadnjem delu nogu
na zadnjem delu nogu
02:25
and he's clearly very pleased about what he's sitting on there.
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i očigledno je veoma zadovoljan
time na čemu sedi.
time na čemu sedi.
02:30
And then he's about to become a victim
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On će uskoro postati žrtva
02:32
of a vicious smash-and-grab. (Laughter)
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žestokog udari-i-zgrabi napada.
(Smeh)
(Smeh)
02:37
And this is a clear indication
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Ovo je jasan pokazatelj
02:40
that this is a valuable resource.
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da je ovo vredan resurs.
02:43
And so valuable resources have to be looked after
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O vrednim resursima treba voditi računa
02:47
and guarded in a particular way, and we think
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i čuvati ih na poseban način
i mi smatramo
i mi smatramo
02:50
the reason they roll the balls away is because of this,
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da oni kotrljaju lopte
02:53
because of the competition that is involved
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zbog konkurencije koja
02:56
in getting hold of that dung.
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hoće da se domogne te balege.
02:58
So this dung pat was actually -- well, it was a dung pat
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Dakle, ova gomila balege bila je u stvari -
pa, bila je gomila balege
pa, bila je gomila balege
03:01
15 minutes before this photograph was taken,
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15 minuta pre nego što je
ova fotografija napravljena
ova fotografija napravljena
03:03
and we think it's the intense competition
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i smatramo da je jaka konkurencija
03:06
that makes the beetles so well-adapted
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ono što je osposobilo balegare
03:10
to rolling balls of dung.
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da kotrljaju lopte balege.
03:13
So what you've got to imagine here is this animal here
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Morate da zamislite ovu životinju ovde
03:15
moving across the African veld.
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kako se kreće preko afričke livade.
03:18
Its head is down. It's walking backwards.
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Njena glava je dole.
Kreće se unazad.
Kreće se unazad.
03:22
It's the most bizarre way to actually transport your food in any particular direction,
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To je najčudniji način
za transport hrane u bilo kom pravcu
za transport hrane u bilo kom pravcu
03:27
and at the same time it's got to deal with the heat.
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i u isto vreme mora
da se nosi sa vrućinom.
da se nosi sa vrućinom.
03:30
This is Africa. It's hot.
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Ovo je Afrika. Vruće je.
03:32
So what I want to share with you now
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Ono što želim da podelim sa vama
03:34
are some of the experiments that myself and my colleagues
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su neki od eksperimenata
koje smo ja i moje kolege
koje smo ja i moje kolege
03:37
have used to investigate how dung beetles
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koristili da istražimo
kako se balegari
kako se balegari
03:42
deal with these problems.
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nose sa ovim problemima.
03:44
So watch this beetle,
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Gledajte ovog balegara
03:46
and there's two things that I would like you to be aware of.
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i hoću da budete svesni
dveju stvari.
dveju stvari.
03:51
The first is how it deals with this obstacle
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Prva je način na koji se nosi
sa ovom preprekom
sa ovom preprekom
03:53
that we've put in its way. See, look, it does a little dance,
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koju smo mu stavili na put.
Pogledajte, on izvodi mali ples
Pogledajte, on izvodi mali ples
03:56
and then it carries on in exactly the same direction
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i nastavlja u potpuno istom pravcu
03:59
that it took in the first place.
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kojim je išao pre toga.
04:03
A little dance, and then heads off in a particular direction.
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Mali ples i nastavlja
u određenom pravcu.
u određenom pravcu.
04:06
So clearly this animal knows where it's going
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Ova životinja očigledno zna kuda ide
04:10
and it knows where it wants to go,
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i zna kuda želi da ide
04:11
and that's a very, very important thing,
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i to je veoma, veoma važna stvar,
04:13
because if you think about it, you're at the dung pile,
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jer ako razmislite o tome,
nalazite se na gomili balege,
nalazite se na gomili balege,
04:15
you've got this great big pie that you want to get away from everybody else,
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imate lepu veliku pitu koju želite
da sklonite od svih ostalih
da sklonite od svih ostalih
04:20
and the quickest way to do it is in a straight line.
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i najbrži način da to izvedete je
da se krećete pravolinijski.
da se krećete pravolinijski.
04:23
So we gave them some more tasks to deal with,
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Zadali smo im još nekoliko zadataka
04:27
and what we did here is we turned the world
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i ono što smo uradili bilo je to
da smo okrenuli svet
da smo okrenuli svet
04:31
under their feet. And watch its response.
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ispod njihovih nogu.
Pogledajte njihovu reakciju.
Pogledajte njihovu reakciju.
04:41
So this animal has actually had the whole world
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Ovoj životinji se ceo svet
04:43
turned under its feet. It's turned by 90 degrees.
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okrenuo ispod njenih nogu.
Okrenuo se za 90 stepeni.
Okrenuo se za 90 stepeni.
04:46
But it doesn't flinch. It knows exactly where it wants to go,
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Ali ona nije ustuknula.
Tačno zna kuda želi da ide
Tačno zna kuda želi da ide
04:49
and it heads off in that particular direction.
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i odlazi baš u tom pravcu.
04:52
So our next question then was,
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Naše sledeće pitanje bilo je,
04:54
how are they doing this?
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kako oni ovo uspevaju?
04:56
What are they doing? And there was a cue that was available to us.
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Šta oni to rade? Postojao je nagoveštaj
koji nam je bio dostupan.
koji nam je bio dostupan.
04:59
It was that every now and then they'd climb on top of the ball
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S vremena na vreme
oni bi se popeli na loptu
oni bi se popeli na loptu
05:02
and they'd take a look at the world around them.
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i bacili pogled na svet oko sebe.
05:05
And what do you think they could be looking at
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Šta mislite, u šta su gledali
05:07
as they climb on top of the ball?
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kada bi se popeli na loptu?
05:09
What are the obvious cues that this animal could use
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Koji su očigledni znakovi
koje bi ova životinja mogla da iskoristi
koje bi ova životinja mogla da iskoristi
05:12
to direct its movement? And the most obvious one
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da usmeri svoje kretanje?
Najočigledniji je da pogleda u nebo
Najočigledniji je da pogleda u nebo
05:16
is to look at the sky, and so we thought,
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i pomislili smo
05:20
now what could they be looking at in the sky?
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u šta su to mogli da gledaju na nebu?
05:23
And the obvious thing to look at is the sun.
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Očigledna stvar u koju biste pogledali
je sunce.
je sunce.
05:27
So a classic experiment here,
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Izveli smo klasičan eksperiment
05:30
in that what we did was we moved the sun.
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pomerivši sunce.
05:33
What we're going to do now is shade the sun with a board
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Sada ćemo zakloniti sunce daskom
05:36
and then move the sun with a mirror
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i onda ga pomeriti ogledalom
05:38
to a completely different position.
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na potpuno različitu poziciju.
05:40
And look at what the beetle does.
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Pogledajte šta balegar radi.
05:42
It does a little double dance,
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Izvodi mali dvostruki ples
05:45
and then it heads back in exactly the same direction
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i onda nastavlja
u potpuno istom pravcu
u potpuno istom pravcu
05:47
it went in the first place.
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u kome se kretao pre toga.
05:49
What happens now? So clearly they're looking at the sun.
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Šta se sada dešava?
Jasno je da oni gledaju u sunce.
Jasno je da oni gledaju u sunce.
05:53
The sun is a very important cue in the sky for them.
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Sunce je veoma bitan
nebeski znak za njih.
nebeski znak za njih.
05:56
The thing is the sun is not always available to you,
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Problem je što nam sunce
nije uvek dostupno
nije uvek dostupno
05:59
because at sunset it disappears below the horizon.
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jer kada zađe, ono nestane iza horizonta.
06:03
What is happening in the sky here
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Ono što se dešava na nebu
06:06
is that there's a great big pattern of polarized light in the sky
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je da postoji velika količina
polarizovane svetlosti
polarizovane svetlosti
06:10
that you and I can't see. It's the way our eyes are built.
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koju vi i ja ne možemo da vidimo.
Takva je građa naših očiju.
Takva je građa naših očiju.
06:13
But the sun is at the horizon over here
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Ali sunce je ovde na horizontu,
06:17
and we know that when the sun is at the horizon,
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a mi znamo da,
kada je sunce na horizontu,
kada je sunce na horizontu,
06:20
say it's over on this side,
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recimo na ovoj strani,
06:22
there is a north-south, a huge pathway across the sky
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nebom se, od severa ka jugu,
pruža ogromna staza
pruža ogromna staza
06:26
of polarized light that we can't see
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polarizovane svetlosti
koju mi ne vidimo,
koju mi ne vidimo,
06:29
that the beetles can see.
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a balegari vide.
06:31
So how do we test that? Well, that's easy.
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Kako to testiramo? Veoma lako.
06:34
What we do is we get a great big polarization filter,
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Uzmemo veliki polarizacioni filter,
06:37
pop the beetle underneath it, and the filter is at right angles
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gurnemo balegara ispod njega,
dok je filter pod pravim uglom
dok je filter pod pravim uglom
06:42
to the polarization pattern of the sky.
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u odnosu na polarizacionu stazu na nebu.
06:44
The beetle comes out from underneath the filter
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Balegar izađe ispod filtera
06:48
and it does a right-hand turn,
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i skrene desno,
06:51
because it comes back under the sky
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jer se vraća ispod neba
06:53
that it was originally orientated to
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po kome se pre toga orijentisao
06:56
and then reorientates itself back
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i opet se vraća
06:58
to the direction it was originally going in.
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na pravac kojim se prvobitno kretao.
07:02
So obviously beetles can see polarized light.
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Očigledno je da balegari
mogu da vide polarizovanu svetlost.
mogu da vide polarizovanu svetlost.
07:08
Okay, so what we've got so far is,
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Dakle, ono što smo do sada zaključili je,
07:11
what are beetles doing? They're rolling balls.
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šta balegari rade?
Kotrljaju lopte.
Kotrljaju lopte.
07:14
How are they doing it? Well, they're rolling them in a straight line.
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Kako to rade?
Kotrljaju ih pravolinijski.
Kotrljaju ih pravolinijski.
07:17
How are they maintaining it in a particular straight line?
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Kako zadržavaju pravolinijsko kretanje?
07:20
Well, they're looking at celestial cues in the sky,
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Gledaju u znake na nebu,
07:23
some of which you and I can't see.
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od kojih neke vi i ja
ne možemo da vidimo.
ne možemo da vidimo.
07:25
But how do they pick up those celestial cues?
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Ali kako oni primećuju
te nebeske znake?
te nebeske znake?
07:27
That was what was of interest to us next.
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To je ono što nas sledeće interesuje.
07:30
And it was this particular little behavior, the dance,
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I baš ovo ponašanje, mali ples,
07:33
that we thought was important, because look,
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smatrali smo važnim jer pogledajte,
07:36
it takes a pause every now and then,
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on pauzira s vremena na vreme,
07:38
and then heads off in the direction that it wants to go in.
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a onda nastavlja pravcem
kojim želi da ide.
kojim želi da ide.
07:42
So what are they doing when they do this dance?
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Šta oni rade kada izvode ovaj ples?
07:46
How far can we push them before they will reorientate themselves?
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Koliko možemo da ih guramo
pre nego što se preorijentišu?
pre nego što se preorijentišu?
07:51
And in this experiment here, what we did was we forced them
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U ovom eksperimentu smo ih naterali da
07:54
into a channel, and you can see he wasn't
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uđu u kanal i možete videti da ga
07:57
particularly forced into this particular channel,
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nismo naterali da uđe baš u taj kanal
08:00
and we gradually displaced the beetle by 180 degrees
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i postepeno smo okrenuli balegara
za 180 stepeni
za 180 stepeni
08:05
until this individual ends up going in exactly the opposite direction
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dok ovaj nije počeo da se kreće
u potpuno suprotnom pravcu
u potpuno suprotnom pravcu
08:09
that it wanted to go in, in the first place.
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od onog kojim je prvobitno
hteo da se kreće.
hteo da se kreće.
08:11
And let's see what his reaction is
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I da vidimo njegovu reakciju
08:14
as he's headed through 90 degrees here,
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dok prolazi prvih 90 stepeni
08:17
and now he's going to -- when he ends up down here,
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i sada će - kada završi ovde dole,
08:19
he's going to be 180 degrees in the wrong direction.
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kretaće se 180 stepeni
u pogrešnom pravcu.
u pogrešnom pravcu.
08:22
And see what his response is.
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Vidite kakva je njegova reakcija.
08:24
He does a little dance, he turns around,
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Izvede mali ples, okrene se,
08:27
and heads back in this. He knows exactly where he's going.
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i vrati se ovde.
On zna tačno kuda ide.
On zna tačno kuda ide.
08:31
He knows exactly what the problem is,
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On tačno zna u čemu je problem
08:33
and he knows exactly how to deal with it,
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i tačno zna kako da se nosi s njim,
08:35
and the dance is this transition behavior
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a ples je prelazno ponašanje
08:37
that allows them to reorientate themselves.
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koje mu omogućava da se preorijentiše.
08:40
So that's the dance, but after spending many years
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Dakle, u tome je smisao plesa,
ali posle mnogo godina provedenih
ali posle mnogo godina provedenih
08:45
sitting in the African bush watching dung beetles on nice hot days,
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u afričkom rastinju gledajući balegare
u lepim toplim danima,
u lepim toplim danima,
08:49
we noticed that there was another behavior
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primetili smo da postoji
još jedna vrsta ponašanja
još jedna vrsta ponašanja
08:51
associated with the dance behavior.
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koja se vezuje za ovaj ples.
08:54
Every now and then, when they climb on top of the ball,
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S vremena na vreme,
kada se popnu na loptu,
kada se popnu na loptu,
08:57
they wipe their face.
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oni obrišu svoje lice.
09:01
And you see him do it again.
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Vidite kako to radi opet.
09:04
Now we thought, now what could be going on here?
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Pomislili smo,
šta bi ovo moglo da bude?
šta bi ovo moglo da bude?
09:07
Clearly the ground is very hot, and when the ground is hot,
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Očigledno je zemlja veoma topla,
a kada je zemlja topla,
a kada je zemlja topla,
09:10
they dance more often, and when they do this particular dance,
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oni češće izvode ples,
a kada izvedu ovaj ples,
a kada izvedu ovaj ples,
09:12
they wipe the bottom of their face.
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oni obrišu donji deo svog lica.
09:14
And we thought that it could be a thermoregulatory behavior.
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Pomislili smo da to može biti
termoregulatorno ponašanje.
termoregulatorno ponašanje.
09:17
We thought that maybe what they're doing is trying to
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Pomislili samo da možda pokušavaju da
09:19
get off the hot soil and also spitting onto their face
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se sklone sa vrućeg tla
i da pljuju na svoje lice
i da pljuju na svoje lice
09:23
to cool their head down.
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da bi ohladili glavu.
09:25
So what we did was design a couple of arenas.
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Onda smo napravili dve arene.
09:29
one was hot, one was cold.
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Jedna je bila vruća, druga hladna.
09:32
We shaded this one. We left that one hot.
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Ovu smo zaklonili.
Onu smo ostavili da bude vruća.
Onu smo ostavili da bude vruća.
09:34
And then what we did was we filmed them with a thermal camera.
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A onda smo ih snimali
termalnom kamerom.
termalnom kamerom.
09:37
So what you're looking at here is a heat image
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Ono što ovde vidite je termalna slika
09:42
of the system, and what you can see here emerging
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sistema i ono što ovde izranja
09:46
from the poo is a cool dung ball.
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iz izmeta je hladna lopta balege.
09:49
So the truth is, if you look at the temperature over here,
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Dakle, ako pogledate temperaturu,
09:53
dung is cool. (Laughter)
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balega je hladna.
(Smeh)
(Smeh)
09:58
So all we're interested in here is comparing the temperature
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Ono što nas interesuje je
poređenje temperature
poređenje temperature
10:01
of the beetle against the background.
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balegara i okruženja.
10:03
So the background here is around about 50 degrees centigrade.
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Temperatura okruženja je
oko 50 stepeni Celzijusa.
oko 50 stepeni Celzijusa.
10:07
The beetle itself and the ball are probably around about
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Balegar i lopta imaju oko
10:10
30 to 35 degrees centigrade,
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30 do 35 stepeni Celzijusa
10:12
so this is a great big ball of ice cream
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i ovo je velika lopta sladoleda
10:15
that this beetle is now transporting across the hot veld.
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koju ovaj balegar transportuje
preko vruće livade.
preko vruće livade.
10:18
It isn't climbing. It isn't dancing, because
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On se ne penje.
On ne igra, zato što
On ne igra, zato što
10:21
its body temperature is actually relatively low.
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je njegova telesna temperatura
relativno niska.
relativno niska.
10:23
It's about the same as yours and mine.
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Otprilike je ista kao vaša i moja.
10:27
And what's of interest here is that little brain is quite cool.
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Ono što je bitno je da je taj mali mozak
relativno hladan.
relativno hladan.
10:31
But if we contrast now what happens in a hot environment,
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Ali ako pogledamo sada
šta se dešava u vrućem okruženju,
šta se dešava u vrućem okruženju,
10:36
look at the temperature of the soil.
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pogledajte temperaturu tla.
10:38
It's up around 55 to 60 degrees centigrade.
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Iznosi oko 55 do 60 stepeni Celzijusa.
10:41
Watch how often the beetle dances.
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Pogledajte koliko često balegar igra.
10:45
And look at its front legs. They're roaringly hot.
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Pogledajte njegove prednje noge.
Užarene su.
Užarene su.
10:49
So the ball leaves a little thermal shadow,
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Lopta ostavlja malu termalnu senku
10:52
and the beetle climbs on top of the ball
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i balegar se penje na loptu
10:54
and wipes its face, and all the time it's trying to cool itself down,
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i briše svoje lice i sve vreme
pokušava da se rashladi
pokušava da se rashladi
10:59
we think, and avoid the hot sand that it's walking across.
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i da izbegne vrući pesak
po kome se kreće.
po kome se kreće.
11:05
And what we did then was put little boots on these legs,
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Stavili smo male čizme na ove nožice
11:08
because this was a way to test if the legs
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jer je to način da testiramo
da li su nožice
da li su nožice
11:11
were involved in sensing the temperature of the soil.
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učestvovale u određivanju temperature tla.
11:15
And if you look over here, with boots they climb onto the ball
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Ako obratite pažnju, sa čizmama
oni se penju na loptu
oni se penju na loptu
11:19
far less often when they had no boots on.
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daleko ređe nego kada nemaju čizme.
11:23
So we described these as cool boots.
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Opisali smo ove čizme
kao hladne čizme.
kao hladne čizme.
11:26
It was a dental compound that we used to make these boots.
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Koristili smo dentalnu smesu
da ih napravimo.
da ih napravimo.
11:29
And we also cooled down the dung ball, so we were able
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Takođe smo ohladili loptu balege
i mogli smo
i mogli smo
11:31
to put the ball in the fridge, gave them a nice cool dung ball,
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da stavimo loptu u frižider,
damo im lepo hladnu loptu balege
damo im lepo hladnu loptu balege
11:35
and they climbed onto that ball far less often
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i peli su se na loptu mnogo ređe
11:38
than when they had a hot ball.
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nego kad su imali vruću loptu.
11:39
So this is called stilting. It's a thermal behavior
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Ovo se zove gacanje.
To je termalno ponašanje
To je termalno ponašanje
11:42
that you and I do if we cross the beach,
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koje se javlja i kod mene
i kod vas kada idemo plažom,
i kod vas kada idemo plažom,
11:44
we jump onto a towel, somebody has this towel --
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skočimo na peškir, tuđi peškir -
11:47
"Sorry, I've jumped onto your towel." --
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"Izvinite, skočio sam na vaš peškir." -
11:48
and then you scuttle across onto somebody else's towel,
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i onda otrčimo na nečiji drugi peškir
11:51
and that way you don't burn your feet.
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da ne bismo izgoreli stopala.
11:53
And that's exactly what the beetles are doing here.
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To je baš ono što balegari rade.
11:56
However, there's one more story I'd like to share with you,
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Ali, postoji još jedna priča
koju bih hteo da podelim sa vama,
koju bih hteo da podelim sa vama,
11:59
and that's this particular species.
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a radi se baš o ovoj vrsti.
12:00
It's from a genus called Pachysoma.
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Spada u rod koji se zove Pachysoma.
12:03
There are 13 species in the genus, and they have
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U ovaj rod spada 13 vrsta
12:06
a particular behavior that I think you will find interesting.
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i ponašaju se na određen način
koji će vam se dopasti.
koji će vam se dopasti.
12:12
This is a dung beetle. Watch what he's doing.
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Ovo je balegar. Posmatrajte šta radi.
12:17
Can you spot the difference?
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Možete li da uočite razliku?
12:20
They don't normally go this slowly. It's in slow motion.
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Oni se normalno ne kreću ovoliko sporo.
Ovo je usporeni snimak.
Ovo je usporeni snimak.
12:23
but it's walking forwards,
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Ali kreće se unapred
12:25
and it's actually taking a pellet of dry dung with it.
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i nosi loptu sa balege sa sobom.
12:28
This is a different species in the same genus
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Ovo je druga vrsta iz istog roda,
12:31
but exactly the same foraging behavior.
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ali sa istim sakupljačkim ponašanjem.
12:35
There's one more interesting aspect of this
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Postoji još jedan interesantan aspekt
12:37
dung beetle's behavior that we found quite fascinating,
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ponašanja ovog balegara
koji smatramo fascinantnim,
koji smatramo fascinantnim,
12:42
and that's that it forages and provisions a nest.
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a to je da on sakuplja
i snabdeva gnezdo.
i snabdeva gnezdo.
12:46
So watch this individual here, and what he's trying to do
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Pogledajte ovu jedinku -
ono što ona pokušava da uradi
ono što ona pokušava da uradi
12:49
is set up a nest.
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je da napravi gnezdo.
12:52
And he doesn't like this first position,
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I ne sviđa mu se prvi položaj,
12:53
but he comes up with a second position,
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ali on nalazi drugi položaj
12:55
and about 50 minutes later, that nest is finished,
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i oko 50 minuta kasnije,
gnezdo je gotovo
gnezdo je gotovo
12:59
and he heads off to forage and provision
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i on odlazi da prikuplja i da se snabdeva
13:03
at a pile of dry dung pellets.
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na gomili suvih lopti balege.
13:05
And what I want you to notice is the outward path
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Obratite pažnju na putanju
koja odlazi od gnezda
koja odlazi od gnezda
13:08
compared to the homeward path, and compare the two.
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u poređenju sa putanjom
koja vodi do gnezda i uporedite ih.
koja vodi do gnezda i uporedite ih.
13:13
And by and large, you'll see that the homeward path
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Sve u svemu, primetićete
da je putanja koja vodi ka gnezdu
da je putanja koja vodi ka gnezdu
13:15
is far more direct than the outward path.
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mnogo direktnija od one
koja vodi od gnezda.
koja vodi od gnezda.
13:18
On the outward path, he's always on the lookout
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2815
Na putanji koja vodi od gnezda,
on uvek pazi
on uvek pazi
13:21
for a new blob of dung.
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da ne propusti novu loptu balege.
13:23
On the way home, he knows where home is,
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Na putu kući, on zna gde mu je kuća
13:25
and he wants to go straight to it.
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i hoće da ode pravo do nje.
13:28
The important thing here is that this is not a one-way trip,
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Ono što je važno je
da ovo nije jednosmeran put,
da ovo nije jednosmeran put,
13:32
as in most dung beetles. The trip here is repeated
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kao kod većine balegara.
Ovaj put se ponavlja
Ovaj put se ponavlja
13:35
back and forth between a provisioning site and a nest site.
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4305
napred - nazad između mesta sakupljanja hrane
i mesta gde je gnezdo.
i mesta gde je gnezdo.
13:39
And watch, you're going to see
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Pazite, vidite
13:40
another South African crime taking place right now. (Laughter)
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još jedan južnoafrički zločin
koji se baš sada odvija. (Smeh)
koji se baš sada odvija. (Smeh)
13:44
And his neighbor steals one of his dung pellets.
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Njegov sused krade
jednu od njegovih lopti balege.
jednu od njegovih lopti balege.
13:49
So what we're looking at here
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Ono što ovde vidimo
13:52
is a behavior called path integration.
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je ponašanje zvano integracija putanje.
13:56
And what's taking place is that the beetle
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Ono što se dešava je da balegar
13:58
has got a home spot, it goes out on a convoluted path
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ima kuću, ide vijugavom stazom
14:02
looking for food, and then when it finds food,
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i traži hranu i kada je nađe,
14:06
it heads straight home. It knows exactly where its home is.
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ide pravo kući.
Tačno zna gde mu se kuća nalazi.
Tačno zna gde mu se kuća nalazi.
14:10
Now there's two ways it could be doing that,
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Radi to na dva načina,
14:13
and we can test that by displacing the beetle
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i možemo to da testiramo
premeštajući balegara
premeštajući balegara
14:16
to a new position when it's at the foraging site.
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na novu poziciju
kada je na mestu gde sakuplja hranu.
kada je na mestu gde sakuplja hranu.
14:19
If it's using landmarks, it will find its home.
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Ako koristi orijentire,
naći će put do kuće.
naći će put do kuće.
14:22
If it is using something called path integration,
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3415
Ako koristi integraciju putanje,
14:25
it will not find its home. It will arrive at the wrong spot,
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3784
neće naći put do kuće.
Stići će na pogrešno mesto
Stići će na pogrešno mesto
14:29
and what it's doing here if it's using path integration
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2424
i ono što radi
ako koristi integraciju putanje
ako koristi integraciju putanje
14:31
is it's counting its steps or measuring the distance out in this direction.
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ja da broji korake
ili meri rastojanje u ovom pravcu.
ili meri rastojanje u ovom pravcu.
14:35
It knows the bearing home, and it knows it should be in that direction.
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3697
Zna pod kojim uglom mu se nalazi kuća,
i zna da bi trebalo da bude u tom pravcu.
i zna da bi trebalo da bude u tom pravcu.
14:39
If you displace it, it ends up in the wrong place.
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Ako ga pomerite,
završiće na pogrešnom mestu.
završiće na pogrešnom mestu.
14:42
So let's see what happens when we put this beetle
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Da vidimo šta se dešava
kada testiramo ovog balegara
kada testiramo ovog balegara
14:45
to the test with a similar experiment.
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3316
sličnim eksperimentom.
14:48
So here's our cunning experimenter.
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Evo našeg lukavog vršioca eksperimenta.
14:52
He displaces the beetle,
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On pomera balegara
14:55
and now we have to see what is going to take place.
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4849
i sada ćemo da vidimo šta će da se desi.
15:00
What we've got is a burrow. That's where the forage was.
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Ovo je jazbina. Tu je bila hrana.
15:03
The forage has been displaced to a new position.
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Hrana je pomerena na novo mesto.
15:06
If he's using landmark orientation,
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2359
Ako koristi orijentire,
15:08
he should be able to find the burrow,
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1760
trebalo bi da nađe jazbinu
15:10
because he'll be able to recognize the landmarks around it.
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2723
jer može da prepozna orijentire oko nje.
15:13
If he's using path integration,
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3043
Ako koristi integraciju putanje,
15:16
then it should end up in the wrong spot over here.
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3724
trebalo bi da završi
na pogrešnom mestu ovamo.
na pogrešnom mestu ovamo.
15:19
So let's watch what happens
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2310
Da vidimo šta se dešava
15:22
when we put the beetle through the whole test.
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kada balegar prođe kroz ceo test.
15:25
So there he is there.
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1996
Evo ga ovde.
15:27
He's about to head home, and look what happens.
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Treba da krene kući
i evo šta se dešava.
i evo šta se dešava.
15:33
Shame.
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2493
Šteta.
15:36
It hasn't a clue.
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2234
Nema pojma gde se nalazi.
15:38
It starts to search for its house in the right distance
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Počinje da traga za svojom kućom
na pravom rastojanju
na pravom rastojanju
15:41
away from the food, but it is clearly completely lost.
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5975
od hrane, ali jasno je
da je totalno izgubljen.
da je totalno izgubljen.
15:47
So we know now that this animal uses path integration
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Sada znamo da ova životinja
koristi integraciju putanje
koristi integraciju putanje
15:51
to find its way around, and the callous experimenter
297
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da nađe put
i naš surovi vršilac eksperimenta
i naš surovi vršilac eksperimenta
15:55
leads it top left and leaves it. (Laughter)
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ga vodi gore levo i ostavlja ga.
(Smeh)
(Smeh)
15:58
So what we're looking at here are a group of animals
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Ovde vidimo grupu životinja
16:02
that use a compass, and they use the sun as a compass
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koje koriste kompas
i koriste sunce kao kompas
i koriste sunce kao kompas
16:04
to find their way around,
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da nađu put
16:06
and they have some sort of system
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i imaju neku vrstu sistema
16:09
for measuring that distance,
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za merenje rastojanja
16:10
and we know that these species here actually
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i znamo da ova vrsta u stvari
16:14
count the steps. That's what they use as an odometer,
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broji korake.
To je ono što oni koriste kao merač,
To je ono što oni koriste kao merač,
16:16
a step-counting system, to find their way back home.
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sistem za brojanje koraka,
da nađu svoj put do kuće.
da nađu svoj put do kuće.
16:22
We don't know yet what dung beetles use.
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Još uvek ne znamo šta balegari koriste.
16:24
So what have we learned from these animals
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Šta smo naučili od ovih životinja
16:27
with a brain that's the size of a grain of rice?
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čiji je mozak veličine zrna pirinča?
16:30
Well, we know that they can roll balls in a straight line
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Znamo da mogu da
kotrljaju lopte pravolinijski
kotrljaju lopte pravolinijski
16:34
using celestial cues.
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koristeći nebeske znakove.
16:36
We know that the dance behavior is an orientation behavior
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Znamo da je ples
orijentaciono ponašanje
orijentaciono ponašanje
16:39
and it's also a thermoregulation behavior,
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i takođe termoregulatorno ponašanje
16:42
and we also know that they use a path integration system
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i znamo da koriste
sistem integracije putanje
sistem integracije putanje
16:46
for finding their way home.
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da nađu put do kuće.
16:48
So for a small animal dealing with a fairly revolting substance
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Od ove male životinje koja ima posla
sa prilično odvratnom materijom
sa prilično odvratnom materijom
16:52
we can actually learn an awful lot from these things
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možemo mnogo da naučimo,
16:55
doing behaviors that you and I couldn't possibly do.
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iz njihovog ponašanja koje
mi nikada ne bismo mogli da izvedemo.
mi nikada ne bismo mogli da izvedemo.
16:58
Thank you. (Applause)
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Hvala.
(Aplauz)
(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Marcus Byrne - EntomologistMarcus Byrne is fascinated by the way insects, particularly the intrepid dung beetle, have hardwired solutions to the challenges posed by their environments. Could they help humans solve problems?
Why you should listen
Marcus Byrne is professor of zoology and entomology at Wits University in Johannesburg, South Africa. His research explores what humans can learn from insects. One of the big questions he's focused on: how can we control alien weeds, which threaten biodiversity? Byrne believes that insects may hold the 'magic bullet' for how to restrain the growth of these plants, which jockey for resources with native flora and fauna.
Byrne's work has also focused on the unique mechnics of the dung beetle. His research has shown that the dung beetle has a highly effective visual navigation system, that allows them to roll balls of animal dung with precision back to their home, even in the dark of night and the hottest of conditions. Byrne wonders: can this beetle teach humans how to solve complex visual problems?
Marcus Byrne | Speaker | TED.com