TED2007
Paul Rothemund: Playing with DNA that self-assembles
Pol Rotmund (Paul Rothemund) baca čini uz pomoć DNK
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Pol Rotmund se bavi pisanjem koda koji diriguje DNK molekulima da naprave oblik zvezde, smeška i mnogo više. Svakako, u pitanju je fazon, ali i pokazatelj samoorganizacije na najmanjoj mogućoj skali -- koja ima ozbiljne implikacije za proizvodnju u budućnosti.
Paul Rothemund - DNA origamist
Paul Rothemund folds DNA into shapes and patterns. Which is a simple enough thing to say, but the process he has developed has vast implications for computing and manufacturing -- allowing us to create things we can now only dream of. Full bio
Paul Rothemund folds DNA into shapes and patterns. Which is a simple enough thing to say, but the process he has developed has vast implications for computing and manufacturing -- allowing us to create things we can now only dream of. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:26
There's an ancient and universal concept that words have power,
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Postoji staro i univerzalno verovanje da reči imaju moć,
00:30
that spells exist, and that if we could only pronounce the right words,
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da čini postoje i da, ako bismo samo mogli da izgovorimo prave reči,
00:34
then -- whooosh -- you know, an avalanche would come
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tada bi se, znate, odjednom pojavilo čudo
00:36
and wipe out the hobbits, right? So this is a very attractive idea
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koje bi eliminisalo sve hobite, zar ne? Ovo je veoma privlačna ideja
00:41
because we're very lazy, like the sorcerer's apprentice,
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s obzirom da smo veoma lenji,
00:43
or the world's greatest computer programmer.
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kao učenik čarobnjaka ili najbolji svetski programer.
00:45
And so this idea has a lot of traction with us.
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Ova ideja nas veoma privlači.
00:47
We love the idea that words, when pronounced --
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Sviđa nam se ideja da su izgovorene reči
00:49
they're just little more than pure information,
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nešto malo više od čiste informacije,
00:51
but they evoke some physical action
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da one bude određene fizičke akcije
00:53
in the real world that helps us do work.
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u stvarnom svetu koje nam pomažu da uradimo posao.
00:54
And so, of course, with lots of programmable computers
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Naravno, uz mnogo programiranih računara i
00:57
and robots around this is an easy thing to picture.
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robota oko nas, to je lako zamisliti.
01:00
So how many of you know what I'm talking about?
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Koliko vas zna o čemu pričam?
01:02
Raise your right hand. OK. How many of you
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Podignite desnu ruku. OK.
01:03
don't know what I'm talking about? Raise your left hand.
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A koliko vas ne zna o čemu pričam? Podignite levu ruku.
01:06
So that's great. So that was too easy.
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To je odlično. Ovo je bilo lako.
01:09
You guys have very insecure computers, OK?
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Vi imate nesigurne računare, u redu?
01:12
So now, the thing is that this is a different kind of spell.
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Stvar je u tome što je ovo drukčija vrsta magije.
01:17
This is a computer program made of zeros and ones.
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Ovo je računarski program napisan nulama i jedinicama.
01:18
It can be pronounced on a computer. It does something like this.
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To može biti izgovoreno na računaru. Ovako nešto čini.
01:21
The important thing is we can write it in a high-level language.
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Važno je to da možemo da pišemo na visoko-sofisticiranom jeziku.
01:23
A computer magician can write this thing.
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Računarski čarobnjak može napisati ovu stvar.
01:26
It can be compiled into this -- into zeros and ones --
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To može biti prevedeno u nule i jedinice
01:29
and pronounced by a computer.
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i računar to može izgovoriti.
01:30
And that's what makes computers powerful:
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To je ono što računare čini moćnim:
01:32
these high-level languages that can be compiled.
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prevodi ovih veoma složenih jezika.
01:34
And so, I'm here to tell you, you don't need a computer
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Ovde sam da bih vam saopštio da vam nije potreban
01:37
to actually have a spell. In fact, what you can do
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računar kako biste bacali čini. U principu, na molekularnom nivou
01:40
at the molecular level is that if you encode information --
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vi možete kodirati informaciju --
01:43
you encode a spell or program as molecules --
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kodirate čin ili program kao molekul --
01:46
then physics can actually directly interpret that information
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a potom, fizika može direktno da prevede tu informaciju i
01:49
and run a program. That's what happens in proteins.
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pokrene program. To je ono što se dešava sa proteinima.
01:52
When this amino acid sequence gets pronounced as atoms,
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Kada se sekvenca amino kiselina pročita u vidu atoma,
01:55
these little letters are sticky for each other.
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ova mala slova se prosto lepe jedno za drugo.
01:57
It collapses into a three-dimensional shape that turns it into
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Formiraju trodimenzionalni oblik koji se pretvori
02:00
a nanomachine that actually cuts DNA.
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u nanomašinu koja, u principu, seče DNK.
02:02
And the interesting thing is that if you change the sequence,
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Zanimljivo je to da ako promenite sekvencu,
02:05
you change the three-dimensional folding.
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vi promenite trodimenzionalni oblik.
02:07
You get now a DNA stapler instead. These are the kind of
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Dobijete umesto toga DNK spajalicu. Ovo su tipovi
02:10
molecular programs that we want to be able to write,
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molekularnih programa koje želimo da napišemo,
02:12
but the problem is, we don't know the machine language of
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ali je problem u tome što ne poznajemo mašinski jezik
02:14
proteins. We don't have a compiler for proteins.
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proteina. Nemamo prevodioca za proteine.
02:17
So I've joined a growing band of people that try to make
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Upravo sam se pridružio rastućoj grupi ljudi koja pokušava da
02:19
molecular spells using DNA. We use DNA because it's cheaper.
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napravi molekularne čini koristeći DNK. Koristimo DNK jer je jeftinija.
02:23
It's easier to handle. It's something that we understand really well.
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Lakša je za upotrebu. To je nešto što veoma dobro razumemo.
02:25
We understand it so well, in fact, that we think we can actually write
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Razumemo to toliko dobro, da u prinicipu, mislimo da smo u stanju da napišemo
02:29
programming languages for DNA and have molecular compilers.
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programski jezik za DNK i imamo molekularne prevodioce.
02:32
So then, we think we can do that. And my first question doing this --
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Tako da mislimo da možemo to da uradimo. Jedno od mojih prvih
02:36
or one of my questions doing this -- was how can you make
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pitanja je bilo kako se može napraviti
02:38
an arbitrary shape or pattern out of DNA? And I decided to use
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proizvoljan oblik ili šablon od DNK? Odlučio sam se da koristim
02:41
a type of DNA origami, where you take a long strand of DNA
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nešto kao DNK origami, gde prosto uzmete dug lanac DNK
02:44
and fold it into whatever shape or pattern you might want.
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i savijete ga u bilo koji oblik ili šablon koji želite.
02:47
So here's a shape. I actually spent about a year in my home,
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Ovo je oblik. Proveo sam otprilike oko godinu dana u svojoj kući,
02:50
in my underwear, coding, like Linus [Torvalds], in that picture before.
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u svom donjem vešu praveći kod, kao kod Linusa Torvaldsa - na slici od malo pre.
02:54
And this program takes a shape, spits out 250 DNA sequences.
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Ovaj program formira oblik i izbaci 250 DNK sekvenci.
02:57
These short DNA sequences are what are going to fold the long strand
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Te kratke DNK sekvence će saviti ovaj dugi lanac
03:00
into this shape that we want to make. So you send an e-mail
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u oblik koji mi želimo da ima. Vi samo pošaljete elektronsko pismo
03:03
with these sequences in it to a company, and what it does --
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sa ovim sekvencama kompaniji i ono što oni urade --
03:07
the company pronounces them on a DNA synthesizer.
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kompanija ubaci sekvence u mašinu za sintezu DNK.
03:09
It's a machine about the size of a photocopier. And what happens is,
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To je mašina veličine mašine za fotokopiranje. Potom, oni uzmu
03:12
they take your e-mail and every letter in your e-mail,
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vaše elektronsko pismo i svako slovo u njemu
03:14
they replace with 30-atom cluster -- one for each letter,
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zamene grupom od 30 atoma -- jednom za svako slovo,
03:17
A, T, C, and G in DNA. They string them up in the right sequence,
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A, T, C i G u DNK. Nanižu ih u traženoj sekvenci,
03:21
and then they send them back to you via FedEx.
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i pošalju vam ih FedEx-om.
03:23
So you get 250 of these in the mail in little tubes.
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Tako da dobijete 250 kopija toga u malim tubama poštom.
03:25
I mix them together, add a little bit of salt water,
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Pomešam sve to i dodam malo slane vode,
03:28
and then add this long strand I was telling you about,
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a potom ubacim ovaj dug lanac o kojem sam vam pričao,
03:30
that I've stolen from a virus. And then what happens is,
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a koji sam ukrao od virusa. A potom
03:33
you heat this whole thing up to about boiling. You cool it down
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podgrejete sve zajedno do tačke ključanja. Ohladite zatim
03:37
to room temperature, and as you do,
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do sobne temperature i dok to činite
03:38
what happens is those short strands, they do the following thing:
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ovi mali lanci čine sledeće:
03:41
each one of them binds that long strand in one place,
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svaki od njih se veže za jedno mesto na dugom lancu,
03:44
and then has a second half that binds that long strand
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a drugim krajem se veže za taj isti dugi lanac
03:47
in a distant place, and brings those two parts of the long strand
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na udaljenom mestu, tako da prosto približi dva dela dugog lanca
03:50
close together so that they stick together.
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i drži ih na okupu.
03:52
And so the net effect of all 250 of these strands is to fold
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Zajednički efekat svih tih 250 kratkih lanaca je da saviju
03:55
the long strand into the shape that you're looking for.
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dugi lanac u oblik koji ste vi želeli.
03:59
It'll approximate that shape. We do this for real in the test tube.
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To je otprilike taj oblik. Mi zaista ovo radimo u test-tubicama.
04:02
In each little drop of water you get 50 billion of these guys.
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U svakoj kapljici vode se nalazi oko 50 milijardi ovih delova.
04:05
You can look with a microscope and see them on a surface.
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Ukoliko pogledate to pod mikroskopom uočićete ih na površini.
04:08
And the neat thing is that if you change the sequence
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Finoća je u tome da ukoliko promenite sekvencu
04:09
and change the spell, you just change the sequence of the staples.
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i promenite čin, vi samo promenite sekvencu spajalice.
04:13
You can make a molecule that looks like this, and, you know,
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Možete napraviti molekul koji izgleda ovako i znate
04:16
he likes to hang out with his buddies, right.
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prosto voli da se druži sa drugarima, zar ne?
04:19
And a lot of them are actually pretty good.
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Mnogi su veoma dobri.
04:21
If you change the spell again, you change the sequence again.
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Ukoliko promenite čin, vi ponovo promenite sekvencu.
04:23
You get really nice 130 nanometer triangles. If you do it again,
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Dobijete veoma lepe trouglove od 130 nanometara. Ukoliko
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you can get arbitrary patterns. So on a rectangle
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ponovite to, možete dobiti proizvoljne šablone. Tako da na kvadratu
04:30
you can paint patterns of North and South America, or the words, "DNA."
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možete naslikati konture Severne i Južne Amerike ili reči "DNK".
04:35
So that's DNA origami. That's one way. There are many ways
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To je DNK origami. To je jedan način. Postoji mnogo načina da
04:39
of casting molecular spells using DNA.
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bacite molekularne čini koristeći DNK.
04:42
What we really want to do in the end is learn how to program
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Naš krajnji cilj je da naučimo kako da napravimo programe
04:45
self-assembly so that we can build anything, right?
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koji mogu da naprave bilo šta, u redu?
04:48
We want to be able to build technological artifacts
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Želimo da napravimo tehnološke izume koji bi
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that are maybe good for the world. We want to learn
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možda bili dobri za svet. Hoćemo da naučimo kako da
04:52
how to build biological artifacts, like people and whales and trees.
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napravimo biološke artefakte, kao što su ljudi ili kitovi ili drveće.
04:57
And if it's the case that we can reach that level of complexity,
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Ukoliko postoji mogućnost da mi dosegnemo taj nivo kompleksnosti,
04:59
if our ability to program molecules gets to be that good,
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ukoliko naša sposobnost da programiramo molekule postane toliko dobra,
05:03
then that will truly be magic. Thank you very much.
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to će zaista biti prava magija. Hvala vam mnogo.
05:06
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Rothemund - DNA origamistPaul Rothemund folds DNA into shapes and patterns. Which is a simple enough thing to say, but the process he has developed has vast implications for computing and manufacturing -- allowing us to create things we can now only dream of.
Why you should listen
Paul Rothemund won a MacArthur grant this year for a fairly mystifying study area: "folding DNA." It brings up the question: Why fold DNA? The answer is -- because the power to manipulate DNA in this way could change the way we make things at a very basic level.
Rothemund's work combines the study of self-assembly (watch the TEDTalks from Neil Gershenfeld and Saul Griffith for more on this) with the research being done in DNA nanotechnology -- and points the way toward self-assembling devices at microscale, making computer memory, for instance, smaller, faster and maybe even cheaper.
Paul Rothemund | Speaker | TED.com