TED2007
Paul Rothemund: Playing with DNA that self-assembles
Paul Rothemund izvodi čarolije s DNK
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Paul Rothemund piše programski kod koji oblikuje DNK u zvijezdu, lice i mnogo drugih obliika. Jasno, to je štos ali je ujedno i demonstracija samoorganiziranja na najnižoj razini -- s ogromnim implikacijama za budućnost proizvodnje.
Paul Rothemund - DNA origamist
Paul Rothemund folds DNA into shapes and patterns. Which is a simple enough thing to say, but the process he has developed has vast implications for computing and manufacturing -- allowing us to create things we can now only dream of. Full bio
Paul Rothemund folds DNA into shapes and patterns. Which is a simple enough thing to say, but the process he has developed has vast implications for computing and manufacturing -- allowing us to create things we can now only dream of. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:26
There's an ancient and universal concept that words have power,
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Postoji drevni i univerzalni koncept da riječi imaju moć,
00:30
that spells exist, and that if we could only pronounce the right words,
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da čarolije postoje, te ako bismo mogli izgovoriti prave riječi,
00:34
then -- whooosh -- you know, an avalanche would come
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onda - buuuum! Znate već, lavina bi nastala
00:36
and wipe out the hobbits, right? So this is a very attractive idea
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i uništila hobite, ne? To je, dakle, vrlo privlačna ideja
00:41
because we're very lazy, like the sorcerer's apprentice,
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zato što smo lijeni, kao čarobnjakov šegrt,
00:43
or the world's greatest computer programmer.
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ili najbolji računalni programer na svijetu.
00:45
And so this idea has a lot of traction with us.
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Stoga, ova ideja nam je iznimno privlačna.
00:47
We love the idea that words, when pronounced --
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Obožavamo pomisao da riječi, kad ih se izgovori --
00:49
they're just little more than pure information,
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nisu samo čiste informacije,
00:51
but they evoke some physical action
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već da uzrokuju neku fizičku akciju
00:53
in the real world that helps us do work.
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u stvarnom svijetu koja nam pomaže u radu.
00:54
And so, of course, with lots of programmable computers
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Zato, dakako, uz velik broj računala i robota
00:57
and robots around this is an easy thing to picture.
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koje možemo programirati, to je vrlo lako zamisliti.
01:00
So how many of you know what I'm talking about?
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Koliko vas zna o čemu govorim?
01:02
Raise your right hand. OK. How many of you
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Podignite desnu ruku. OK. Koliko vas
01:03
don't know what I'm talking about? Raise your left hand.
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ne zna o čemu govorim? Podignite lijevu ruku. OK.
01:06
So that's great. So that was too easy.
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U redu. To je odlično. Ovo je bilo prelako.
01:09
You guys have very insecure computers, OK?
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Vi svi imate slabu zaštitu na računalima, OK?
01:12
So now, the thing is that this is a different kind of spell.
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Ovo je potpuno drugačija vrsta čarolije.
01:17
This is a computer program made of zeros and ones.
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Ovo je računalni program napravljen od nula i jedinica.
01:18
It can be pronounced on a computer. It does something like this.
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Može se "izgovoriti" u računalu. Rezultat je nešto poput ovoga.
01:21
The important thing is we can write it in a high-level language.
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Bitno je da ga možemo napisati u programskom jeziku visoke razine.
01:23
A computer magician can write this thing.
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Računalni čarobnjak može napisati ovakvo nešto.
01:26
It can be compiled into this -- into zeros and ones --
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To se može prevesti u ovo -- u nule i jedinice --
01:29
and pronounced by a computer.
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i "izgovoriti" u računalu.
01:30
And that's what makes computers powerful:
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I to je ono što čini računala moćnima:
01:32
these high-level languages that can be compiled.
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ovi jezici visoke razine koje je moguće prevesti.
01:34
And so, I'm here to tell you, you don't need a computer
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Dakle, želim vam reći da ne trebate računalo
01:37
to actually have a spell. In fact, what you can do
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da biste imali čarolije. Zapravo, ono što možete napraviti
01:40
at the molecular level is that if you encode information --
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na molekularnoj razini je da ako kodirate informacije --
01:43
you encode a spell or program as molecules --
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kodirate čaroliju ili program, kao molekule --
01:46
then physics can actually directly interpret that information
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tada fizika direktno prevodi te informacije
01:49
and run a program. That's what happens in proteins.
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i pokreće program. To je ono što se događa u proteinima.
01:52
When this amino acid sequence gets pronounced as atoms,
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Kada se ovaj niz amino-kiselina "izgovori" pomoću atoma,
01:55
these little letters are sticky for each other.
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ova mala slova su "ljepljiva" jedna za druge.
01:57
It collapses into a three-dimensional shape that turns it into
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Urušava se u trodimenzionalni oblik koji se pretvara u
02:00
a nanomachine that actually cuts DNA.
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nano-stroj koji zapravo reže DNK.
02:02
And the interesting thing is that if you change the sequence,
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Ali zanimljiva stvar je da ako promjenite niz,
02:05
you change the three-dimensional folding.
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mijenjate i trodimenzionalno savijanje.
02:07
You get now a DNA stapler instead. These are the kind of
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Sada dobijate DNK spajalicu. Takve
02:10
molecular programs that we want to be able to write,
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molekularne programe želimo naučiti pisati,
02:12
but the problem is, we don't know the machine language of
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ali problem je što ne znamo strojni jezik
02:14
proteins. We don't have a compiler for proteins.
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proteina; nemamo prevoditelj za proteine.
02:17
So I've joined a growing band of people that try to make
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Zato sam se pridružio sve većoj skupini ljudi koji pokušavaju
02:19
molecular spells using DNA. We use DNA because it's cheaper.
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izvoditi molekularne čarolije pomoću DNK. Mi DNK koristimo zato što je jeftiniji,
02:23
It's easier to handle. It's something that we understand really well.
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jednostavniji je za rukovanje. To je nešto što razumijemo stvarno dobro.
02:25
We understand it so well, in fact, that we think we can actually write
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Zapravo, razumijemo ga tako dobro, da mislimo da možemo napisati
02:29
programming languages for DNA and have molecular compilers.
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programske jezike za DNK i imati molekularne prevoditelje.
02:32
So then, we think we can do that. And my first question doing this --
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Dakle, mi mislimo da to možemo. Kad sam počeo s ovim, moje prvo pitanje
02:36
or one of my questions doing this -- was how can you make
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ili jedno od mojih pitanja -- bilo je: Kako možemo napraviti
02:38
an arbitrary shape or pattern out of DNA? And I decided to use
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proizvoljan oblik ili uzorak pomoću DNK? Odlučio sam koristiti
02:41
a type of DNA origami, where you take a long strand of DNA
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svojevrstan DNK origami, u kojem uzmete dugački dio DNK
02:44
and fold it into whatever shape or pattern you might want.
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i savijete ga u oblik ili uzorak koji želite.
02:47
So here's a shape. I actually spent about a year in my home,
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Evo jedan oblik. Zapravo sam proveo godinu dana kod kuće,
02:50
in my underwear, coding, like Linus [Torvalds], in that picture before.
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u donjem rublju i programirao kao Linus [Torvalds] na prethodnoj slici.
02:54
And this program takes a shape, spits out 250 DNA sequences.
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Ovaj program poprimi oblik i "ispljune" 250 DNK sekvenci.
02:57
These short DNA sequences are what are going to fold the long strand
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Ove kratke DNK sekvence su ono što će saviti dugačku nit
03:00
into this shape that we want to make. So you send an e-mail
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u oblik koji želimo napraviti. Dakle, pošaljete e-mail
03:03
with these sequences in it to a company, and what it does --
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sa ovim sekvencama kompaniji koja onda
03:07
the company pronounces them on a DNA synthesizer.
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"izgovori" tu sekvencu na DNK sintetizatoru.
03:09
It's a machine about the size of a photocopier. And what happens is,
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To je stroj velik poput foto-kopirnog uređaja. A ono što se dogodi jest
03:12
they take your e-mail and every letter in your e-mail,
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da oni uzmu svako slovo iz vašeg emaila
03:14
they replace with 30-atom cluster -- one for each letter,
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i zamjene ga za skupom od 30 atoma, jedan skup za svako slovo,
03:17
A, T, C, and G in DNA. They string them up in the right sequence,
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A, T, C i G u DNK. Tada ih nanižu u odgovarajući niz
03:21
and then they send them back to you via FedEx.
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i pošalju nazad poštom.
03:23
So you get 250 of these in the mail in little tubes.
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Znači, dobijete ih 250 poštom, u malim epruvetama.
03:25
I mix them together, add a little bit of salt water,
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Pomiješam ih, dodam malo slane vode,
03:28
and then add this long strand I was telling you about,
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i tada dodam ovaj dugački niz o kojem sam vam govorio,
03:30
that I've stolen from a virus. And then what happens is,
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a koji sam ukrao od jednog virusa. Sljedeće što se dogodi jest
03:33
you heat this whole thing up to about boiling. You cool it down
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da sve to grijete do ključanja. Ohladite do
03:37
to room temperature, and as you do,
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sobne temperature, a za vrijeme hlađenja
03:38
what happens is those short strands, they do the following thing:
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oni kratki nizovi čine sljedeću stvar:
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each one of them binds that long strand in one place,
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svaki od njih veže onaj dugački niz na jednom mjestu,
03:44
and then has a second half that binds that long strand
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a tada druga polovica veže taj dugački niz
03:47
in a distant place, and brings those two parts of the long strand
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na udaljenom mjestu te ih približi jedan drugome
03:50
close together so that they stick together.
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i tako ih veže.
03:52
And so the net effect of all 250 of these strands is to fold
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Ukupan učinak svih 250 kratkih nizova jest da saviju
03:55
the long strand into the shape that you're looking for.
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dugački niz u oblik koji želite;
03:59
It'll approximate that shape. We do this for real in the test tube.
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napravit će aproksimaciju tog oblika. To stvarno činimo u epruvetama.
04:02
In each little drop of water you get 50 billion of these guys.
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U svakoj kapljici vode dobijete 50 milijardi ovih malih oblika.
04:05
You can look with a microscope and see them on a surface.
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Možete pogledati kroz mikroskop i vidjeti ih na površini.
04:08
And the neat thing is that if you change the sequence
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Zgodno je da ako promjenite sekvencu
04:09
and change the spell, you just change the sequence of the staples.
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i tako promijenite čaroliju, promjenit ćete i sekvencu spajalica.
04:13
You can make a molecule that looks like this, and, you know,
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Možete napraviti molekulu koja izgleda ovako, a znate,
04:16
he likes to hang out with his buddies, right.
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on se voli družiti sa svojim prijateljima.
04:19
And a lot of them are actually pretty good.
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A mnogi od njih su zapravo jako dobri.
04:21
If you change the spell again, you change the sequence again.
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Ako još jednom promijenite čaroliju, opet mijenjate sekvencu.
04:23
You get really nice 130 nanometer triangles. If you do it again,
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Dobijete stvarno lijepe 130 nanometarske trokute. Ako to učinite opet,
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you can get arbitrary patterns. So on a rectangle
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možete dobiti proizvoljne oblike. Tako na pravokutniku
04:30
you can paint patterns of North and South America, or the words, "DNA."
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možete slikati uzorke Sjeverne i Južne Amerike ili riječ "DNA".
04:35
So that's DNA origami. That's one way. There are many ways
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Dakle to je DNK origami. To je jedan način. Postoji mnogo načina
04:39
of casting molecular spells using DNA.
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za izvođenje molekularnih čarolija pomoću DNK.
04:42
What we really want to do in the end is learn how to program
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Ono što želimo na kraju naučiti jest kako programirati
04:45
self-assembly so that we can build anything, right?
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samo-spajanje tako da možemo graditi bilo što, zar ne?
04:48
We want to be able to build technological artifacts
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Žeimo biti u stanju graditi tehnološke artefakte
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that are maybe good for the world. We want to learn
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koji mogu biti dobri za svijet. Želimo naučiti
04:52
how to build biological artifacts, like people and whales and trees.
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kako graditi biološke artefakte poput ljudi, kitova i drveća.
04:57
And if it's the case that we can reach that level of complexity,
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A ako je slučaj da stvarno možemo doći do te razine kompleksnosti,
04:59
if our ability to program molecules gets to be that good,
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ako naša mogućnost za programiranje molekula postane tako dobra,
05:03
then that will truly be magic. Thank you very much.
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tada će to stvarno biti čarolija. Hvala lijepo.
05:06
(Applause)
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(pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Rothemund - DNA origamistPaul Rothemund folds DNA into shapes and patterns. Which is a simple enough thing to say, but the process he has developed has vast implications for computing and manufacturing -- allowing us to create things we can now only dream of.
Why you should listen
Paul Rothemund won a MacArthur grant this year for a fairly mystifying study area: "folding DNA." It brings up the question: Why fold DNA? The answer is -- because the power to manipulate DNA in this way could change the way we make things at a very basic level.
Rothemund's work combines the study of self-assembly (watch the TEDTalks from Neil Gershenfeld and Saul Griffith for more on this) with the research being done in DNA nanotechnology -- and points the way toward self-assembling devices at microscale, making computer memory, for instance, smaller, faster and maybe even cheaper.
Paul Rothemund | Speaker | TED.com