TED2014
Gavin Schmidt: The emergent patterns of climate change
Gevin Šmit (Gavin Schmidt): Novi obrasci klimatskih promena
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Ne možemo razumeti klimatske promene u delovima, navodi klimatolog Gevin Šmit. To je ili celina, ili ništa. U ovom prosvetljujućem govoru, objašnjava kako proučava široku sliku klimatskih promena uz pomoć fascinantnih modela koji ilustruju beskonačno složene interakcije sitnih događaja u našoj životnoj sredini.
Gavin Schmidt - Climate scientist
What goes into a climate model? Gavin Schmidt looks at how we use past and present data to model potential futures. Full bio
What goes into a climate model? Gavin Schmidt looks at how we use past and present data to model potential futures. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
We live in a very complex environment:
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Živimo u vrlo složenom okruženju -
00:15
complexity and dynamism
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složenost i dinamičnost
00:17
and patterns of evidence
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i obrasci dokaza
00:19
from satellite photographs, from videos.
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sa satelitskih snimaka, videa.
00:22
You can even see it outside your window.
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Možemo ih čak videti i sa našeg prozora.
00:25
It's endlessly complex, but somehow familiar,
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Beskonačno su složeni, ali nekako poznati,
00:28
but the patterns kind of repeat,
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ali obrasci se nekako ponavljaju.
00:30
but they never repeat exactly.
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ali nikad u potpunosti.
00:33
It's a huge challenge to understand.
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To je veliki izazov za razumeti.
00:37
The patterns that you see
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Obrasci koje vidite
00:39
are there at all of the different scales,
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postoje u svim različitim razmerama,
00:43
but you can't chop it into one little bit and say,
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ali, ne možete izdvojiti
jedan mali delić i reći:
jedan mali delić i reći:
00:46
"Oh, well let me just make a smaller climate."
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"Hajde da napravim manju klimu."
00:48
I can't use the normal products of reductionism
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Ne mogu da koristim uobičajene
metode redukcije
metode redukcije
00:53
to get a smaller and smaller thing that I can study
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da bih dobio što manji delić
koji mogu da proučavam
koji mogu da proučavam
00:55
in a laboratory and say, "Oh,
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u laboratoriji, i kažem: "Oh,
00:58
now that's something I now understand."
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pa to je nešto što konačno razumem."
01:00
It's the whole or it's nothing.
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Ili je celo ili nije ništa.
01:03
The different scales that give you
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Različite razmere koje proizvode
01:06
these kinds of patterns
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ovakve vrste obrazaca
01:08
range over an enormous range of magnitude,
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kreću se preko ogromnog raspona veličina,
01:12
roughly 14 orders of magnitude,
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otprilike 14 redova veličine,
01:14
from the small microscopic particles
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od malih mikroskopskih čestica
01:16
that seed clouds
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oko kojih se formiraju oblaci
01:19
to the size of the planet itself,
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do veličine same planete,
01:21
from 10 to the minus six
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od 10 na minus šesti
01:23
to 10 to the eight,
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do 10 na osmi,
01:24
14 orders of spatial magnitude.
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14 redova veličine u prostoru.
01:26
In time, from milliseconds to millennia,
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U vremenu, od milisekunda do milenijuma,
01:29
again around 14 orders of magnitude.
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i opet, oko 14 redova veličine.
01:32
What does that mean?
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Šta to znači?
01:34
Okay, well if you think about how
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Pa dobro, ako mislite na to kako
01:36
you can calculate these things,
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da izračunate ove stvari,
01:38
you can take what you can see,
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možete uzeti ono što vidite,
01:40
okay, I'm going to chop it up
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OK, usitniću to
01:41
into lots of little boxes,
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na mnogo malih kutijica,
01:43
and that's the result of physics, right?
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a to je rezultat fizike, zar ne?
01:45
And if I think about a weather model,
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A ako govorimo o klimatskom modelu,
01:47
that spans about five orders of magnitude,
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koji obuhvata oko 5 redova veličine,
01:49
from the planet to a few kilometers,
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počevši od planete do nekoliko kilometara,
01:53
and the time scale
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i vremenska skala
01:54
from a few minutes to 10 days, maybe a month.
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od nekoliko minuta do 10 dana,
možda jedan mesec.
možda jedan mesec.
01:59
We're interested in more than that.
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Interesuje nas više od toga.
02:00
We're interested in the climate.
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Nas interesuje klima.
02:01
That's years, that's millennia,
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U pitanju su godine, milenijumi,
02:03
and we need to go to even smaller scales.
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moramo da idemo u još sitnije razmere.
02:06
The stuff that we can't resolve,
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Deliće koje ne možemo dalje rastaviti,
02:08
the sub-scale processes,
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najsitnije procese
02:09
we need to approximate in some way.
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moramo da aproksimiramo na neki način.
02:11
That is a huge challenge.
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To je ogroman izazov.
02:13
Climate models in the 1990s
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Klimatski modeli 90-tih
02:15
took an even smaller chunk of that,
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posmatrali su još manji deo svega,
02:17
only about three orders of magnitude.
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samo tri reda veličine.
02:19
Climate models in the 2010s,
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Klimatski modeli posle 2010,
02:21
kind of what we're working with now,
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ono sa čime danas radimo,
02:23
four orders of magnitude.
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četiri reda veličine.
02:26
We have 14 to go,
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Ostalo nam je još 14
02:29
and we're increasing our capability
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i uvećavamo našu sposobnost
02:31
of simulating those at about
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da ih simuliramo za
02:33
one extra order of magnitude every decade.
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otprilike 1 red veličine, svake decenije.
02:36
One extra order of magnitude in space
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Jedan dodatni red veličine u prostoru
02:38
is 10,000 times more calculations.
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znači 10.000 puta više izračunavanja.
02:41
And we keep adding more things,
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A mi nastavljamo da dodajemo stvari,
02:44
more questions to these different models.
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sve više pitanja za različite modele.
02:46
So what does a climate model look like?
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Dobro, kako izgleda klimatski model?
02:49
This is an old climate model, admittedly,
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Doduše, ovo je stari klimatski model,
02:51
a punch card, a single line of Fortran code.
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bušena kartica, jedan red Fortran koda.
02:55
We no longer use punch cards.
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Više ne koristimo bušene kartice.
02:57
We do still use Fortran.
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Ali još uvek koristimo Fortran.
02:59
New-fangled ideas like C
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Novotarije poput C
03:01
really haven't had a big impact
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nisu imale veliki uticaj
03:05
on the climate modeling community.
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na zajednicu koja pravi klimatske modele.
03:07
But how do we go about doing it?
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Ali, kako mi to radimo?
03:08
How do we go from that complexity that you saw
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Kako preći sa složenosti koju ste videli
03:13
to a line of code?
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na jedan red koda?
03:16
We do it one piece at a time.
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Radimo to parče po parče.
03:17
This is a picture of sea ice
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Ovo je slika morskog leda
03:19
taken flying over the Arctic.
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napravljena iz aviona iznad Arktika.
03:21
We can look at all of the different equations
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Možemo da gledamo sve
ove razne jednačine
ove razne jednačine
03:23
that go into making the ice grow
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koje predstavljaju rast leda
03:26
or melt or change shape.
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ili topljenje, ili promenu oblika.
03:28
We can look at the fluxes.
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Možemo posmatrati tokove.
03:29
We can look at the rate at which
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Možemo posmatrati brzinu kojom se
03:31
snow turns to ice, and we can code that.
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sneg pretvara u led, i to
možemo da kodiramo.
možemo da kodiramo.
03:34
We can encapsulate that in code.
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To možemo da obuhvatimo kodom.
03:37
These models are around
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Ovi modeli imaju oko
03:38
a million lines of code at this point,
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milion redova koda u ovom trenutku,
03:40
and growing by tens of thousands of lines of code
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i rastu za desetine hiljada redova koda
03:43
every year.
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svake godine.
Dakle, možemo da posmatramo ovo parče,
03:45
So you can look at that piece,
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03:46
but you can look at the other pieces too.
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ali možemo da posmatramo i druge delove.
03:48
What happens when you have clouds?
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Šta se dešava kad imamo oblake?
03:50
What happens when clouds form,
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Šta se dešava kad se oblaci formiraju,
03:52
when they dissipate, when they rain out?
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kad se raspšuju, kad iz njih pada kiša?
03:54
That's another piece.
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To je još jedan delić.
03:56
What happens when we have radiation
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Šta se dešava kad imamo radijaciju
03:58
coming from the sun, going through the atmosphere,
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koja od sunca prodire kroz atmosferu
04:00
being absorbed and reflected?
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i upija se ili odbija?
04:02
We can code each of those
very small pieces as well.
very small pieces as well.
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I ove, vrlo male deliće
takođe možemo da kodiramo.
takođe možemo da kodiramo.
04:06
There are other pieces:
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Ima još delova:
04:08
the winds changing the ocean currents.
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vetrovi koji menjaju okeanske struje.
04:11
We can talk about the role of vegetation
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Možemo govoriti o ulozi vegetacije
04:15
in transporting water from the soils
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u transportu vode sa površine zemlje
04:17
back into the atmosphere.
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natrag u atmosferu.
04:19
And each of these different elements
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I svaki od ovih različitih elemenata
04:22
we can encapsulate and put into a system.
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možemo da obuhvatimo i postavimo u sistem.
04:26
Each of those pieces ends up adding to the whole.
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Svaki od ovih delova doprinosi celini.
04:31
And you get something like this.
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I dobićete nešto ovako:
04:33
You get a beautiful representation
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dobićete divan prikaz
04:36
of what's going on in the climate system,
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onoga što se dešava
u klimatskom sistemu,
u klimatskom sistemu,
04:39
where each and every one of those
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gde svaki od ovih
04:42
emergent patterns that you can see,
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proizašlih oblika koje vidite,
04:45
the swirls in the Southern Ocean,
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kovitlaci u Južnom okeanu,
04:47
the tropical cyclone in the Gulf of Mexico,
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tropski ciklon u Meksičkom zalivu,
04:49
and there's two more that are going to pop up
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i još dva koja će tek da se pojave
04:51
in the Pacific at any point now,
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u Tihom okeanu u svakom trenutku,
04:53
those rivers of atmospheric water,
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ove reke atmosferske vode,
04:56
all of those are emergent properties
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sve to su nova svojstva
04:59
that come from the interactions
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koja proističu iz interakcija
05:01
of all of those small-scale processes I mentioned.
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svih ovih malih procesa koje sam pominjao.
05:05
There's no code that says,
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Ne postoji taj kod koji će da kaže:
05:07
"Do a wiggle in the Southern Ocean."
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"Talasaj u Južnom okeanu".
05:08
There's no code that says, "Have two
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Ne postoji kod koji kaže: "Uzmite dva
05:11
tropical cyclones that spin around each other."
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tropska ciklona koja se
okreću jedan oko drugog".
okreću jedan oko drugog".
05:14
All of those things are emergent properties.
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Sve ove pojave su nova svojstva.
05:18
This is all very good. This is all great.
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Sve je ovo dobro. Sve je ovo odlično.
05:20
But what we really want to know
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Ali stvarno želimo da znamo
05:21
is what happens to these emergent properties
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šta se dešava sa ovim
novim svojstvima
novim svojstvima
05:23
when we kick the system?
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kada udarimo na sistem.
05:25
When something changes, what
happens to those properties?
happens to those properties?
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Kada se nešto promeni,
šta se dešava sa svojstvima?
šta se dešava sa svojstvima?
05:28
And there's lots of different ways to kick the system.
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A postoji mnogo načina
da udarimo sistem.
da udarimo sistem.
05:31
There are wobbles in the Earth's orbit
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Imamo kolebanja u Zemljinoj orbiti
05:33
over hundreds of thousands of years
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već stotinama hiljada godina
05:35
that change the climate.
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koja utiču na promenu klime.
05:37
There are changes in the solar cycles,
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Postoje promene u solarnim ciklusima,
05:39
every 11 years and longer, that change the climate.
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svakih 11 godina ili duže,
koje takođe menjaju klimu.
koje takođe menjaju klimu.
05:43
Big volcanoes go off and change the climate.
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Erupcije velikih vulkana menjaju klimu.
05:46
Changes in biomass burning, in smoke,
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Promene u sagorevlju biomase, u dimu,
05:49
in aerosol particles, all of those things
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u aerosolnim česticama,
sve ove pojave
sve ove pojave
05:51
change the climate.
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utiču na promenu klime.
05:53
The ozone hole changed the climate.
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Ozonska rupa je promenila klimu.
05:57
Deforestation changes the climate
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Krčenje šuma menja klimu
05:59
by changing the surface properties
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promenom svojstava zemljine površine
06:01
and how water is evaporated
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i načina na koji voda isparava
06:03
and moved around in the system.
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i kako se kreće u sistemu.
06:06
Contrails change the climate
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Kondenzacioni tragovi aviona
menjaju klimu
menjaju klimu
06:08
by creating clouds where there were none before,
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stvarajući oblake tamo gde ih nije bilo.
06:11
and of course greenhouse gases change the system.
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i naravno, efekat staklene bašte
utiče i menja sistem.
utiče i menja sistem.
06:15
Each of these different kicks
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Svaki od ovih različitih udaraca
06:18
provides us with a target
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postavlja nam za cilj
06:21
to evaluate whether we understand
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da procenimo da li smo razumeli
06:23
something about this system.
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nešto o ovom sistemu.
06:26
So we can go to look at
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Tako, možemo da pogledamo
06:28
what model skill is.
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sta je veština pravljenja modela.
06:31
Now I use the word "skill" advisedly:
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Reč "veština" koristim promišljeno.
06:33
Models are not right or wrong; they're always wrong.
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Modeli nisu u pravu ili ne;
nikad nisu u pravu.
nikad nisu u pravu.
06:35
They're always approximations.
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Oni su uvek samo aproksimacije.
06:37
The question you have to ask
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Pitanje koje treba postaviti
06:39
is whether a model tells you more information
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je da li nam model daje više informacija
06:42
than you would have had otherwise.
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nego što bi ih imali inače.
06:44
If it does, it's skillful.
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Ako da, onda je vešto napravljen.
06:47
This is the impact of the ozone hole
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Ovo je uticaj ozonske rupe
06:50
on sea level pressure, so
low pressure, high pressures,
low pressure, high pressures,
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na pritisak na nivou mora,
nizak pritisak, visok pritisak
nizak pritisak, visok pritisak
06:52
around the southern oceans, around Antarctica.
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u južnim okeanima, oko Antarktika.
06:55
This is observed data.
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Ovo su podaci posmatranja.
06:57
This is modeled data.
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Ovo su podaci iz modela.
06:59
There's a good match
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Postoji dobro podudaranje
07:01
because we understand the physics
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zato što mi razumemo fiziku
07:03
that controls the temperatures in the stratosphere
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koja kontroliše temperaturu u stratosferi
07:06
and what that does to the winds
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i kako to utiče na vetrove
07:07
around the southern oceans.
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u južnim okeanima.
07:10
We can look at other examples.
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Pogledajmo druge primere.
07:11
The eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991
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Erupcija vulkana Maunt Pinatubo 1991.
07:14
put an enormous amount of aerosols, small particles,
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izbacila je ogromnu količinu aerosola,
sitnih čestica,
sitnih čestica,
07:17
into the stratosphere.
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u stratosferu.
07:18
That changed the radiation
balance of the whole planet.
balance of the whole planet.
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To je promenilo ravnotežu
zračenja na celoj planeti.
zračenja na celoj planeti.
07:22
There was less energy coming
in than there was before,
in than there was before,
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Manje energije je dolazilo nego pre.
07:24
so that cooled the planet,
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što je ohladilo planetu,
07:26
and those red lines and those green lines,
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i ove crvene linije, i zelene linije
07:28
those are the differences between what we expected
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to su razlike između onoga
što smo očekivali
što smo očekivali
07:31
and what actually happened.
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i šta se stvarno dogodilo.
07:32
The models are skillful,
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Modeli su vešto napravljeni,
07:34
not just in the global mean,
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ne samo kao globalna srednja vrednost,
07:36
but also in the regional patterns.
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već i u regionalnim oblicima.
07:39
I could go through a dozen more examples:
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Mogao bih da prođem kroz još tuce primera:
07:42
the skill associated with solar cycles,
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veština vezana za solarne cikluse,
07:45
changing the ozone in the stratosphere;
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promena ozona u stratosferi;
07:47
the skill associated with orbital changes
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veština vezana za promenu orbite
07:49
over 6,000 years.
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u toku 6000 godina.
07:51
We can look at that too, and the models are skillful.
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I to možemo da posmatramo,
a modeli su vešti.
a modeli su vešti.
07:53
The models are skillful in response to the ice sheets
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Modeli su vešti u reakciji na slojeve leda
07:56
20,000 years ago.
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od pre 20,000 godina.
07:58
The models are skillful
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Modeli su vešti
08:00
when it comes to the 20th-century trends
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što se tiče trendova 20-tog veka
08:03
over the decades.
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tokom decenija.
08:04
Models are successful at modeling
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Modeli su uspešni u modeliranju
08:06
lake outbursts into the North Atlantic
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pojava jezera u severnom Atlantiku
08:09
8,000 years ago.
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pre 8.000 godina
08:11
And we can get a good match to the data.
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Možemo dobiti
dobro podudaranje sa podacima.
dobro podudaranje sa podacima.
08:15
Each of these different targets,
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Svaki od ovih različitih ciljeva,
08:17
each of these different evaluations,
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svaka od ovih procena,
08:19
leads us to add more scope
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dovodi do toga da dodajemo širi pogled
08:22
to these models,
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na ove modele,
08:23
and leads us to more and more
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i vodi nas ka sve složenijim situacijama
08:26
complex situations that we can ask
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pa možemo da postavljamo
08:30
more and more interesting questions,
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sve interesantnija pitanja.
08:32
like, how does dust from the Sahara,
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Na primer, kako prašina iz Sahare
08:35
that you can see in the orange,
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koju možete da vidite u narandžastoj,
08:37
interact with tropical cyclones in the Atlantic?
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utiče na tropske ciklone u Atlantiku?
08:40
How do organic aerosols from biomass burning,
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Kako organski aerosoli koji nastaju
sagorevanjem biomase,
sagorevanjem biomase,
08:44
which you can see in the red dots,
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koje ovde vidite kao crvene tačke,
08:46
intersect with clouds and rainfall patterns?
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utiču na oblake i obrasce padavina?
08:49
How does pollution, which you can see
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Kako zagađenje, koje vidite
08:51
in the white wisps of sulfate pollution in Europe,
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kao bele kovitlace
sulfatnog zagađenja u Evropi,
sulfatnog zagađenja u Evropi,
08:55
how does that affect the
temperatures at the surface
temperatures at the surface
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kako to utiče na temperature na površini
08:58
and the sunlight that you get at the surface?
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i količinu sunčeve svetlosti koje
dobijamo na površini?
dobijamo na površini?
09:02
We can look at this across the world.
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Ovo možemo da posmatramo širom sveta.
09:05
We can look at the pollution from China.
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Možemo da vidimo zagađenje iz Kine.
09:09
We can look at the impacts of storms
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Možemo da vidimo uticaj oluja
09:13
on sea salt particles in the atmosphere.
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na čestice morske soli u atmosferi.
09:16
We can see the combination
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Možemo da vidimo kombinaciju
09:19
of all of these different things
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svih ovih različitih stvari
09:21
happening all at once,
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koje se dešavaju, sve odjednom
09:22
and we can ask much more interesting questions.
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i možemo postavljati mnogo
interesantnija pitanja.
interesantnija pitanja.
09:25
How do air pollution and climate coexist?
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Kako zagađenje vazduha
i klima koegzistiraju?
i klima koegzistiraju?
09:29
Can we change things
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Da li možemo da izmenimo stvari
09:31
that affect air pollution and
climate at the same time?
climate at the same time?
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koje utiču na zagađenje vazduha
i klimu u isto vreme?
i klimu u isto vreme?
09:33
The answer is yes.
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Odgovor je, da.
09:36
So this is a history of the 20th century.
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Ovo je istorija 20-tog veka.
09:39
The first one is the model.
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prvi je model.
09:41
The weather is a little bit different
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Vreme je nešto drugačije
09:42
to what actually happened.
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od onoga što se zaista desilo.
09:44
The second one are the observations.
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Drugi su posmatranja.
09:46
And we're going through the 1930s.
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Idemo kroz 30-te.
09:48
There's variability, there are things going on,
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Ovde imamo varijabilnost,
stvari se dešavaju.
stvari se dešavaju.
09:51
but it's all kind of in the noise.
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Ali sve to je nekako u pozadini.
09:53
As you get towards the 1970s,
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Kako se približavamo 70-tim,
09:56
things are going to start to change.
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stvari počinju da se menjaju.
09:58
They're going to start to look more similar,
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Počinju sve više da liče,
10:00
and by the time you get to the 2000s,
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i do trenutka kad dođemo u 2000-te,
10:03
you're already seeing the
patterns of global warming,
patterns of global warming,
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već počinjemo da uočavamo
obrasce globalnog zagrevanja,
obrasce globalnog zagrevanja,
10:05
both in the observations and in the model.
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i u pravim posmatranjima i u modelu.
10:08
We know what happened over the 20th century.
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Znamo šta se dogodilo u 20-tom veku.
10:10
Right? We know that it's gotten warmer.
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Zar ne? Znamo da je postalo toplije.
10:12
We know where it's gotten warmer.
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Znamo i zašto je postalo toplije.
10:13
And if you ask the models why did that happen,
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I ako pitate modele zašto se to dogodilo,
10:16
and you say, okay, well, yes,
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i kažete, ok, pa da,
10:18
basically it's because of the carbon dioxide
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u osnovi to je zbog ugljen-dioksida
10:20
we put into the atmosphere.
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koga ispuštamo u atmosferu.
10:22
We have a very good match
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Imamo baš dobro podudaranje
10:24
up until the present day.
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sve do današnjih dana.
10:26
But there's one key reason why we look at models,
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Ako postoji jedan ključni razlog
zašto gledamo u modele,
zašto gledamo u modele,
10:30
and that's because of this phrase here.
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to je zbog ove fraze ovde:
10:32
Because if we had observations of the future,
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da imamo rezultate opažanja iz budućnosti,
10:35
we obviously would trust them more than models,
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očigledno bi im verovali više
nego modelima,
nego modelima,
10:38
But unfortunately,
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Ali, na žalost,
10:40
observations of the future
are not available at this time.
are not available at this time.
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opažanja iz budućnosti u ovom trenutku
nisu nam dostupna.
nisu nam dostupna.
10:45
So when we go out into the
future, there's a difference.
future, there's a difference.
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Zato, kad idemo u budućnost,
postoji razlika.
postoji razlika.
10:48
The future is unknown, the future is uncertain,
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Budućnost je nepoznata,
budućnost je nesigurna,
budućnost je nesigurna,
10:51
and there are choices.
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ali postoje izbori.
10:53
Here are the choices that we have.
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Ovo su izbori koje imamo.
10:55
We can do some work to mitigate
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Možemo nešto uraditi da ublažimo
10:57
the emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
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emisiju ugljen-dioksida u atmosferu.
11:00
That's the top one.
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To je osnovni izbor.
11:02
We can do more work
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Možemo još više uraditi
11:04
to really bring it down
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da ga zaista smanjimo
11:06
so that by the end of the century,
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tako da ga krajem veka,
11:08
it's not much more than there is now.
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ne bude mnogo više nego što je sada.
11:11
Or we can just leave it to fate
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Ili ga možemo samo prepustiti sudbini
11:14
and continue on
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i nastaviti
11:16
with a business-as-usual type of attitude.
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da se ponašamo po starom.
11:20
The differences between these choices
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Razlika između ovih izbora
11:23
can't be answered by looking at models.
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ne može se videti iz modela.
11:28
There's a great phrase
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Postoji divna fraza
11:29
that Sherwood Rowland,
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koju je stvorio Šervud Roland
11:31
who won the Nobel Prize for the chemistry
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dobitnik Nobelovu nagrade za hemiju
11:35
that led to ozone depletion,
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vezano za otkriće ozonskog omotača.
11:37
when he was accepting his Nobel Prize,
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Kada je primao Nobelovu Nagradu,
11:40
he asked this question:
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postavio je pitanje:
11:41
"What is the use of having developed a science
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"Kakva je korist razviti nauku
11:43
well enough to make predictions if, in the end,
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toliko da može da pravi predviđanja,
kada, na kraju,
kada, na kraju,
11:47
all we're willing to do is stand around
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samo stojimo po strani
11:50
and wait for them to come true?"
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i čekamo da se ona obistine?"
11:52
The models are skillful,
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Modeli su vešti,
11:55
but what we do with the
information from those models
information from those models
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ali ono što ćemo da uradimo
sa informacijama iz tih modela
sa informacijama iz tih modela
11:58
is totally up to you.
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potpuno zavisi samo od nas.
12:00
Thank you.
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Hvala.
12:02
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Gavin Schmidt - Climate scientistWhat goes into a climate model? Gavin Schmidt looks at how we use past and present data to model potential futures.
Why you should listen
Gavin Schmidt is a climate scientist at Columbia University's Earth Institute and is Deputy Chief at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. He works on understanding past, present and future climate change, using ever-more refined models and data sets to explore how the planet's climate behaves over time.
Schmidt is also deeply committed to communicating science to the general public. As a contributing editor at RealClimate.org, he helps make sure general readers have access to the basics of climate science, and works to bring the newest data and models into the public discussion around one of the most pressing issues of our time. He has worked with the American Museum of Natural History and the New York Academy of Sciences on education and public outreach, and he is the author of Climate Change: Picturing the Science, with Josh Wolfe.
More profile about the speakerSchmidt is also deeply committed to communicating science to the general public. As a contributing editor at RealClimate.org, he helps make sure general readers have access to the basics of climate science, and works to bring the newest data and models into the public discussion around one of the most pressing issues of our time. He has worked with the American Museum of Natural History and the New York Academy of Sciences on education and public outreach, and he is the author of Climate Change: Picturing the Science, with Josh Wolfe.
Gavin Schmidt | Speaker | TED.com