TED2015
Tal Danino: Programming bacteria to detect cancer (and maybe treat it)
Tal Danino: Možemo da koristimo bakterije da otkrijemo rak (a možda i da ga lečimo)
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Rak jetre jedan je od najtežih za otkriti, ali sintetički biolog imao je nesvakidašnju zamisao: šta kada bismo mogli da stvorimo probiotičke, jestive bakterije koje su "programirane" da pronalaze tumore na jetri? Njegov uvid koristi nešto što tek počinjemo da shvatamo u vezi sa bakterijama - njihovu moć detekcije kvoruma, tj. to da rade nešto zajedno kada dođu do kritične mase. Danino, učesnik TED Fellows programa, objašnjava kako funkcioniše detekcija kvoruma, i kako bi pametne bakterije koje rade zajedno jednog dana mogle da izmene lečenje raka.
Tal Danino - Synthetic biologist
Tal Danino explores the emerging frontier of combining biology and engineering (and art). He is a 2015 TED Fellow. Full bio
Tal Danino explores the emerging frontier of combining biology and engineering (and art). He is a 2015 TED Fellow. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
You may not realize this,
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Možda ovo ne shvatate,
00:14
but there are more bacteria in your body
than stars in our entire galaxy.
than stars in our entire galaxy.
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ali u našim telima ima više bakterija
nego zvezda u celoj našoj galaksiji.
nego zvezda u celoj našoj galaksiji.
00:20
This fascinating universe
of bacteria inside of us
of bacteria inside of us
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Fascinantni univerzum bakterija
koji se nalazi u nama
koji se nalazi u nama
00:23
is an integral part of our health,
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ključni je deo našeg zdravlja
00:25
and our technology is evolving so rapidly
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i naša tehnologija se razvija tako brzo
00:27
that today we can program these bacteria
like we program computers.
like we program computers.
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da danas možemo možemo programirati
ove bakterije poput kompjutera.
ove bakterije poput kompjutera.
00:33
Now, the diagram that you see here,
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Dijagram koji ovde vidite,
00:34
I know it looks like
some kind of sports play,
some kind of sports play,
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znam da izgleda kao neki plan igre,
00:37
but it is actually a blueprint of
the first bacterial program I developed.
the first bacterial program I developed.
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ali je to zapravo nacrt prvog programa
za bakterije koji sam razvio.
za bakterije koji sam razvio.
00:41
And like writing software,
we can print and write DNA
we can print and write DNA
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Baš poput pisanja softverskog koda,
možemo štampati i pisati DNK
možemo štampati i pisati DNK
00:44
into different algorithms
and programs inside of bacteria.
and programs inside of bacteria.
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u razne algoritme i programe
unutar bakterija.
unutar bakterija.
00:48
What this program does
is produces fluorescent proteins
is produces fluorescent proteins
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Ovaj program proizvodi
fluorescentne proteine
fluorescentne proteine
00:51
in a rhythmic fashion
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u ritmu
00:52
and generates a small molecule
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i stvara maleni molekul
00:54
that allows bacteria
to communicate and synchronize,
to communicate and synchronize,
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koji bakterijama omogućava
da komuniciraju i razmnožavaju se,
da komuniciraju i razmnožavaju se,
00:57
as you're seeing in this movie.
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kao što vidite na ovom filmu.
00:59
The growing colony of bacteria
that you see here
that you see here
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Rastuća kolonija bakterija
koju vidite ovde
koju vidite ovde
01:01
is about the width of a human hair.
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otprilike je širine ljudske dlake.
01:03
Now, what you can't see
is that our genetic program
is that our genetic program
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Ono što ne možete da vidite
je to da naš genetski program
je to da naš genetski program
01:06
instructs these bacteria
to each produce small molecules,
to each produce small molecules,
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daje instrukcije ovim bakterijama
da svaka proizvodi male molekule
da svaka proizvodi male molekule
01:09
and these molecules travel between
the thousands of individual bacteria
the thousands of individual bacteria
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i ovi molekuli putuju između hiljada
pojedinačnih bakterija
pojedinačnih bakterija
01:13
telling them when to turn on and off.
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i govore im kada da se uključe i isključe.
01:15
And the bacteria synchronize
quite well at this scale,
quite well at this scale,
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Bakterije se na ovoj razmeri
sinhronizuju prilično dobro,
sinhronizuju prilično dobro,
01:19
but because the molecule that synchronizes
them together can only travel so fast,
them together can only travel so fast,
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ali pošto molekul koji ih sinhonizuje
može da putuje samo na određenoj brzini,
može da putuje samo na određenoj brzini,
01:23
in larger colonies of bacteria,
this results in traveling waves
this results in traveling waves
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u velikim kolonijama bakterija,
ovo za posledicu ima talase koji putuju
ovo za posledicu ima talase koji putuju
01:26
between bacteria that are
far away from each other,
far away from each other,
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između bakterija
koje su međusobno udaljene
koje su međusobno udaljene
01:29
and you can see these waves going
from right to left across the screen.
from right to left across the screen.
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i možete videti kako ovi talasi idu
zdesna na levo preko ekrana.
zdesna na levo preko ekrana.
01:33
Now, our genetic program
relies on a natural phenomenon
relies on a natural phenomenon
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Naš genetski programa oslanja se
na prirodnu pojavu
na prirodnu pojavu
koja se naziva detekcija kvoruma
01:36
called quorum sensing,
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01:37
in which bacteria trigger coordinated
and sometimes virulent behaviors
and sometimes virulent behaviors
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gde bakterije pokreću koordinisano
i ponekad virusno ponašanje
i ponekad virusno ponašanje
01:40
once they reach a critical density.
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kada dođu do kritične gustine.
Možete posmatrati detekciju kvoruma
na delu u ovom snimku,
na delu u ovom snimku,
01:43
You can observe quorum sensing
in action in this movie,
in action in this movie,
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01:46
where a growing colony of bacteria
only begins to glow
only begins to glow
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gde kolonija bakterija koja raste
počinje da sija tek onda
počinje da sija tek onda
01:49
once it reaches a high
or critical density.
or critical density.
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kada dođe do visoke
ili kritične gustine.
ili kritične gustine.
01:52
Our genetic program
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Naš genetski program
01:54
continues producing these
rhythmic patterns of fluorescent proteins
rhythmic patterns of fluorescent proteins
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nastavlja da proizvodi ove
ritmičke šablone fluorescentnih proteina
ritmičke šablone fluorescentnih proteina
01:57
as the colony grows outwards.
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kako kolonija raste ka spolja.
01:59
This particular movie and experiment
we call The Supernova,
we call The Supernova,
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Ovaj naročiti snimak i eksperiment
nazivamo Supernova
nazivamo Supernova
02:03
because it looks like an exploding star.
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jer izgleda kao zvezda koja eksplodira.
02:06
Now, besides programming
these beautiful patterns,
these beautiful patterns,
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Pored programiranja
ovih predivnih šablona,
ovih predivnih šablona,
zapitao sam se, šta još možemo
da nateramo bakterije da urade?
da nateramo bakterije da urade?
02:08
I wondered, what else can we get
these bacteria to do?
these bacteria to do?
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02:11
And I decided to explore
how we can program bacteria
how we can program bacteria
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Odlučio sam da istražim
kako možemo programirati bakterije
kako možemo programirati bakterije
02:13
to detect and treat diseases
in our bodies like cancer.
in our bodies like cancer.
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da otkriju i leče bolesti u našem telu
poput raka.
poput raka.
Jedna od iznenađujućih činjenica
u vezi sa bakterijama
u vezi sa bakterijama
02:18
One of the surprising facts about bacteria
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02:20
is that they can naturally grow
inside of tumors.
inside of tumors.
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je da mogu prirodno da rastu
unutar tumora.
unutar tumora.
02:23
This happens because typically tumors
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Ovo se dešava jer su tumori obično
02:25
are areas where the immune system
has no access,
has no access,
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područja gde imuni sistem nema pristup,
02:27
and so bacteria find these tumors
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i bakterije tako nalaze ove tumore
02:29
and use them as a safe haven
to grow and thrive.
to grow and thrive.
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i koriste ih kao bezbednu luku
da rastu i napreduju.
da rastu i napreduju.
Počeli smo da koristimo
probiotičke bakterije
probiotičke bakterije
02:33
We started using probiotic bacteria
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02:35
which are safe bacteria
that have a health benefit,
that have a health benefit,
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koje su bezbedne
i imaju zdravstvenu korist,
i imaju zdravstvenu korist,
02:38
and found that
when orally delivered to mice,
when orally delivered to mice,
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i otkrili smo da kada ih miševi
oralno konzumiraju,
oralno konzumiraju,
02:40
these probiotics would selectively
grow inside of liver tumors.
grow inside of liver tumors.
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ove bakterije će selektivno rasti
unutar tumora jetre.
unutar tumora jetre.
02:44
We realized that the most convenient way
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Shvatili smo da je najzgodniji način
02:46
to highlight the presence
of the probiotics,
of the probiotics,
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da se obeleži prisustvo probiotika
02:48
and hence, the presence of the tumors,
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i stoga prisustvo tumora,
02:50
was to get these bacteria
to produce a signal
to produce a signal
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taj da ove bakterije nateramo
da proizvode signal
da proizvode signal
02:52
that would be detectable in the urine,
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koji se može otkriti u urinu
02:55
and so we specifically
programmed these probiotics
programmed these probiotics
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i tako smo posebno programirali
ove probiotike
ove probiotike
02:57
to make a molecule that would change
the color of your urine
the color of your urine
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da stvaraju molekule koji bi promenili
boju vašeg urina
boju vašeg urina
03:00
to indicate the presence of cancer.
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tako da prikazuje prisustvo raka.
03:03
We went on to show that this technology
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Dalje smo pokazali da ova tehnologija
03:05
could sensitively and specifically
detect liver cancer,
detect liver cancer,
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može senzorno i isključivo
da otkrije rak jetre,
da otkrije rak jetre,
03:08
one that is challenging
to detect otherwise.
to detect otherwise.
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koji je inače težak za otkriti.
03:11
Now, since these bacteria
specifically localize to tumors,
specifically localize to tumors,
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Pošto se ove bakterije posebno
lokalizuju na tumore,
lokalizuju na tumore,
03:14
we've been programming them
to not only detect cancer
to not only detect cancer
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programirali smo ih
ne samo da otkriju rak,
ne samo da otkriju rak,
03:17
but also to treat cancer
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već i da leče rak
03:19
by producing therapeutic molecules
from within the tumor environment
from within the tumor environment
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proizvodeći terapeutske molekule
iz unutrašnjosti okruženja tumora,
iz unutrašnjosti okruženja tumora,
03:22
that shrink the existing tumors,
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koji bi smanjivali postojeće tumore
03:24
and we've been doing this
using quorum sensing programs
using quorum sensing programs
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i ovo smo radili koristeći programe
za detekciju kvoruma
za detekciju kvoruma
03:27
like you saw in the previous movies.
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kao što ste videli u prethodnim snimcima.
03:29
Altogether, imagine in the future
taking a programmed probiotic
taking a programmed probiotic
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Na kraju, možete zamisliti da u budućnosti
uzimate programirani probiotik
uzimate programirani probiotik
03:33
that could detect and treat cancer,
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koji bi mogao da otkrije i leči rak
03:35
or even other diseases.
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ili čak i druge bolesti.
03:38
Our ability to program bacteria
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Naša sposobnost da programiramo bakterije
03:40
and program life
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i programiramo život
03:42
opens up new horizons in cancer research,
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otvara nove horizonte u istraživanju raka
03:45
and to share this vision,
I worked with artist Vik Muniz
I worked with artist Vik Muniz
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i da bih podelio ovu zamisao,
radio sam s umetnikom Vikom Munizom
radio sam s umetnikom Vikom Munizom
03:47
to create the symbol of the universe,
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da bih stvorio simbol univerzuma,
03:49
made entirely out of bacteria
or cancer cells.
or cancer cells.
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stvoren u potpunosti od bakterija
ili ćelija raka.
ili ćelija raka.
03:53
Ultimately, my hope is that the beauty
and purpose of this microscopic universe
and purpose of this microscopic universe
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Na kraju, moj cilj je da lepota i svrha
ovog mikroskopskog univerzuma
ovog mikroskopskog univerzuma
03:58
can inspire new and creative approaches
for the future of cancer research.
for the future of cancer research.
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može da nadahne kreativne pristupe
za buduća istraživanja raka.
za buduća istraživanja raka.
04:03
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
04:06
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Tal Danino - Synthetic biologistTal Danino explores the emerging frontier of combining biology and engineering (and art). He is a 2015 TED Fellow.
Why you should listen
Tal Danino's research explores the emerging frontier of combining biology, engineering and medicine. His work as a synthetic biologist focuses on reprogramming bacteria to detect and treat diseases in our bodies such as cancer.
Originally from Los Angeles, Danino received B.S. degrees from UCLA in Physics, Chemistry and Math, and received his Ph.D. in Bioengineering from UCSD. He did a postdoctoral fellowship at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and is currently an assistant professor at Columbia University in New York.
Danino's work has been published in scientific journals and highlighted in several popular press venues. He actively develops "Bio-Art" projects that share perspectives and stories about science with recent projects featured in the New York Times, WIRED, and the Wall Street Journal.
Tal Danino | Speaker | TED.com