TED2015
Tal Danino: Programming bacteria to detect cancer (and maybe treat it)
Tal Danino: Možemo koristiti bakterije za otkrivanje raka (a možda i liječenje)
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Rak jetre je jedan od rakova koji se najteže otkriva, ali sintetski biolog Tal Danino ima čudnu zamisao: Što ako bi mogli napraviti probiotik, jestivu bakteriju koja je "programirana" da otkrije tumor jetre? Njegov uvid iskorištava nešto što tek počinjemo razumjeti o bakterijama: njihova moć kvorum očitovanja, ili zajednički rad kada dosegnu kritičnu masu. Danino, TED fellow, objašnjava kako kvorum očitvanje djeluje - i kako bi bakterije pametno radeći zajedno, jednog dana mogle promijeniti liječenje raka.
Tal Danino - Synthetic biologist
Tal Danino explores the emerging frontier of combining biology and engineering (and art). He is a 2015 TED Fellow. Full bio
Tal Danino explores the emerging frontier of combining biology and engineering (and art). He is a 2015 TED Fellow. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
You may not realize this,
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Možda niste svjesni toga.
00:14
but there are more bacteria in your body
than stars in our entire galaxy.
than stars in our entire galaxy.
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ali bakterija u vašem tijelu ima više
nego zvijezda u našoj cijeloj galaksiji
nego zvijezda u našoj cijeloj galaksiji
00:20
This fascinating universe
of bacteria inside of us
of bacteria inside of us
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Očaravajući svemir bakterija
u našem tijelu
u našem tijelu
00:23
is an integral part of our health,
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je sastavni dio našeg zdravlja.
00:25
and our technology is evolving so rapidly
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i naša tehnologija se razvija tako brzo
00:27
that today we can program these bacteria
like we program computers.
like we program computers.
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da smo danas u mogućnosti programirati te
bakterije kao što programiramo računala
bakterije kao što programiramo računala
00:33
Now, the diagram that you see here,
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Dijagram koji vidite ovdje,
00:34
I know it looks like
some kind of sports play,
some kind of sports play,
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Znam da izgleda
kao nacrt za neku sportsku igru,
kao nacrt za neku sportsku igru,
00:37
but it is actually a blueprint of
the first bacterial program I developed.
the first bacterial program I developed.
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ali je zapravo shematski plan prvog
bakterijskog programa kojeg sam razvio.
bakterijskog programa kojeg sam razvio.
00:41
And like writing software,
we can print and write DNA
we can print and write DNA
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I kao što pišemo software,
možemo tiskati i pisati DNA
možemo tiskati i pisati DNA
00:44
into different algorithms
and programs inside of bacteria.
and programs inside of bacteria.
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u različitie algoritme
i programe unutar bakterije.
i programe unutar bakterije.
00:48
What this program does
is produces fluorescent proteins
is produces fluorescent proteins
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Ono što ovaj program radi je
proizvodnja fluorescentnih
proizvodnja fluorescentnih
00:51
in a rhythmic fashion
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proteina na ritmičan način
00:52
and generates a small molecule
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i proizvodi sitne molekule
00:54
that allows bacteria
to communicate and synchronize,
to communicate and synchronize,
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koje omogućavaju bakteriji
komunikaciju i sinkronizaciju,
komunikaciju i sinkronizaciju,
00:57
as you're seeing in this movie.
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kao što vidite u ovom videu.
00:59
The growing colony of bacteria
that you see here
that you see here
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Rastuća kolonija bakterija
koju vidite ovdje
koju vidite ovdje
01:01
is about the width of a human hair.
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širine je ljudske dlake.
01:03
Now, what you can't see
is that our genetic program
is that our genetic program
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Ono što možete vidjeti
jest da naš genetički program
jest da naš genetički program
01:06
instructs these bacteria
to each produce small molecules,
to each produce small molecules,
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daje uputstva ovim bakterijama
da svaka proizvodi sitne molekule
da svaka proizvodi sitne molekule
01:09
and these molecules travel between
the thousands of individual bacteria
the thousands of individual bacteria
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i te molekule putuju između
tisuća ovih pojedinačnih bakterija.
tisuća ovih pojedinačnih bakterija.
01:13
telling them when to turn on and off.
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govoreći im kada da se uključe ili isključe
01:15
And the bacteria synchronize
quite well at this scale,
quite well at this scale,
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I bakterije vrlo dobro
sinkroniziraju na ovoj razini,
sinkroniziraju na ovoj razini,
01:19
but because the molecule that synchronizes
them together can only travel so fast,
them together can only travel so fast,
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ali zato što molekule koje ih
sinkroniziraju zajedno mogu putovati samo
sinkroniziraju zajedno mogu putovati samo
01:23
in larger colonies of bacteria,
this results in traveling waves
this results in traveling waves
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tako brzo u većim kolonijama bakterija,
to rezultira pojavom putujućih valova
to rezultira pojavom putujućih valova
01:26
between bacteria that are
far away from each other,
far away from each other,
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između bakterija koje
su međusobno udaljene
su međusobno udaljene
01:29
and you can see these waves going
from right to left across the screen.
from right to left across the screen.
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i možete vidjeti kako ovi valovi idu
zdesna nalijevo preko zaslona.
zdesna nalijevo preko zaslona.
01:33
Now, our genetic program
relies on a natural phenomenon
relies on a natural phenomenon
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Naš genetički program
se oslanja na prirodni fenomen
se oslanja na prirodni fenomen
01:36
called quorum sensing,
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nazvan kvorum očitavanje
01:37
in which bacteria trigger coordinated
and sometimes virulent behaviors
and sometimes virulent behaviors
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kojim bakterija aktivira koordinirane
a nekad i zarazna ponašanja
a nekad i zarazna ponašanja
01:40
once they reach a critical density.
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jednom kad dosegnu kritučnu gustoću.
01:43
You can observe quorum sensing
in action in this movie,
in action in this movie,
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Možete vidjeti kvorum
očitavanje u akciji u ovom videu
očitavanje u akciji u ovom videu
01:46
where a growing colony of bacteria
only begins to glow
only begins to glow
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gdje rastuća kolonija bakterija
tek započinje sjati
tek započinje sjati
01:49
once it reaches a high
or critical density.
or critical density.
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kada dosegne visoku
ili kritičnu gustoć.
ili kritičnu gustoć.
01:52
Our genetic program
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Naš genetski program
01:54
continues producing these
rhythmic patterns of fluorescent proteins
rhythmic patterns of fluorescent proteins
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nastavlja proizvoditi te ritmične
uzorke fluorescentnih proteina
uzorke fluorescentnih proteina
01:57
as the colony grows outwards.
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kako kolonija raste prema van.
01:59
This particular movie and experiment
we call The Supernova,
we call The Supernova,
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Ovaj posebni video i eksperiment
mi zovemo Supernova,
mi zovemo Supernova,
02:03
because it looks like an exploding star.
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zato što izgleda poput
eksplodirajuće zvijezde.
eksplodirajuće zvijezde.
02:06
Now, besides programming
these beautiful patterns,
these beautiful patterns,
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Osim programiranja
ovih predivnih uzoraka,
ovih predivnih uzoraka,
pitao sam se, što još možemo
postići da ove bakterije rade?
postići da ove bakterije rade?
02:08
I wondered, what else can we get
these bacteria to do?
these bacteria to do?
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02:11
And I decided to explore
how we can program bacteria
how we can program bacteria
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I odlučio sam istražiti kako
možemo programirati bakterije
možemo programirati bakterije
02:13
to detect and treat diseases
in our bodies like cancer.
in our bodies like cancer.
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da otkrivaju i lijeće u našem
tijelu bolesti poput raka
tijelu bolesti poput raka
02:18
One of the surprising facts about bacteria
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Jedna od iznenađujućih
činjenica o bakterijama
činjenica o bakterijama
02:20
is that they can naturally grow
inside of tumors.
inside of tumors.
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je da one mogu prirodno
izrasti unutar tumora.
izrasti unutar tumora.
02:23
This happens because typically tumors
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To se događa jer su tumori uobičajeno
02:25
are areas where the immune system
has no access,
has no access,
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područja gdje imunološki
sustav nema pristup,
sustav nema pristup,
02:27
and so bacteria find these tumors
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i tako bakterije pronalaze ove tumore
02:29
and use them as a safe haven
to grow and thrive.
to grow and thrive.
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i koriste ih kao raj
za rast i napredak.
za rast i napredak.
02:33
We started using probiotic bacteria
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Počeli smo koristiti
probiotičke bakterije
probiotičke bakterije
02:35
which are safe bacteria
that have a health benefit,
that have a health benefit,
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koje su sigurne bakterije
i koriste zdravlju,
i koriste zdravlju,
02:38
and found that
when orally delivered to mice,
when orally delivered to mice,
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i otkrili smo kada ih
se oralno da mišu
se oralno da mišu
02:40
these probiotics would selectively
grow inside of liver tumors.
grow inside of liver tumors.
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ovi probiotici selektivno
rastu unutar tumora jetre.
rastu unutar tumora jetre.
02:44
We realized that the most convenient way
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Shvatili smo da je najpogodniji način za
02:46
to highlight the presence
of the probiotics,
of the probiotics,
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označiti prisutnost tih probiotika,
02:48
and hence, the presence of the tumors,
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a samim time i tumora,
02:50
was to get these bacteria
to produce a signal
to produce a signal
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je da omogućimo da te
bakterije proizvode signal
bakterije proizvode signal
02:52
that would be detectable in the urine,
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koji bi bilo moguće otkriti u mokraći,
02:55
and so we specifically
programmed these probiotics
programmed these probiotics
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i tako smo posebno
programirali te probiotike
programirali te probiotike
02:57
to make a molecule that would change
the color of your urine
the color of your urine
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da naprave molekulu koja mijenja
boju vaše mokraće
boju vaše mokraće
03:00
to indicate the presence of cancer.
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da označi prisutnost raka.
03:03
We went on to show that this technology
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Išli smo dalje kako bi
pokazali da bi ova
pokazali da bi ova
03:05
could sensitively and specifically
detect liver cancer,
detect liver cancer,
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tehnologija mogla precizno i
specifično otkriti rak jetre,
specifično otkriti rak jetre,
03:08
one that is challenging
to detect otherwise.
to detect otherwise.
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što je inače
zahtjevno otkriti.
zahtjevno otkriti.
03:11
Now, since these bacteria
specifically localize to tumors,
specifically localize to tumors,
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Budući da se ove bakterije
posebno vežu uz tumore,
posebno vežu uz tumore,
03:14
we've been programming them
to not only detect cancer
to not only detect cancer
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programirali smo ih da
osim što otkrivaju rak
osim što otkrivaju rak
03:17
but also to treat cancer
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da ga i liječe
03:19
by producing therapeutic molecules
from within the tumor environment
from within the tumor environment
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proizvodeći terapeutske molekule
iz unutrašnjosti tumora
iz unutrašnjosti tumora
03:22
that shrink the existing tumors,
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što smanjuje tumor,
03:24
and we've been doing this
using quorum sensing programs
using quorum sensing programs
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i to smo radili koristeći
programe kvorum očitovanja
programe kvorum očitovanja
03:27
like you saw in the previous movies.
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kao što ste vidjeli u prošlim videima.
03:29
Altogether, imagine in the future
taking a programmed probiotic
taking a programmed probiotic
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Sveukupno, zamislite da u budućnosti
uzmemo programirani probiotik
uzmemo programirani probiotik
03:33
that could detect and treat cancer,
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koji bi mogao otkriti i liječiti rak,
03:35
or even other diseases.
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ili čak druge bolesti.
Naša sposobnost da programiramo bakterije
03:38
Our ability to program bacteria
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03:40
and program life
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i programiramo život
03:42
opens up new horizons in cancer research,
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otvara nove horizonte u istraživanju raka,
03:45
and to share this vision,
I worked with artist Vik Muniz
I worked with artist Vik Muniz
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i kako bih podijelio ovu viziju,
s umjetnikom Vikom Munizom
s umjetnikom Vikom Munizom
03:47
to create the symbol of the universe,
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sam radio na izradi simbola svemira,
03:49
made entirely out of bacteria
or cancer cells.
or cancer cells.
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napravljenog u potpunosti od
bakterija i stanica raka.
bakterija i stanica raka.
03:53
Ultimately, my hope is that the beauty
and purpose of this microscopic universe
and purpose of this microscopic universe
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Naposljetku, nadam se da ljepota
i svrha ovog mikroskopskog svemira
i svrha ovog mikroskopskog svemira
03:58
can inspire new and creative approaches
for the future of cancer research.
for the future of cancer research.
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može inspirirati nove i kreativne pristupe
u budućnosti istraživanja raka.
u budućnosti istraživanja raka.
04:03
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
04:06
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Tal Danino - Synthetic biologistTal Danino explores the emerging frontier of combining biology and engineering (and art). He is a 2015 TED Fellow.
Why you should listen
Tal Danino's research explores the emerging frontier of combining biology, engineering and medicine. His work as a synthetic biologist focuses on reprogramming bacteria to detect and treat diseases in our bodies such as cancer.
Originally from Los Angeles, Danino received B.S. degrees from UCLA in Physics, Chemistry and Math, and received his Ph.D. in Bioengineering from UCSD. He did a postdoctoral fellowship at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and is currently an assistant professor at Columbia University in New York.
Danino's work has been published in scientific journals and highlighted in several popular press venues. He actively develops "Bio-Art" projects that share perspectives and stories about science with recent projects featured in the New York Times, WIRED, and the Wall Street Journal.
Tal Danino | Speaker | TED.com