TED Fellows Retreat 2015
Genevieve von Petzinger: Why are these 32 symbols found in ancient caves all over Europe?
Ženeviv fon Pecinger (Genevieve von Petzinger): Zašto se ova 32 simbola mogu naći u prastarim pećinama širom Evrope?
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Pisani jezik, obeležje ljudske civilizacije, nije se tek tako iznenada pojavio jednog dana. Hiljadama godina pre prvih potpuno razvijenih sistema pisanja, naši preci su škrabali geometrijske znake po zidovima pećina u kojima su nalazili sklonište. Paleoantropolog, istraživač umetnosti urezivanja na kamenu i stariji član TED Fellows programa Ženeviv fon Pecinger proučavala je i kodifikovala ove prastare oznake u pećinama širom Evrope. Ujednačenost njenih nalaza ukazuje da grafička komunikacija i sposobnost da se poruke sačuvaju i prenesu izvan određenog trenutka u vremenu mogu biti mnogo stariji nego što mislimo.
Genevieve von Petzinger - Paleoanthropologist and rock art researcher
Genevieve von Petzinger studies the geometric signs found in early European Ice Age rock art sites. Full bio
Genevieve von Petzinger studies the geometric signs found in early European Ice Age rock art sites. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
There's something about caves --
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Ima nečeg u pećinama,
00:16
a shadowy opening in a limestone
cliff that draws you in.
cliff that draws you in.
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senovitim otvorima u krečnjačkoj steni
koji vas privlače sebi.
koji vas privlače sebi.
Dok prolazite kroz vrata
između svetlosti i tame,
između svetlosti i tame,
00:21
As you pass through the portal
between light and dark,
between light and dark,
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00:25
you enter a subterranean world --
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ulazite u podzemni svet -
00:28
a place of perpetual gloom,
of earthy smells, of hushed silence.
of earthy smells, of hushed silence.
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mesto večne tame,
zemljanih mirisa, zanemele tišine.
zemljanih mirisa, zanemele tišine.
Nekada davno u Evropi,
00:34
Long ago in Europe,
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00:36
ancient people also entered
these underground worlds.
these underground worlds.
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drevni narodi su takođe ulazili
u ove podzemne svetove.
u ove podzemne svetove.
00:39
As witness to their passage,
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Kao svedoke svog prolaska,
00:41
they left behind mysterious
engravings and paintings,
engravings and paintings,
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za sobom su ostavili
misteriozne gravure i slike,
misteriozne gravure i slike,
00:44
like this panel of humans, triangles
and zigzags from Ojo Guareña in Spain.
and zigzags from Ojo Guareña in Spain.
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kao što je ovaj prikaz ljudi,
trouglova i cik-cak oblika
trouglova i cik-cak oblika
iz pećine Oho Huarenja u Španiji.
Sada hodate istom stazom
kao i ovi prvi umetnici.
kao i ovi prvi umetnici.
00:52
You now walk the same path
as these early artists.
as these early artists.
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00:55
And in this surreal, otherworldly place,
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Na ovom nadrealnom, nadzemaljskom mestu,
00:58
it's almost possible to imagine
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gotovo da je nemoguće zamisliti
01:00
that you hear the muffled footfall
of skin boots on soft earth,
of skin boots on soft earth,
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da čujete prigušeni odjek koraka
kožnih čizama na mekoj zemlji
kožnih čizama na mekoj zemlji
01:05
or that you see the flickering of a torch
around the next bend.
around the next bend.
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ili da vidite treperenje baklje
iza sledeće krivine.
iza sledeće krivine.
Kada sam u pećini,
01:09
When I'm in a cave,
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često se zapitam šta je podstaklo
te ljude da odu tako daleko
te ljude da odu tako daleko
01:11
I often find myself wondering
what drove these people to go so deep
what drove these people to go so deep
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01:17
to brave dangerous and narrow
passageways to leave their mark?
passageways to leave their mark?
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da se odvaže kroz opasne i uske prolaze
kako bi ostavili svoj trag.
kako bi ostavili svoj trag.
Na ovom snimku,
01:20
In this video clip,
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01:22
that was shot half a kilometer,
or about a third of a mile, underground,
or about a third of a mile, underground,
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koji je sniman pola kilometra,
ili oko trećinu milje pod zemljom
ili oko trećinu milje pod zemljom
01:25
in the cave of Cudon in Spain,
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u pećini Kudon u Španiji,
01:27
we found a series
of red paintings on a ceiling
of red paintings on a ceiling
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pronašli smo niz crvenih slika na tavanici
01:30
in a previously unexplored
section of the cave.
section of the cave.
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prethodno neistraženog dela pećine.
01:33
As we crawled forward, military-style,
with the ceiling getting ever lower,
with the ceiling getting ever lower,
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Dok smo puzali napred u vojnom stilu,
a tavanica je bivala sve niža,
a tavanica je bivala sve niža,
01:37
we finally got to a point
where the ceiling was so low
where the ceiling was so low
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konačno smo došli do tačke
u kojoj je tavanica bila toliko niska
u kojoj je tavanica bila toliko niska
01:41
that my husband
and project photographer, Dylan,
and project photographer, Dylan,
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da moj muž i fotograf na projektu, Dilan,
01:43
could no longer achieve focus
on the ceiling with his DSLR camera.
on the ceiling with his DSLR camera.
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nije više mogao da podesi fokus
na tavanici na svom DSLR fotoaparatu.
na tavanici na svom DSLR fotoaparatu.
01:47
So while he filmed me,
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Dok me je snimao,
01:49
I kept following the trail of red paint
with a single light
with a single light
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nastavljala sam da sledim
trag crvene boje jedinim izvorom svetlosti
trag crvene boje jedinim izvorom svetlosti
01:52
and a point-and-shoot camera
that we kept for that type of occasion.
that we kept for that type of occasion.
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i fotoaparatom "idiotom"
kojeg smo nosili za takve situacije.
kojeg smo nosili za takve situacije.
Pola kilometra pod zemljom.
01:57
Half a kilometer underground.
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02:00
Seriously.
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Ozbiljno.
02:01
What was somebody doing down there
with a torch or a stone lamp?
with a torch or a stone lamp?
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Šta je neko radio tamo dole
sa bakljom ili kamenom lampom?
sa bakljom ili kamenom lampom?
02:04
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
Mislim - kod mene to ima smisla, zar ne?
02:06
I mean -- me, it makes sense, right?
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02:08
But you know,
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Međutim, znate,
02:09
this is the kind of question that
I'm trying to answer with my research.
I'm trying to answer with my research.
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to je pitanje na koje pokušavam
da odgovorim u svom istraživanju.
da odgovorim u svom istraživanju.
02:13
I study some of the oldest
art in the world.
art in the world.
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Izučavam najstariju umetnost na svetu.
02:16
It was created by these
early artists in Europe,
early artists in Europe,
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Stvorili su je ovi prvi umetnici u Evropi
02:18
between 10,000 and 40,000 years ago.
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pre 10 000 do 40 000 godina.
02:23
And the thing is
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Ne radi se o tome da je izučavam
02:24
that I'm not just studying it
because it's beautiful,
because it's beautiful,
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samo zato što je lepa,
02:27
though some of it certainly is.
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mada ponešto zaista jeste.
02:29
But what I'm interested in
is the development of the modern mind,
is the development of the modern mind,
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Ono što me interesuje
jeste razvoj savremenog uma,
jeste razvoj savremenog uma,
02:33
of the evolution of creativity,
of imagination, of abstract thought,
of imagination, of abstract thought,
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evolucija kreativnosti, mašte,
apstraktne misli,
apstraktne misli,
02:38
about what it means to be human.
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onoga što znači biti čovek.
02:43
While all species communicate
in one way or another,
in one way or another,
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Mada sve vrste komuniciraju
na ovaj ili onaj način,
na ovaj ili onaj način,
02:46
only we humans have really
taken it to another level.
taken it to another level.
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samo smo mi, ljudi,
zaista to preneli na viši nivo.
zaista to preneli na viši nivo.
02:49
Our desire and ability
to share and collaborate
to share and collaborate
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Naša želja i sposobnost
da delimo i sarađujemo
da delimo i sarađujemo
02:52
has been a huge part of our success story.
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predstavljala je veliki deo
priče o našem uspehu.
priče o našem uspehu.
02:55
Our modern world is based on a global
network of information exchange
network of information exchange
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Naš savremeni svet se zasniva
na globalnoj mreži razmene informacija
na globalnoj mreži razmene informacija
03:00
made possible, in large part,
by our ability to communicate --
by our ability to communicate --
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koju omogućava, većim delom,
naša sposobnost da komuniciramo,
naša sposobnost da komuniciramo,
03:04
in particular, using graphic
or written forms of communication.
or written forms of communication.
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a naročito koristeći
grafičke ili pismene oblike komunikacije.
grafičke ili pismene oblike komunikacije.
03:08
The thing is, though,
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Međutim, stvar je u tome
03:09
that we've been building
on the mental achievements
on the mental achievements
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da smo gradili na mentalnim postignućima
03:12
of those that came before us for so long
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onih koji su bili tu toliko davno pre nas
03:15
that it's easy to forget that certain
abilities haven't already existed.
abilities haven't already existed.
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da je lako zaboraviti
da izvesne sposobnosti nisu već postojale.
da izvesne sposobnosti nisu već postojale.
03:20
It's one of the things
I find most fascinating
I find most fascinating
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To je jedna od stvari
koje smatram fascinantnim
koje smatram fascinantnim
03:23
about studying our deep history.
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u vezi sa izučavanjem
naše daleke istorije.
naše daleke istorije.
03:25
Those people didn't have the shoulders
of any giants to stand on.
of any giants to stand on.
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Ti ljudi nisu imali velikane
da se oslone na njih.
da se oslone na njih.
03:29
They were the original shoulders.
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Oni su bili prvobitni velikani.
03:32
And while a surprising number
of important inventions
of important inventions
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Mada je iznenađujuć broj
važnih pronalazaka
važnih pronalazaka
03:35
come out of that distant time,
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potekao iz tog udaljenog vremena,
03:37
what I want to talk to you about today
is the invention of graphic communication.
is the invention of graphic communication.
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danas želim da vam govorim
o pronalasku grafičke komunikacije.
o pronalasku grafičke komunikacije.
03:42
There are three
main types of communication,
main types of communication,
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Postoje tri glavna tipa komunikacije:
03:44
spoken, gestural --
so things like sign language --
so things like sign language --
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govorna, gestovna -
kao što je znakovni jezik -
kao što je znakovni jezik -
03:48
and graphic communication.
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i grafička komunikacija.
03:50
Spoken and gestural are
by their very nature ephemeral.
by their very nature ephemeral.
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Govorna i gestovna
su kratkotrajne po svojoj prirodi.
su kratkotrajne po svojoj prirodi.
03:54
It requires close contact
for a message to be sent and received.
for a message to be sent and received.
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Potreban je bliski kontakt
da bi poruka bila poslata i primljena,
da bi poruka bila poslata i primljena,
03:58
And after the moment
of transmission, it's gone forever.
of transmission, it's gone forever.
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a nakon trenutka prenošenja,
zauvek nestaje.
zauvek nestaje.
04:02
Graphic communication, on the other hand,
decouples that relationship.
decouples that relationship.
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Grafička komunikacija,
sa druge strane, raskida tu vezu.
sa druge strane, raskida tu vezu.
04:06
And with its invention,
it became possible for the first time
it became possible for the first time
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Sa njenim otkrićem,
prvi put je postalo moguće
prvi put je postalo moguće
04:10
for a message to be
transmitted and preserved
transmitted and preserved
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da se poruka pošalje i sačuva
04:13
beyond a single moment in place and time.
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izvan određenog momenta
u prostoru i vremenu.
u prostoru i vremenu.
Evropa je jedno od prvih mesta
na kojima počinjemo da viđamo
na kojima počinjemo da viđamo
04:16
Europe is one of the first places
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04:18
that we start to see graphic marks
regularly appearing
regularly appearing
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da se redovno javljaju grafičke oznake
04:21
in caves, rock shelters
and even a few surviving open-air sites.
and even a few surviving open-air sites.
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u pećinama, potkapinama,
čak i na nekoliko opstalih nalazišta
na otvorenom.
na otvorenom.
04:26
But this is not the Europe we know today.
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Međutim, to nije Evropa
kakvom je danas poznajemo.
kakvom je danas poznajemo.
04:28
This was a world dominated
by towering ice sheets,
by towering ice sheets,
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To je bio svet kojim su dominirale
uzdignute ledene površine,
uzdignute ledene površine,
04:31
three to four kilometers high,
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tri do četiri kilometra visoke,
04:33
with sweeping grass plains
and frozen tundra.
and frozen tundra.
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sa prostranim travnatim ravnicama
i zamrznutom tundrom.
i zamrznutom tundrom.
04:37
This was the Ice Age.
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To je bilo ledeno doba.
U toku proteklog veka,
04:40
Over the last century,
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04:41
more than 350 Ice Age rock art sites
have been found across the continent,
have been found across the continent,
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više od 350 nalazišta iz ledenog doba
sa umetnošću u kamenu
sa umetnošću u kamenu
otkriveno je širom kontinenta,
04:46
decorated with animals, abstract shapes
and even the occasional human
and even the occasional human
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ukrašenih životinjama,
apstraktnim oblicima, i ponekim čovekom,
apstraktnim oblicima, i ponekim čovekom,
04:51
like these engraved figures
from Grotta dell'Addaura in Sicily.
from Grotta dell'Addaura in Sicily.
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poput ovih urezanih figura
iz pećine Adaura u Siciliji.
iz pećine Adaura u Siciliji.
04:54
They provide us with a rare glimpse
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One nam pružaju redak pogled
04:56
into the creative world and imagination
of these early artists.
of these early artists.
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na kreativni svet i maštu
ovih prvih umetnika.
ovih prvih umetnika.
Od njihovog otkrića,
05:01
Since their discovery,
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05:03
it's been the animals that have received
the majority of the study
the majority of the study
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većinom su bile izučavane životinje,
poput ovog crnog konja
iz pećine Kuljalvera u Španiji
iz pećine Kuljalvera u Španiji
05:07
like this black horse
from Cullalvera in Spain,
from Cullalvera in Spain,
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ili ovog neobičnog ljubičastog bizona
iz pećine La Pasiega.
iz pećine La Pasiega.
05:10
or this unusual purple bison
from La Pasiega.
from La Pasiega.
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05:14
But for me, it was the abstract shapes,
what we call geometric signs,
what we call geometric signs,
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Međutim, kod mene, apstraktni oblici,
ono što nazivamo geometrijskim znacima,
ono što nazivamo geometrijskim znacima,
05:20
that drew me to study the art.
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privukli su me izučavanju umetnosti.
05:23
The funny this is that at most sites
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Zanimljivo je da su na većini nalazišta
05:25
the geometric signs far outnumber
the animal and human images.
the animal and human images.
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geometrijski znaci daleko brojniji
od slika životinja i ljudi.
od slika životinja i ljudi.
Kada sam počela sa ovim 2007. godine,
05:30
But when I started on this back in 2007,
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nije bilo ni konačnog spiska
koliko oblika tamo postoji,
koliko oblika tamo postoji,
05:33
there wasn't even a definitive list
of how many shapes there were,
of how many shapes there were,
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05:37
nor was there a strong sense
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niti je bilo jakog mišljenja
05:38
of whether the same ones
appeared across space or time.
appeared across space or time.
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o tome da li su se jedni isti javljali
u prostoru i vremenu.
u prostoru i vremenu.
05:44
Before I could even
get started on my questions,
get started on my questions,
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Pre nego što sam mogla
da počnem sa svojim pitanjima,
da počnem sa svojim pitanjima,
moj prvi korak bio je
da sastavim bazu podataka
da sastavim bazu podataka
05:47
my first step was to compile a database
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05:49
of all known geometric signs
from all of the rock art sites.
from all of the rock art sites.
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svih poznatih geometrijskih znakova
sa svih nalazišta sa umetnošću u kamenu.
sa svih nalazišta sa umetnošću u kamenu.
05:53
The problem was that while they were
well documented at some sites,
well documented at some sites,
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Problem je bio to što, dok su bili
dobro dokumentovani na nekim nalazištima,
dobro dokumentovani na nekim nalazištima,
05:56
usually the ones
with the very nice animals,
with the very nice animals,
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obično na onima sa vrlo lepim životinjama,
05:59
there was also a large number of them
where it was very vague --
where it was very vague --
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postojao je i veliki broj
onih gde je to bilo vrlo nejasno -
onih gde je to bilo vrlo nejasno -
06:02
there wasn't a lot
of description or detail.
of description or detail.
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nije bilo mnogo opisa i detalja.
06:05
Some of them hadn't been visited
in half a century or more.
in half a century or more.
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Neke od njih niko nije posetio
pola veka ili više.
pola veka ili više.
06:08
These were the ones
that I targeted for my field work.
that I targeted for my field work.
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To su bile one koje sam izabrala
za svoj terenski rad.
za svoj terenski rad.
Tokom dve godine,
06:11
Over the course of two years,
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moj verni muž Dilan i ja proveli smo
po 300 sati pod zemljom
po 300 sati pod zemljom
06:13
my faithful husband Dylan and I
each spent over 300 hours underground,
each spent over 300 hours underground,
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06:19
hiking, crawling and wriggling
around 52 sites
around 52 sites
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u pešačenju, puzanju i provlačenju
kroz oko 52 nalazišta
kroz oko 52 nalazišta
06:23
in France, Spain, Portugal and Sicily.
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u Francuskoj, Španiji,
Portugalu i Siciliji.
Portugalu i Siciliji.
06:26
And it was totally worth it.
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Potpuno je bilo vredno toga.
06:27
We found new, undocumented geometric signs
at 75 percent of the sites we visited.
at 75 percent of the sites we visited.
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Pronašli smo nove,
nedokumentovane geometrijske znake
nedokumentovane geometrijske znake
na 75 odsto lokacija koje smo posetili.
To je nivo preciznosti
za koji sam sam znala da će mi trebati
za koji sam sam znala da će mi trebati
06:34
This is the level of accuracy
I knew I was going to need
I knew I was going to need
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06:37
if I wanted to start answering
those larger questions.
those larger questions.
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ako hoću da počnem da odgovaram
na ta veća pitanja.
na ta veća pitanja.
06:40
So let's get to those answers.
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Pa, hajde da dođemo do tih odgovora.
06:43
Barring a handful of outliers,
there are only 32 geometric signs.
there are only 32 geometric signs.
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Izuzev nekoliko odstupanja,
postoje samo 32 geometrijska znaka.
postoje samo 32 geometrijska znaka.
Samo 32 znaka
06:47
Only 32 signs
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06:49
across a 30,000-year time span
and the entire continent of Europe.
and the entire continent of Europe.
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u toku perioda od 30 000 godina
i na celom kontinentu Evrope.
i na celom kontinentu Evrope.
To je veoma mali broj.
06:55
That is a very small number.
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06:58
Now, if these were random
doodles or decorations,
doodles or decorations,
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Da su to nasumične
žvrljotine ili ukrašavanja,
žvrljotine ili ukrašavanja,
07:00
we would expect to see
a lot more variation,
a lot more variation,
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očekivali bismo da vidimo
mnogo više varijacija,
mnogo više varijacija,
07:03
but instead what we find
are the same signs
are the same signs
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ali umesto toga pronalazimo iste znake
07:05
repeating across both space and time.
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koji se ponavljaju
i u prostoru i u vremenu.
i u prostoru i u vremenu.
07:08
Some signs start out strong,
before losing popularity and vanishing,
before losing popularity and vanishing,
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Neki znaci počinju kao jaki,
pre nego što izgube popularnost i iščeznu,
pre nego što izgube popularnost i iščeznu,
07:12
while other signs are later inventions.
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dok su drugi znaci kasniji izumi.
07:15
But 65 percent of those signs stayed
in use during that entire time period --
in use during that entire time period --
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Ipak, 65 posto tih znakova ostalo je
u upotrebi tokom čitavog tog perioda -
u upotrebi tokom čitavog tog perioda -
07:20
things like lines, rectangles
triangles, ovals and circles
triangles, ovals and circles
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poput linija, pravougaonika,
trouglova, elipsi i krugova
trouglova, elipsi i krugova
poput ovih koje vidimo ovde
s kraja ledenog doba,
s kraja ledenog doba,
07:25
like we see here
from the end of the Ice Age,
from the end of the Ice Age,
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07:27
at a 10,000-year-old site
high in the Pyrenees Mountains.
high in the Pyrenees Mountains.
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na nalazištu starom 10 000 godina
visoko u Pirinejskim planinama.
visoko u Pirinejskim planinama.
07:31
And while certain signs
span thousands of kilometers,
span thousands of kilometers,
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I dok se izvesni znaci
prostiru hiljadama kilometara,
prostiru hiljadama kilometara,
07:34
other signs had much more
restricted distribution patterns,
restricted distribution patterns,
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drugi znaci su imali
mnogo ograničenije obrasce raspodele,
mnogo ograničenije obrasce raspodele,
od kojih su neki ograničeni
na jednu teritoriju,
na jednu teritoriju,
07:37
with some being limited
to a single territory,
to a single territory,
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kao što vidimo ovde
sa ovim podeljenim pravougaonicima
sa ovim podeljenim pravougaonicima
07:39
like we see here
with these divided rectangles
with these divided rectangles
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07:42
that are only found in northern Spain,
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koji su pronađeni samo u severnoj Španiji
07:44
and which some researchers have speculated
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i o kojima su neki istraživači nagađali
07:46
could be some sort
of family or clan signs.
of family or clan signs.
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da bi mogli biti neka vrsta
porodičnih ili plemenskih znakova.
porodičnih ili plemenskih znakova.
Uzgred,
07:49
On a side note,
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postoji iznenađujuć stepen sličnosti
najstarijih umetničkih dela u kamenu
najstarijih umetničkih dela u kamenu
07:51
there is surprising degree
of similarity in the earliest rock art
of similarity in the earliest rock art
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07:54
found all the way from France and Spain
to Indonesia and Australia.
to Indonesia and Australia.
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pronađenih od Francuske i Španije
do Indonezije i Australije.
do Indonezije i Australije.
07:59
With many of the same signs
appearing in such far-flung places,
appearing in such far-flung places,
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S obzirom na to da se mnogo istih znakova
javlja na tako udaljenim mestima,
javlja na tako udaljenim mestima,
08:03
especially in that 30,000
to 40,000-year range,
to 40,000-year range,
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naročito u tom opsegu
od 30 000 do 40 000 godina,
od 30 000 do 40 000 godina,
08:06
it's starting to seem increasingly likely
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počinje da izgleda sve verovatnije
08:09
that this invention actually traces back
to a common point of origin in Africa.
to a common point of origin in Africa.
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da tragovi ovog pronalaska zapravo vode
do zajedničkog porekla u Africi.
do zajedničkog porekla u Africi.
Međutim, bojim se da je to tema
za neke buduće priče.
za neke buduće priče.
08:14
But that I'm afraid,
is a subject for a future talk.
is a subject for a future talk.
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08:17
So back to the matter at hand.
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Vratimo se temi na kojoj smo.
08:18
There could be no doubt that these signs
were meaningful to their creators,
were meaningful to their creators,
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Nema sumnje da su ovi znakovi
imali smisla za svoje stvaraoce,
imali smisla za svoje stvaraoce,
kao što su ove skulpture
u plitkom reljefu, stare 25 000 godina,
u plitkom reljefu, stare 25 000 godina,
08:22
like these 25,000-year-old
bas-relief sculptures
bas-relief sculptures
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iz La Rok de Venask u Francuskoj.
08:25
from La Roque de Venasque in France.
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08:28
We might not know what they meant,
but the people of the time certainly did.
but the people of the time certainly did.
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Mi možda ne znamo šta su značile,
ali ljudi tog vremena svakako jesu.
ali ljudi tog vremena svakako jesu.
08:33
The repetition of the same signs,
for so long, and at so many sites
for so long, and at so many sites
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Ponavljanje istih znakova,
toliko dugo i na toliko mesta
toliko dugo i na toliko mesta
08:39
tells us that the artists
were making intentional choices.
were making intentional choices.
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govori nam da su umetnici
namerno vršili odabir.
namerno vršili odabir.
08:43
If we're talking about geometric shapes,
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Kada se radi o geometrijskim oblicima
sa specifičnim,
sa specifičnim,
08:46
with specific, culturally recognized,
agreed-upon meanings,
agreed-upon meanings,
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u kulturi prepoznatljivim značenjima
oko kojih postoji saglasnost,
oko kojih postoji saglasnost,
08:50
than we could very well be looking
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vrlo je moguće da gledamo
08:52
at one of the oldest systems
of graphic communication in the world.
of graphic communication in the world.
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u jedan od najstarijih sistema
grafičke komunikacije na svetu.
grafičke komunikacije na svetu.
08:57
I'm not talking about writing yet.
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Ne govorim još uvek o pisanju.
Jednostavno u ovom trenutku
još nema dovoljno znakova
još nema dovoljno znakova
08:59
There's just not enough
characters at this point
characters at this point
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09:01
to have represented all of the words
in the spoken language,
in the spoken language,
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koji bi predstavljali sve reči
govornog jezika,
govornog jezika,
a to je uslov za celoviti sistem pisanja,
09:04
something which is a requirement
for a full writing system.
for a full writing system.
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niti viđamo da se znaci
dovoljno redovno ponavljaju
dovoljno redovno ponavljaju
09:07
Nor do we see the signs
repeating regularly enough
repeating regularly enough
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09:09
to suggest that they were
some sort of alphabet.
some sort of alphabet.
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da bismo utvrdili
da su bili neka vrsta alfabeta.
da su bili neka vrsta alfabeta.
09:12
But what we do have
are some intriguing one-offs,
are some intriguing one-offs,
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Međutim, imamo neke intrigantne
jedinstvene primerke,
jedinstvene primerke,
09:15
like this panel from La Pasiega in Spain,
known as "The Inscription,"
known as "The Inscription,"
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poput ovog prikaza iz La Pasiege u Španiji
poznatog kao „Zapis“,
poznatog kao „Zapis“,
09:19
with its symmetrical markings on the left,
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sa simetričnim obeležjima na levoj strani,
09:22
possible stylized representations
of hands in the middle,
of hands in the middle,
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mogućim stilizovanim prikazom
ruku u sredini
ruku u sredini
09:25
and what looks a bit
like a bracket on the right.
like a bracket on the right.
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i nečim što pomalo izgleda
kao zagrada desno.
kao zagrada desno.
09:29
The oldest systems of graphic
communication in the world --
communication in the world --
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Najstariji sistemi
grafičke komunikacije na svetu -
grafičke komunikacije na svetu -
09:31
Sumerian cuneiform, Egyptian hieroglyphs,
the earliest Chinese script,
the earliest Chinese script,
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sumersko klinasto pismo,
egipatski hijeroglifi,
egipatski hijeroglifi,
najstarije kinesko pismo -
09:36
all emerged between 4,000
and 5,000 years ago,
and 5,000 years ago,
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pojavili su se pre 4 000 do 5 000 godina,
09:40
with each coming into existence
from an earlier protosystem
from an earlier protosystem
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pri čemu je svaki proizašao
iz prethodnog protosistema
iz prethodnog protosistema
09:43
made up of counting marks
and pictographic representations,
and pictographic representations,
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sačinjenog od brojanja znakova
i piktografskih predstavljanja,
i piktografskih predstavljanja,
09:47
where the meaning
and the image were the same.
and the image were the same.
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gde su značenje i slika bili isto.
09:49
So a picture of a bird would really
have represented that animal.
have represented that animal.
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Dakle, slika ptice
bi zaista predstavljala tu životinju.
bi zaista predstavljala tu životinju.
09:53
It's only later that we start to see
these pictographs become more stylized,
these pictographs become more stylized,
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Tek kasnije počinjemo da vidimo
kako piktogrami postaju stilizovaniji,
kako piktogrami postaju stilizovaniji,
09:58
until they almost become unrecognizable
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sve dok nisu postali
gotovo neprepoznatljivi
gotovo neprepoznatljivi
10:01
and that we also start to see
more symbols being invented
more symbols being invented
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i počinjemo da vidimo
da je izmišljeno više simbola
da je izmišljeno više simbola
10:04
to represent all those other
missing words in language --
missing words in language --
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da bi predstavljali
sve druge reči jezika koje nedostaju -
sve druge reči jezika koje nedostaju -
kao što su zamenice, prilozi, pridevi.
10:06
things like pronouns, adverbs, adjectives.
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10:10
So knowing all this,
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Znajući sve ovo, izgleda malo verovatno
10:11
it seems highly unlikely that
the geometric signs from Ice Age Europe
the geometric signs from Ice Age Europe
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da su geometrijski znaci iz Evrope
u vreme ledenog doba
u vreme ledenog doba
10:15
were truly abstract written characters.
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zaista bili apstraktni pisani znakovi.
10:18
Instead, what's much more likely
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Umesto toga, mnogo je verovatnije
10:20
is that these early artists
were also making counting marks,
were also making counting marks,
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da su ovi rani umetnici
ostavljali oznake brojanja,
ostavljali oznake brojanja,
10:24
maybe like this row of lines
from Riparo di Za Minic in Sicily,
from Riparo di Za Minic in Sicily,
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možda kao što je ovaj red linija
iz Riparo di Zaminike na Siciliji,
iz Riparo di Zaminike na Siciliji,
10:28
as well as creating
stylized representations
stylized representations
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pored stvaranja stilizovanih predstava
10:31
of things from the world around them.
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stvari iz sveta oko njih.
Da li bi neki od znakova
mogli biti oružje ili sklonište?
mogli biti oružje ili sklonište?
10:33
Could some of the signs
be weaponry or housing?
be weaponry or housing?
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10:36
Or what about celestial objects
like star constellations?
like star constellations?
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A šta je nebeskim telima
kao što su sazvežđa zvezda?
kao što su sazvežđa zvezda?
10:40
Or maybe even rivers, mountains,
trees -- landscape features,
trees -- landscape features,
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Možda čak mogu predstavljati reke,
planine, drveća - odlike predela,
planine, drveća - odlike predela,
10:45
possibly like this black penniform
surrounded by strange bell-shaped signs
surrounded by strange bell-shaped signs
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možda kao ovaj crni peniform
okružen čudnim znacima u obliku zvona
okružen čudnim znacima u obliku zvona
10:49
from the site of El Castillo in Spain.
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sa nalazišta El Kastiljo u Španiji.
10:52
The term penniform
means "feather-shaped" in Latin,
means "feather-shaped" in Latin,
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Termin „peniform“ znači
„u obliku pera“ na latinskom,
„u obliku pera“ na latinskom,
10:55
but could this actually be
a depiction of a plant or a tree?
a depiction of a plant or a tree?
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ali da li bi ovo zapravo mogao biti
prikaz biljke ili drveta?
prikaz biljke ili drveta?
10:59
Some researchers have begun
to ask these questions
to ask these questions
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Neki istraživači su počeli
da postavljaju ova pitanja
da postavljaju ova pitanja
11:02
about certain signs at specific sites,
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o određenim znacima na određenim mestima,
11:05
but I believe the time has come
to revisit this category as a whole.
to revisit this category as a whole.
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ali mislim da je došlo vreme
da se iznova razmotri cela ova kategorija.
da se iznova razmotri cela ova kategorija.
11:10
The irony in all of this, of course,
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Ironija u svemu ovome je, naravno,
11:12
is that having just carefully classified
all of the signs into a single category,
all of the signs into a single category,
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što odmah po brižljivom klasifikovanju
svih znakova u jednu kategoriju,
svih znakova u jednu kategoriju,
imam osećaj da će moj sledeći korak
biti njeno ponovno razbijanje
biti njeno ponovno razbijanje
11:16
I have a feeling that my next step
will involve breaking it back apart
will involve breaking it back apart
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11:20
as different types of imagery
are identified and separated off.
are identified and separated off.
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jer su različiti tipovi slika
identifikovani i odvojeni.
identifikovani i odvojeni.
Nemojte me pogrešno shvatiti;
11:24
Now don't get me wrong,
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11:25
the later creation
of fully developed writing
of fully developed writing
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kasnije stvaranje potpuno razvijenog pisma
11:28
was an impressive feat in its own right.
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bio je impresivno postignuće samo po sebi.
Ipak, važno je upamtiti
11:30
But it's important to remember
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da ti rani sistemi pisanja
nisu proizašli iz vakuuma,
nisu proizašli iz vakuuma,
11:32
that those early writing systems
didn't come out of a vacuum.
didn't come out of a vacuum.
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i da su, čak i pre 5 000 godina,
11:35
And that even 5,000 years ago,
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ljudi već gradili
na nečemu mnogo starijem,
na nečemu mnogo starijem,
11:37
people were already building
on something much older,
on something much older,
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sa korenima koji sežu
desetinama hiljada godina unazad -
desetinama hiljada godina unazad -
11:41
with its origins stretching back
tens of thousands of years --
tens of thousands of years --
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11:44
to the geometric signs
of Ice Age Europe and far beyond,
of Ice Age Europe and far beyond,
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do geometrijskih znakova iz Evrope
u vreme ledenog doba i pre toga,
u vreme ledenog doba i pre toga,
11:49
to that point, deep
in our collective history,
in our collective history,
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do tog trenutka,
duboko u našoj kolektivnoj istoriji,
duboko u našoj kolektivnoj istoriji,
11:52
when someone first came up with the idea
of making a graphic mark,
of making a graphic mark,
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kada je neko prvi put došao na ideju
pravljenja grafičke oznake
pravljenja grafičke oznake
11:56
and forever changed the nature
of how we communicate.
of how we communicate.
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i zauvek izmenio prirodu
načina na koji komuniciramo.
načina na koji komuniciramo.
11:59
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
(Aplauz)
12:00
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Genevieve von Petzinger - Paleoanthropologist and rock art researcherGenevieve von Petzinger studies the geometric signs found in early European Ice Age rock art sites.
Why you should listen
Genevieve von Petzinger is a Canadian paleoanthropologist and rock art researcher finishing up her doctorate at the University of Victoria. She studies some of the oldest art in the world -- Ice Age cave art created by early humans in Europe between 10,000 and 40,000 years ago.
Genevieve's specific focus is on the geometric signs found at many of these sites, and she's interested in how these images can help us to better understand human cognitive evolution as well as track ancient patterns of migration and explore the origins of symbolism and graphic communication. Her research has been featured both nationally and internationally in print, radio and television. In 2013, Genevieve was selected as a TED Senior Fellow.
Genevieve has a book about her latest research and this fascinating period in our human history coming out from Atria Books, an imprint of Simon & Schuster, Inc., in May 2016.
Genevieve von Petzinger | Speaker | TED.com