TED Fellows Retreat 2015
Genevieve von Petzinger: Why are these 32 symbols found in ancient caves all over Europe?
Genevieve von Petzinger: Zašto su ova 32 simbola pronađena u drevnim špiljama diljem Europe ?
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Pisani jezik, pečat ljudske civilizacije, nije se jednog dana samo iznenada pojavio. Tisuće godina prije prvih posve razvijenih sustava pisanja, naši su preci škrabali geometrijske oznake preko zidova pećina u koje su se sklanjali. Paleoantopologinja, istražiteljica kamene umjetnost i TED Senior Fellow, Genevieve von Petzinger istražila je i popisala takve drevne oznake u špiljama diljem Europe. Jedinstvenost njezinih nalaza upućuju na to da grafička komunikacija i sposobnost za očuvanje i prijenos poruke izvan jednog trenutka u vremenu može biti mnogo stariji nego što mislimo.
Genevieve von Petzinger - Paleoanthropologist and rock art researcher
Genevieve von Petzinger studies the geometric signs found in early European Ice Age rock art sites. Full bio
Genevieve von Petzinger studies the geometric signs found in early European Ice Age rock art sites. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
There's something about caves --
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Ima nečeg o špiljama --
00:16
a shadowy opening in a limestone
cliff that draws you in.
cliff that draws you in.
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sjenoviti otvor u vapnenačkoj litici
koji vas uvlači u sebe.
koji vas uvlači u sebe.
00:21
As you pass through the portal
between light and dark,
between light and dark,
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Dok prolazite kroz portal
između svjetla i tame,
između svjetla i tame,
00:25
you enter a subterranean world --
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ulazite u podzemni svijet --
00:28
a place of perpetual gloom,
of earthy smells, of hushed silence.
of earthy smells, of hushed silence.
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mjesto trajno sumorno,
zemljanih mirisa i utihnutog muka.
zemljanih mirisa i utihnutog muka.
00:34
Long ago in Europe,
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Nekad davno u Europi,
00:36
ancient people also entered
these underground worlds.
these underground worlds.
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drevni su ljudi također ulazili
u te podzemne svjetove.
u te podzemne svjetove.
00:39
As witness to their passage,
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Kao svjedočanstvo njihovog prolaska,
00:41
they left behind mysterious
engravings and paintings,
engravings and paintings,
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ostavili su za sobom
tajanstvene ureze i slike,
tajanstvene ureze i slike,
00:44
like this panel of humans, triangles
and zigzags from Ojo Guareña in Spain.
and zigzags from Ojo Guareña in Spain.
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poput ove ploče ljudi, trokuta
i cik-cakova iz Ojo Guareñe u Španjolskoj.
i cik-cakova iz Ojo Guareñe u Španjolskoj.
00:52
You now walk the same path
as these early artists.
as these early artists.
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Sad hodate istim putem
kao i ti rani umjetnici.
kao i ti rani umjetnici.
00:55
And in this surreal, otherworldly place,
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A u ovom nestvarnom, vanzemaljskom mjestu,
00:58
it's almost possible to imagine
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gotovo je moguće zamisliti
01:00
that you hear the muffled footfall
of skin boots on soft earth,
of skin boots on soft earth,
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kako čujete prigušen odjek koraka
kožnih čizama po mekoj zemlji,
kožnih čizama po mekoj zemlji,
01:05
or that you see the flickering of a torch
around the next bend.
around the next bend.
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ili kako vidite treptaj baklje
iza slijedeće krivine.
iza slijedeće krivine.
01:09
When I'm in a cave,
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Kad sam u špilji,
01:11
I often find myself wondering
what drove these people to go so deep
what drove these people to go so deep
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često se nađem u čudu
što je navelo te ljude ići toliko duboko
što je navelo te ljude ići toliko duboko
01:17
to brave dangerous and narrow
passageways to leave their mark?
passageways to leave their mark?
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probijati se kroz opasne i uske
prolaze kako bi ostavili svoj trag?
prolaze kako bi ostavili svoj trag?
01:20
In this video clip,
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U ovom video klipu,
01:22
that was shot half a kilometer,
or about a third of a mile, underground,
or about a third of a mile, underground,
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koji je snimljen pola kilometra,
ili oko trećinu milje, ispod zemlje,
ili oko trećinu milje, ispod zemlje,
01:25
in the cave of Cudon in Spain,
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u špilji Cudon u Španjolskoj,
01:27
we found a series
of red paintings on a ceiling
of red paintings on a ceiling
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našli smo serije
crvenih slika na stropu
crvenih slika na stropu
01:30
in a previously unexplored
section of the cave.
section of the cave.
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u prethodno
neistraženom djelu špilje.
neistraženom djelu špilje.
01:33
As we crawled forward, military-style,
with the ceiling getting ever lower,
with the ceiling getting ever lower,
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Kako smo puzali naprijed, kao u vojsci,
sa stropom koji se stalno spuštao,
sa stropom koji se stalno spuštao,
01:37
we finally got to a point
where the ceiling was so low
where the ceiling was so low
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konačno smo stigli do točke
gdje je strop bio toliko nizak
gdje je strop bio toliko nizak
01:41
that my husband
and project photographer, Dylan,
and project photographer, Dylan,
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da moj suprug
i fotograf projekta, Dylan,
i fotograf projekta, Dylan,
01:43
could no longer achieve focus
on the ceiling with his DSLR camera.
on the ceiling with his DSLR camera.
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više nije mogao dobijati fokus
na stropu sa svojim DSLR fotoaparatom.
na stropu sa svojim DSLR fotoaparatom.
01:47
So while he filmed me,
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Pa dok me snimao,
01:49
I kept following the trail of red paint
with a single light
with a single light
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nastavila sam slijediti
trag crvene boje sa lampicom
trag crvene boje sa lampicom
01:52
and a point-and-shoot camera
that we kept for that type of occasion.
that we kept for that type of occasion.
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i jednostavnim fotoaparatom
koji smo imali za ovakav slučaj.
koji smo imali za ovakav slučaj.
01:57
Half a kilometer underground.
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Pola kilometra pod zemljom.
02:00
Seriously.
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Ozbiljno.
02:01
What was somebody doing down there
with a torch or a stone lamp?
with a torch or a stone lamp?
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Što je netko radio tamo dolje
sa bakljom ili kamenom svjetiljkom?
sa bakljom ili kamenom svjetiljkom?
02:04
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:06
I mean -- me, it makes sense, right?
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Mislim -- ja, ima smisla, jel tako?
02:08
But you know,
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Ali znate,
02:09
this is the kind of question that
I'm trying to answer with my research.
I'm trying to answer with my research.
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ovo je vrsta pitanja koja
pokušavam odgovoriti sa svojim istraživanjem.
pokušavam odgovoriti sa svojim istraživanjem.
02:13
I study some of the oldest
art in the world.
art in the world.
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Proučavam neku od
najstarije umjetnosti na svijetu.
najstarije umjetnosti na svijetu.
02:16
It was created by these
early artists in Europe,
early artists in Europe,
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Bila je stvorena od tih
ranih umjetnika u Europi,
ranih umjetnika u Europi,
02:18
between 10,000 and 40,000 years ago.
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prije između 10.000 i 40.000 godina.
02:23
And the thing is
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A stvar je u tome
02:24
that I'm not just studying it
because it's beautiful,
because it's beautiful,
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što ju ne proučavam
samo zato što je lijepa,
samo zato što je lijepa,
02:27
though some of it certainly is.
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iako dio nje sigurno jest.
02:29
But what I'm interested in
is the development of the modern mind,
is the development of the modern mind,
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Ali ono šte mene zanima
je razvitak modernog uma,
je razvitak modernog uma,
02:33
of the evolution of creativity,
of imagination, of abstract thought,
of imagination, of abstract thought,
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razvoj stvaralaštva,
mašte, apstraktne misli,
mašte, apstraktne misli,
02:38
about what it means to be human.
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o tome što znači biti čovjek.
02:43
While all species communicate
in one way or another,
in one way or another,
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Dok sve vrste komuniciraju
na jedan ili drugi način,
na jedan ili drugi način,
02:46
only we humans have really
taken it to another level.
taken it to another level.
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samo smo mi ljudi zbilja
to doveli na drugu razinu.
to doveli na drugu razinu.
02:49
Our desire and ability
to share and collaborate
to share and collaborate
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Naša želja i sposobnost
dijeliti i surađivati
dijeliti i surađivati
02:52
has been a huge part of our success story.
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je bila ogroman dio priče o našem uspjehu.
02:55
Our modern world is based on a global
network of information exchange
network of information exchange
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Naš moderan svijet se temelji
na globalnoj mreži za razmjenu informacija
na globalnoj mreži za razmjenu informacija
03:00
made possible, in large part,
by our ability to communicate --
by our ability to communicate --
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koja je moguća, velikim djelom,
radi naše sposobnosti da komuniciramo --
radi naše sposobnosti da komuniciramo --
03:04
in particular, using graphic
or written forms of communication.
or written forms of communication.
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Osobito, koristeći slikovne
ili pisane oblike komunikacije.
ili pisane oblike komunikacije.
03:08
The thing is, though,
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Stvar je, ipak,
03:09
that we've been building
on the mental achievements
on the mental achievements
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kako smo mi gradili
na mentalnim dostignućima
na mentalnim dostignućima
03:12
of those that came before us for so long
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onih koji su došli prije nas tako dugo
03:15
that it's easy to forget that certain
abilities haven't already existed.
abilities haven't already existed.
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da je lako zaboraviti kako neke
sposobnosti nisu već postojale.
sposobnosti nisu već postojale.
03:20
It's one of the things
I find most fascinating
I find most fascinating
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To je jedna od stvari
koje nalazim najviše očaravajućim
koje nalazim najviše očaravajućim
03:23
about studying our deep history.
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u proučavanju duboke povijesti.
03:25
Those people didn't have the shoulders
of any giants to stand on.
of any giants to stand on.
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Ti ljudi nisu imali ramena
nikakvih divova na kojima bi stajali.
nikakvih divova na kojima bi stajali.
03:29
They were the original shoulders.
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Oni su bili originalna ramena.
03:32
And while a surprising number
of important inventions
of important inventions
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I dok iznenađujuć broj
važnih izuma
važnih izuma
03:35
come out of that distant time,
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dolazi iz tog dalekog vremena,
03:37
what I want to talk to you about today
is the invention of graphic communication.
is the invention of graphic communication.
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ono o čemu vam danas želim pričati
je izum grafičke komunikacije.
je izum grafičke komunikacije.
03:42
There are three
main types of communication,
main types of communication,
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Tri su glavna tipa komunikacije,
03:44
spoken, gestural --
so things like sign language --
so things like sign language --
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govorna, gestualna --
dakle stvari poput jezika znakova --
dakle stvari poput jezika znakova --
03:48
and graphic communication.
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te grafička komunikacija.
03:50
Spoken and gestural are
by their very nature ephemeral.
by their very nature ephemeral.
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govorna i gestualna je
po samoj svojoj prirodi prolazna.
po samoj svojoj prirodi prolazna.
03:54
It requires close contact
for a message to be sent and received.
for a message to be sent and received.
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Traži blizak kontakt
kako bi se poruka odaslala i primila.
kako bi se poruka odaslala i primila.
03:58
And after the moment
of transmission, it's gone forever.
of transmission, it's gone forever.
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Te je nakon trenutka prijenosa izgubljena zauvijek.
04:02
Graphic communication, on the other hand,
decouples that relationship.
decouples that relationship.
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Grafička komunikacija,
s druge strane, razdvaja taj odnos.
s druge strane, razdvaja taj odnos.
04:06
And with its invention,
it became possible for the first time
it became possible for the first time
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A njenim izumom,
po prvi je put postalo moguće
po prvi je put postalo moguće
04:10
for a message to be
transmitted and preserved
transmitted and preserved
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poruku prenijeti i sačuvati
04:13
beyond a single moment in place and time.
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onkraj pojedinog trenutka u prostoru i vremenu.
04:16
Europe is one of the first places
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Europa je jedno od prvih mjesta
04:18
that we start to see graphic marks
regularly appearing
regularly appearing
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gdje vidimo kako se
grafičke oznake redovito pojavljuju
grafičke oznake redovito pojavljuju
04:21
in caves, rock shelters
and even a few surviving open-air sites.
and even a few surviving open-air sites.
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u špiljama, stjenovitim zaklonima
te čak i u nekoliko preživjelih lokacija na otvorenom.
te čak i u nekoliko preživjelih lokacija na otvorenom.
04:26
But this is not the Europe we know today.
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Ali to nije Europa koju poznajemo danas.
04:28
This was a world dominated
by towering ice sheets,
by towering ice sheets,
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Ovo je bio svijet kojim je
vladao uzdignuti pokrivač leda,
vladao uzdignuti pokrivač leda,
04:31
three to four kilometers high,
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visok tri do četiri kilometra,
04:33
with sweeping grass plains
and frozen tundra.
and frozen tundra.
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sa brisanim travnatim ravnicama
i smrznutom tundrom.
i smrznutom tundrom.
04:37
This was the Ice Age.
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To je bilo ledeno doba.
04:40
Over the last century,
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Tijekom zadnjeg stoljeća,
04:41
more than 350 Ice Age rock art sites
have been found across the continent,
have been found across the continent,
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više je od 350 lokacija sa kamenom umjetnošću
ledenog doba pronađeno širom kontinenta,
ledenog doba pronađeno širom kontinenta,
04:46
decorated with animals, abstract shapes
and even the occasional human
and even the occasional human
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ukrašenih životinjama, apstraktnim oblicima
te čak i povremenim čovjekom
te čak i povremenim čovjekom
04:51
like these engraved figures
from Grotta dell'Addaura in Sicily.
from Grotta dell'Addaura in Sicily.
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kao ove urezane figure
iz Grotta dell'Addaura na Siciliji.
iz Grotta dell'Addaura na Siciliji.
04:54
They provide us with a rare glimpse
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One nam pružaju rijedak pogled
04:56
into the creative world and imagination
of these early artists.
of these early artists.
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u stvaralački svijet i maštu
tih ranih umjetnika.
tih ranih umjetnika.
05:01
Since their discovery,
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Od njihova otkrića,
05:03
it's been the animals that have received
the majority of the study
the majority of the study
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životinje su bile te kojima je
posvećena većina istraživanja
posvećena većina istraživanja
05:07
like this black horse
from Cullalvera in Spain,
from Cullalvera in Spain,
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poput ovog crnog konja
iz Cullalvere u Španjolskoj,
iz Cullalvere u Španjolskoj,
05:10
or this unusual purple bison
from La Pasiega.
from La Pasiega.
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ili ovog neuobičajenog ljubičastog bizona
iz La Pasiege.
iz La Pasiege.
05:14
But for me, it was the abstract shapes,
what we call geometric signs,
what we call geometric signs,
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Ali za mene, apstraktni su oblici,
koje zovemo geometrijski znaci,
koje zovemo geometrijski znaci,
05:20
that drew me to study the art.
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bili to što me privuklo istraživanju umjetnosti.
05:23
The funny this is that at most sites
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Zanimljiva je stvar što na većini lokacija
05:25
the geometric signs far outnumber
the animal and human images.
the animal and human images.
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geometrijski znaci daleko premašuju
slike ljudi i životinja.
slike ljudi i životinja.
05:30
But when I started on this back in 2007,
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Ali kad sam kretala sa ovime nazad u 2007.,
05:33
there wasn't even a definitive list
of how many shapes there were,
of how many shapes there were,
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čak nije bilo niti konačne liste
koliko oblika uopće postoji,
koliko oblika uopće postoji,
05:37
nor was there a strong sense
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niti je bilo jake svijesti
05:38
of whether the same ones
appeared across space or time.
appeared across space or time.
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o tome ponavljaju li se isti
širom vremena i prostora.
širom vremena i prostora.
05:44
Before I could even
get started on my questions,
get started on my questions,
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Prije nego sam uopće
mogla početi sa svojim pitanjima,
mogla početi sa svojim pitanjima,
05:47
my first step was to compile a database
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moj je prvi korak bio
sastaviti bazu podataka
sastaviti bazu podataka
05:49
of all known geometric signs
from all of the rock art sites.
from all of the rock art sites.
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svih znanih geometrijskih znakova
iz svih lokacija kamene umjetnosti.
iz svih lokacija kamene umjetnosti.
05:53
The problem was that while they were
well documented at some sites,
well documented at some sites,
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Problem je bio što dok su bili
dobro dokumentirani na nekim lokacijama ,
dobro dokumentirani na nekim lokacijama ,
05:56
usually the ones
with the very nice animals,
with the very nice animals,
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obično onima sa
vrlo lijepim životinjama,
vrlo lijepim životinjama,
05:59
there was also a large number of them
where it was very vague --
where it was very vague --
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također je bio velik broj
onih jako nejasnih --
onih jako nejasnih --
06:02
there wasn't a lot
of description or detail.
of description or detail.
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nije bilo puno
opisa ili detalja.
opisa ili detalja.
06:05
Some of them hadn't been visited
in half a century or more.
in half a century or more.
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Neki do njih nisu bili
posjećeni pola stoljeća ili dulje.
posjećeni pola stoljeća ili dulje.
06:08
These were the ones
that I targeted for my field work.
that I targeted for my field work.
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To su bili oni koje sam
ciljala za moj terenski rad.
ciljala za moj terenski rad.
06:11
Over the course of two years,
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Tijekom dvije godine,
06:13
my faithful husband Dylan and I
each spent over 300 hours underground,
each spent over 300 hours underground,
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moj smo vjerni muž Dylan i ja
proveli preko 300 sati u podzemlju,
proveli preko 300 sati u podzemlju,
06:19
hiking, crawling and wriggling
around 52 sites
around 52 sites
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hodajući, puzeći i migoljeći se
kroz 52 lokacije
kroz 52 lokacije
06:23
in France, Spain, Portugal and Sicily.
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u Francuskoj, Španjolskoj, Portugalu i Siciliji.
06:26
And it was totally worth it.
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I totalno se isplatilo.
06:27
We found new, undocumented geometric signs
at 75 percent of the sites we visited.
at 75 percent of the sites we visited.
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Našli smo nove, nedokumentirane geometrijske znakove
na 75 posto lokacija koje smo posjetili.
na 75 posto lokacija koje smo posjetili.
06:34
This is the level of accuracy
I knew I was going to need
I knew I was going to need
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To je razina točnosti
kakvu sam znala da ću trebati
kakvu sam znala da ću trebati
06:37
if I wanted to start answering
those larger questions.
those larger questions.
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ako sam željela
početi odgovarati ta veća pitanja.
početi odgovarati ta veća pitanja.
06:40
So let's get to those answers.
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Pa hajdemo do tih odgovora.
06:43
Barring a handful of outliers,
there are only 32 geometric signs.
there are only 32 geometric signs.
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osim nekolicine iznimaka,
ima samo 32 geometrijska znaka.
ima samo 32 geometrijska znaka.
06:47
Only 32 signs
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Samo 32 znaka
06:49
across a 30,000-year time span
and the entire continent of Europe.
and the entire continent of Europe.
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kroz raspon od 30.000 godina
i cijeli europski kontinent.
i cijeli europski kontinent.
06:55
That is a very small number.
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To je vrlo malen broj.
06:58
Now, if these were random
doodles or decorations,
doodles or decorations,
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Sad, kad bi to bile
nasumične škrabotine i ukrasi,
nasumične škrabotine i ukrasi,
07:00
we would expect to see
a lot more variation,
a lot more variation,
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očekivali bismo vidjeti
puno više varijacija,
puno više varijacija,
07:03
but instead what we find
are the same signs
are the same signs
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ali umjesto toga
pronalazimo iste znakove
pronalazimo iste znakove
07:05
repeating across both space and time.
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kako se ponavljaju
jednako kroz prostor i vrijeme.
jednako kroz prostor i vrijeme.
07:08
Some signs start out strong,
before losing popularity and vanishing,
before losing popularity and vanishing,
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Neki znakovi počinju snažno,
prije nego izgube popularnost pa nestaju,
prije nego izgube popularnost pa nestaju,
07:12
while other signs are later inventions.
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dok su drugi znakovi kasniji izumi.
07:15
But 65 percent of those signs stayed
in use during that entire time period --
in use during that entire time period --
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Ali 65 posto tih znakova je ostalo
u upotrebi kroz svo vremensko razdoblje --
u upotrebi kroz svo vremensko razdoblje --
07:20
things like lines, rectangles
triangles, ovals and circles
triangles, ovals and circles
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stvari poput linija, pravokutnika,
trokuta, ovalnih oblika i krugova
trokuta, ovalnih oblika i krugova
07:25
like we see here
from the end of the Ice Age,
from the end of the Ice Age,
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kakve vidimo ovdje
sa kraj ledenog doba,
sa kraj ledenog doba,
07:27
at a 10,000-year-old site
high in the Pyrenees Mountains.
high in the Pyrenees Mountains.
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na 10.000 godina staroj lokaciji
visoko u Pirinejskim planinama.
visoko u Pirinejskim planinama.
07:31
And while certain signs
span thousands of kilometers,
span thousands of kilometers,
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I dok se neki znakovi
rasprostiru tisućama kilometara,
rasprostiru tisućama kilometara,
07:34
other signs had much more
restricted distribution patterns,
restricted distribution patterns,
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drugi znakovi imaju puno
ograničeniji uzorak pojavljivanja,
ograničeniji uzorak pojavljivanja,
07:37
with some being limited
to a single territory,
to a single territory,
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sa nekima u granicama
samo jednog područja,
samo jednog područja,
07:39
like we see here
with these divided rectangles
with these divided rectangles
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kakvog vidimo ovdje
sa tim podijeljenim pravokutnicima
sa tim podijeljenim pravokutnicima
07:42
that are only found in northern Spain,
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kakvi se nalaze samo u sjevernoj Španjolskoj,
07:44
and which some researchers have speculated
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a za koje neki istraživači nagađaju
07:46
could be some sort
of family or clan signs.
of family or clan signs.
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kako bi mogli biti neka vrsta
oznake obitelji ili klana.
oznake obitelji ili klana.
07:49
On a side note,
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Usput budi rečeno,
07:51
there is surprising degree
of similarity in the earliest rock art
of similarity in the earliest rock art
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postoji začuđujuć stupanj
sličnosti u najranijoj kamenoj umjetnosti
sličnosti u najranijoj kamenoj umjetnosti
07:54
found all the way from France and Spain
to Indonesia and Australia.
to Indonesia and Australia.
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pronađenoj od Francuske i Španjolske
do Indonezije i Australije.
do Indonezije i Australije.
07:59
With many of the same signs
appearing in such far-flung places,
appearing in such far-flung places,
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Sa brojnim istim znakovima koji
se pojavljuju na toliko udaljenim mjestima,
se pojavljuju na toliko udaljenim mjestima,
08:03
especially in that 30,000
to 40,000-year range,
to 40,000-year range,
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pogotovo u tom rasponu
od 30.000 do 40.000 godina,
od 30.000 do 40.000 godina,
08:06
it's starting to seem increasingly likely
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postaje sve izglednije
08:09
that this invention actually traces back
to a common point of origin in Africa.
to a common point of origin in Africa.
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kako taj izum zapravo vuče trag
do zajedničke točke nastanka u Africi.
do zajedničke točke nastanka u Africi.
08:14
But that I'm afraid,
is a subject for a future talk.
is a subject for a future talk.
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Ali to je bojim se
tema za neki budući govor.
tema za neki budući govor.
08:17
So back to the matter at hand.
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Nazad na stvar.
08:18
There could be no doubt that these signs
were meaningful to their creators,
were meaningful to their creators,
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Nema sumnje kako su ti znakovi
bili smisleni svojim stvarateljima,
bili smisleni svojim stvarateljima,
08:22
like these 25,000-year-old
bas-relief sculptures
bas-relief sculptures
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poput ovih 25.000 godina starih
bareljefnih skulptura
bareljefnih skulptura
08:25
from La Roque de Venasque in France.
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iz La Roque de Venasque u Francuskoj.
08:28
We might not know what they meant,
but the people of the time certainly did.
but the people of the time certainly did.
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Mi možda ne znamo što su značili,
ali suvremenici su to svakako znali.
ali suvremenici su to svakako znali.
08:33
The repetition of the same signs,
for so long, and at so many sites
for so long, and at so many sites
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Ponavljanje istih znakova,
toliko dugo, i na toliko lokacija
toliko dugo, i na toliko lokacija
08:39
tells us that the artists
were making intentional choices.
were making intentional choices.
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govori nam kako su
umjetnici donosili svjesne odluke.
umjetnici donosili svjesne odluke.
08:43
If we're talking about geometric shapes,
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Ako pričamo o geometrijskim oblicima,
08:46
with specific, culturally recognized,
agreed-upon meanings,
agreed-upon meanings,
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sa točno određenim, kulturno prepoznatim,
jasno dogovorenim značenjima,
jasno dogovorenim značenjima,
08:50
than we could very well be looking
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onda bismo vrlo lako mogli gledati
08:52
at one of the oldest systems
of graphic communication in the world.
of graphic communication in the world.
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u jedan od najstarijih sustava
grafičke komunikacije na svijetu
grafičke komunikacije na svijetu
08:57
I'm not talking about writing yet.
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Ne pričamo već o pisanju.
08:59
There's just not enough
characters at this point
characters at this point
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Još nema dovoljno
znakova u ovom trenutku
znakova u ovom trenutku
09:01
to have represented all of the words
in the spoken language,
in the spoken language,
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koji bi prikazali sve riječi
govornog jezika,
govornog jezika,
09:04
something which is a requirement
for a full writing system.
for a full writing system.
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što je preduvjet
za potpun sustav pisanja.
za potpun sustav pisanja.
09:07
Nor do we see the signs
repeating regularly enough
repeating regularly enough
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Niti vidimo znakove
koji bi se dovoljno ponavljali
koji bi se dovoljno ponavljali
09:09
to suggest that they were
some sort of alphabet.
some sort of alphabet.
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da bi navodili kako čine
neku vrstu abecede.
neku vrstu abecede.
09:12
But what we do have
are some intriguing one-offs,
are some intriguing one-offs,
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Premda, imamo neke
intrigantne jednokratne,
intrigantne jednokratne,
09:15
like this panel from La Pasiega in Spain,
known as "The Inscription,"
known as "The Inscription,"
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poput ove ploče iz La Pasiege u Španjolskoj,
poznatoj kao "Natpis",
poznatoj kao "Natpis",
09:19
with its symmetrical markings on the left,
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sa tim simetričnim oznakama lijevo,
09:22
possible stylized representations
of hands in the middle,
of hands in the middle,
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mogućim stiliziranim
prikazima ruku u sredini,
prikazima ruku u sredini,
09:25
and what looks a bit
like a bracket on the right.
like a bracket on the right.
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te nečim pomalo nalik zagradi desno.
09:29
The oldest systems of graphic
communication in the world --
communication in the world --
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Najstariji sustavi grafičke komunikacije na svijetu --
09:31
Sumerian cuneiform, Egyptian hieroglyphs,
the earliest Chinese script,
the earliest Chinese script,
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Sumersko klinasto pismo, Egipatski hijeroglifi,
najstarije Kinesko pismo,
najstarije Kinesko pismo,
09:36
all emerged between 4,000
and 5,000 years ago,
and 5,000 years ago,
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svi su nastali prije između 4.000 i 5.000 godina,
09:40
with each coming into existence
from an earlier protosystem
from an earlier protosystem
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i svaki je nastao iz
ranijeg protosustava
ranijeg protosustava
09:43
made up of counting marks
and pictographic representations,
and pictographic representations,
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koji se sastojao od oznaka za brojanje
te piktografskih reprezentacija
te piktografskih reprezentacija
09:47
where the meaning
and the image were the same.
and the image were the same.
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gdje su značenje
i slika bili jednaki.
i slika bili jednaki.
09:49
So a picture of a bird would really
have represented that animal.
have represented that animal.
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Tako bi slika ptice
zbilja označavala tu životinju.
zbilja označavala tu životinju.
09:53
It's only later that we start to see
these pictographs become more stylized,
these pictographs become more stylized,
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Tek kasnije počinjemo viđati
kako ti piktografi postaju stiliziraniji,
kako ti piktografi postaju stiliziraniji,
09:58
until they almost become unrecognizable
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sve dok ne postanu
gotovo neprepoznatljivi
gotovo neprepoznatljivi
10:01
and that we also start to see
more symbols being invented
more symbols being invented
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a tada počinjemo viđati
i uvođenje više novih simbola
i uvođenje više novih simbola
10:04
to represent all those other
missing words in language --
missing words in language --
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koji predstavljaju sve te
nedostajuće riječi iz jezika --
nedostajuće riječi iz jezika --
10:06
things like pronouns, adverbs, adjectives.
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stvari poput zamjenica, priloga, pridjeva.
10:10
So knowing all this,
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Pa znajući sve to,
10:11
it seems highly unlikely that
the geometric signs from Ice Age Europe
the geometric signs from Ice Age Europe
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čini se poprilično nevjerojatno kako su
geometrijski znakovi iz Europe ledenog doba
geometrijski znakovi iz Europe ledenog doba
10:15
were truly abstract written characters.
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bili zbiljski apstraktni znakovi pisma.
10:18
Instead, what's much more likely
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Umjesto toga, što je puno vjerojatnije
10:20
is that these early artists
were also making counting marks,
were also making counting marks,
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je kako su ti rani umjetnici
također radili oznake brojanja,
također radili oznake brojanja,
10:24
maybe like this row of lines
from Riparo di Za Minic in Sicily,
from Riparo di Za Minic in Sicily,
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možda poput ovog reda linija
iz Riparo di Za Minic na Siciliji,
iz Riparo di Za Minic na Siciliji,
10:28
as well as creating
stylized representations
stylized representations
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kao i stvarali stilizirane reprezentacije
10:31
of things from the world around them.
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stvari u svijetu oko njih.
10:33
Could some of the signs
be weaponry or housing?
be weaponry or housing?
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Može li neki od znakova biti
oružje ili nastambe?
oružje ili nastambe?
10:36
Or what about celestial objects
like star constellations?
like star constellations?
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Ili što sa nebeskim objektima
poput sazviježđa?
poput sazviježđa?
10:40
Or maybe even rivers, mountains,
trees -- landscape features,
trees -- landscape features,
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Ili možda čak rijeke, planine, drveće --
obilježja krajobraza,
obilježja krajobraza,
10:45
possibly like this black penniform
surrounded by strange bell-shaped signs
surrounded by strange bell-shaped signs
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moguće kao ova crna peniforma
okružena čudnim zvonolikim znakovima
okružena čudnim zvonolikim znakovima
10:49
from the site of El Castillo in Spain.
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sa lokacije El Castillo u Španjolskoj.
10:52
The term penniform
means "feather-shaped" in Latin,
means "feather-shaped" in Latin,
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Termin peniforma
znači "u obliku pera" na Latinskom,
znači "u obliku pera" na Latinskom,
10:55
but could this actually be
a depiction of a plant or a tree?
a depiction of a plant or a tree?
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ali može li to zapravo biti
prikaz biljke ili drveta?
prikaz biljke ili drveta?
10:59
Some researchers have begun
to ask these questions
to ask these questions
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Neki su istraživači počeli
postavljati ova pitanja
postavljati ova pitanja
11:02
about certain signs at specific sites,
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o određenim znakovima na nekim mjestima,
11:05
but I believe the time has come
to revisit this category as a whole.
to revisit this category as a whole.
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ali ja vjerujem kako je došlo vrijeme
da se ta kategorija revidira u potpunosti.
da se ta kategorija revidira u potpunosti.
11:10
The irony in all of this, of course,
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Ironija je svega ovoga, naravno,
11:12
is that having just carefully classified
all of the signs into a single category,
all of the signs into a single category,
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tek što sam pažljivo klasificirala
sve te znakove u jednu kategoriju,
sve te znakove u jednu kategoriju,
11:16
I have a feeling that my next step
will involve breaking it back apart
will involve breaking it back apart
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imam osjećaj kako će mi slijedeći korak
uključivati njeno ponovno razbijanje
uključivati njeno ponovno razbijanje
11:20
as different types of imagery
are identified and separated off.
are identified and separated off.
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kad se različite tipovi slika
identificiraju i razdvoje.
identificiraju i razdvoje.
11:24
Now don't get me wrong,
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Nemojte me krivo shvatiti,
11:25
the later creation
of fully developed writing
of fully developed writing
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kasnije stvaranje
posve razvijenog pisma
posve razvijenog pisma
11:28
was an impressive feat in its own right.
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je impresivan uspjeh i sam po sebi.
11:30
But it's important to remember
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Ali je važno zapamtiti
11:32
that those early writing systems
didn't come out of a vacuum.
didn't come out of a vacuum.
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kako ti rani sustavi pisanja
nisu došli iz vakuuma.
nisu došli iz vakuuma.
11:35
And that even 5,000 years ago,
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Te kako su čak i prije 5.000 godina,
11:37
people were already building
on something much older,
on something much older,
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ljudi već gradili
na nečemu puno starijem,
na nečemu puno starijem,
11:41
with its origins stretching back
tens of thousands of years --
tens of thousands of years --
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sa svojim postankom koje se provlačio
unazad desecima tisuća godina --
unazad desecima tisuća godina --
11:44
to the geometric signs
of Ice Age Europe and far beyond,
of Ice Age Europe and far beyond,
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do geometrijskih znakova
Europe ledenog doba te još i puno dalje,
Europe ledenog doba te još i puno dalje,
11:49
to that point, deep
in our collective history,
in our collective history,
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do te točke, duboko
u našoj kolektivnoj povijesti,
u našoj kolektivnoj povijesti,
11:52
when someone first came up with the idea
of making a graphic mark,
of making a graphic mark,
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kada je netko prvi put
došao na ideju izrade grafičke oznake.
došao na ideju izrade grafičke oznake.
11:56
and forever changed the nature
of how we communicate.
of how we communicate.
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te zauvijek promijenio prirodu
načina na koji komuniciramo.
načina na koji komuniciramo.
11:59
Thank you.
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Hvala Vam.
12:00
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Genevieve von Petzinger - Paleoanthropologist and rock art researcherGenevieve von Petzinger studies the geometric signs found in early European Ice Age rock art sites.
Why you should listen
Genevieve von Petzinger is a Canadian paleoanthropologist and rock art researcher finishing up her doctorate at the University of Victoria. She studies some of the oldest art in the world -- Ice Age cave art created by early humans in Europe between 10,000 and 40,000 years ago.
Genevieve's specific focus is on the geometric signs found at many of these sites, and she's interested in how these images can help us to better understand human cognitive evolution as well as track ancient patterns of migration and explore the origins of symbolism and graphic communication. Her research has been featured both nationally and internationally in print, radio and television. In 2013, Genevieve was selected as a TED Senior Fellow.
Genevieve has a book about her latest research and this fascinating period in our human history coming out from Atria Books, an imprint of Simon & Schuster, Inc., in May 2016.
Genevieve von Petzinger | Speaker | TED.com