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Triona McGrath: How pollution is changing the ocean's chemistry
Triona Mekgrat (Triona McGrath): Kako zagađenje menja hemiju okeana
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Dok nastavljamo da pumpamo ugljen-dioksid u atmosferu, on se više rastvara u okeanima, što dovodi do drastičnih promena u hemiji vode. Triona Mekgrat istražuje ovaj proces, poznat kao acidifikacija okeana, i u ovom govoru nas vodi da zaronimo u svet okeanografa. Saznajte više o tome kako „zli blizanac klimatskih promena“ utiče na okean i život koji zavisi od njega.
Triona McGrath - Chemical oceanographer
Triona McGrath researches how the oceans are changing due to human activities. Full bio
Triona McGrath researches how the oceans are changing due to human activities. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
Da li ikada razmišljate
o tome koliko su okeani važni
o tome koliko su okeani važni
00:13
Do you ever think about how important
the oceans are in our daily lives?
the oceans are in our daily lives?
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u našem svakodnevnom životu?
00:19
The oceans cover two-thirds of our planet.
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Okeani prekrivaju
dve trećine naše planete.
dve trećine naše planete.
00:23
They provide half the oxygen we breathe.
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Daju polovinu kiseonika koji udišemo.
00:26
They moderate our climate.
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Ublažavaju nam klimu.
00:28
And they provide jobs
and medicine and food
and medicine and food
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Obezbeđuju i poslove, lekove i hranu,
00:32
including 20 percent of protein
to feed the entire world population.
to feed the entire world population.
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uključujući 20 odsto proteina
za prehranu celokupne svetske populacije.
za prehranu celokupne svetske populacije.
00:38
People used to think
that the oceans were so vast
that the oceans were so vast
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Ljudi su ranije mislili
da su okeani toliko ogromni
da su okeani toliko ogromni
00:40
that they wouldn't be affected
by human activities.
by human activities.
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da na njih neće uticati
ljudske aktivnosti.
ljudske aktivnosti.
00:44
Well today I'm going to tell you
about a serious reality
about a serious reality
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Pa, danas ću vam govoriti
o ozbiljnoj realnosti
o ozbiljnoj realnosti
koja menja naše okeane,
a zove se acidifikacija okeana
a zove se acidifikacija okeana
00:47
that is changing our oceans
called ocean acidification,
called ocean acidification,
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00:52
or the evil twin of climate change.
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ili zli blizanac klimatskih promena.
00:55
Did you know that the oceans have absorbed
25 percent of all of the carbon dioxide
25 percent of all of the carbon dioxide
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Da li ste znali da okeani apsorbuju
25 procenata celokupnog ugljen-dioksida
25 procenata celokupnog ugljen-dioksida
01:01
that we have emitted to the atmosphere?
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koji oslobađamo u atmosferu?
01:03
Now this is just another great service
provided by the oceans
provided by the oceans
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To je samo još jedna sjajna usluga
koju pružaju okeani,
koju pružaju okeani,
01:07
since carbon dioxide
is one of the greenhouse gases
is one of the greenhouse gases
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jer je ugljen-dioksid
jedan od gasova staklene bašte
jedan od gasova staklene bašte
01:10
that's causing climate change.
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koji izazivaju klimatske promene.
01:13
But as we keep pumping
more and more and more
more and more and more
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Ali kako nastavljamo
da pumpamo sve više i više
da pumpamo sve više i više
01:17
carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
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ugljen-dioksida u atmosferu,
01:20
more is dissolving into the oceans.
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više ga se rastvara u okeanima,
a to je ono što menja hemiju naših okeana.
01:22
And this is what's changing
our ocean chemistry.
our ocean chemistry.
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01:27
When carbon dioxide dissolves in seawater,
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Kada se ugljen-dioksid
rastvara u morskoj vodi,
rastvara u morskoj vodi,
prolazi kroz niz hemijskih reakcija.
01:29
it undergoes a number
of chemical reactions.
of chemical reactions.
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01:32
Now lucky for you,
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Srećom po vas,
01:33
I don't have time to get into
the details of the chemistry for today.
the details of the chemistry for today.
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danas nemam vremena
da ulazim u detalje vezane za hemiju,
da ulazim u detalje vezane za hemiju,
01:37
But I'll tell you as more
carbon dioxide enters the ocean,
carbon dioxide enters the ocean,
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ali reći ću vam da,
što više ugljen-dioksida ulazi u okean,
što više ugljen-dioksida ulazi u okean,
pH vrednost morske vode opada.
01:40
the seawater pH goes down.
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01:43
And this basically means that there
is an increase in ocean acidity.
is an increase in ocean acidity.
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To u suštini znači da postoji
povećanje kiselosti okeana.
povećanje kiselosti okeana.
01:48
And this whole process
is called ocean acidification.
is called ocean acidification.
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Čitav ovaj proces
naziva se acidifikacija okeana
naziva se acidifikacija okeana
01:52
And it's happening
alongside climate change.
alongside climate change.
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i dešava se uporedo
sa klimatskim promenama.
sa klimatskim promenama.
01:56
Scientists have been monitoring
ocean acidification for over two decades.
ocean acidification for over two decades.
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Naučnici prate acidifikaciju okeana
više od dve decenije.
više od dve decenije.
02:00
This figure is an important
time series in Hawaii,
time series in Hawaii,
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Ove brojke predstavljaju
važan vremenski niz sa Havaja
važan vremenski niz sa Havaja
02:03
and the top line shows steadily increasing
concentrations of carbon dioxide,
concentrations of carbon dioxide,
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i gornja linija pokazuje stalno povećanje
koncentracija ugljen-dioksida,
koncentracija ugljen-dioksida,
ili gasa CO2, u atmosferi.
02:08
or CO2 gas, in the atmosphere.
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02:11
And this is directly as a result
of human activities.
of human activities.
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Ovo direktno nastaje
kao rezultat ljudskih aktivnosti.
kao rezultat ljudskih aktivnosti.
02:15
The line underneath shows the increasing
concentrations of carbon dioxide
concentrations of carbon dioxide
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Linija ispod pokazuje porast
koncentracije ugljen-dioksida
koncentracije ugljen-dioksida
02:19
that is dissolved
in the surface of the ocean
in the surface of the ocean
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koji se rastvara na površini okeana,
02:22
which you can see is increasing
at the same rate
at the same rate
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što možete videti da raste istom brzinom
02:25
as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
since measurements began.
since measurements began.
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kao i ugljen-dioksid u atmosferi
otkad su merenja otpočela.
otkad su merenja otpočela.
02:28
The line on the bottom shows
then shows the change in chemistry.
then shows the change in chemistry.
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Linija na dnu zatim pokazuje
promenu u hemiji.
promenu u hemiji.
02:31
As more carbon dioxide
has entered the ocean,
has entered the ocean,
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Što je više ugljen-dioksida
ulazilo u okean,
ulazilo u okean,
02:34
the seawater pH has gone down,
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pH vrednost morske vode je opadala,
02:37
which basically means there has been
an increase in ocean acidity.
an increase in ocean acidity.
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što u suštini znači da je došlo
do porasta kiselosti okeana.
do porasta kiselosti okeana.
02:43
Now in Ireland, scientists are also
monitoring ocean acidification --
monitoring ocean acidification --
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Naučnici u Irskoj takođe prate
acidifikaciju okeana -
acidifikaciju okeana -
naučnici na Morskom institutu
02:47
scientists at the Marine
Institute and NUI Galway.
Institute and NUI Galway.
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i Nacionalnom irskom
univerzitetu u Galveju.
univerzitetu u Galveju.
02:50
And we, too, are seeing
acidification at the same rate
acidification at the same rate
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Mi takođe uočavamo
acidifikaciju iste brzine
acidifikaciju iste brzine
02:54
as these main ocean time-series
sites around the world.
sites around the world.
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kao i ovi glavni vremenski nizovi
u okeanima širom sveta.
u okeanima širom sveta.
02:57
So it's happening right at our doorstep.
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Dakle, ovo se dešava na našem pragu.
Sada bih htela da vam dam primer
načina na koji prikupljamo podatke
načina na koji prikupljamo podatke
03:01
Now I'd like to give you an example
of just how we collect our data
of just how we collect our data
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da bismo pratili promene u okeanu.
03:04
to monitor a changing ocean.
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03:07
Firstly we collect a lot of our samples
in the middle of winter.
in the middle of winter.
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Najpre prikupljamo veliki deo
naših uzoraka usred zime.
naših uzoraka usred zime.
Kao što možete pretpostaviti,
na Severnom Atlantiku
na Severnom Atlantiku
03:10
So as you can imagine,
in the North Atlantic
in the North Atlantic
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03:12
we get hit with some seriously
stormy conditions --
stormy conditions --
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nas pogađaju ozbiljne oluje,
tako da ovo nije za one među vama
koji dobijaju morsku bolest,
koji dobijaju morsku bolest,
03:15
so not for any of you
who get a little motion sickness,
who get a little motion sickness,
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03:17
but we are collecting
some very valuable data.
some very valuable data.
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ali prikupljamo vrlo vredne podatke.
03:20
So we lower this instrument
over the side of the ship,
over the side of the ship,
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Spuštamo ovaj instrument sa strane broda
03:23
and there are sensors
that are mounted on the bottom
that are mounted on the bottom
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i tu su senzori koji su postavljeni na dnu
koji nam mogu dati informacije
o okolnoj vodi,
o okolnoj vodi,
03:25
that can tell us information about
the surrounding water,
the surrounding water,
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kao što su podaci o temperaturi
ili rastvorenom kiseoniku.
ili rastvorenom kiseoniku.
03:28
such as temperature
or dissolved oxygen.
or dissolved oxygen.
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03:31
And then we can collect our seawater
samples in these large bottles.
samples in these large bottles.
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Onda možemo prikupiti uzorke morske vode
u ovim velikim bocama.
u ovim velikim bocama.
03:35
So we start at the bottom,
which can be over four kilometers deep
which can be over four kilometers deep
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Počinjemo sa dna, što može biti
na dubini od preko četiri kilometara
na dubini od preko četiri kilometara
03:38
just off our continental shelf,
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tik od našeg kontinentalnog praga,
03:40
and we take samples at regular intervals
right up to the surface.
right up to the surface.
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i uzimamo uzorke
u pravilnim intervalima sve do površine.
u pravilnim intervalima sve do površine.
03:44
We take the seawater back on the deck,
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Donesemo morsku vodu na palubu,
03:47
and then we can either
analyze them on the ship
analyze them on the ship
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a zatim je možemo analizirati ili na brodu
03:49
or back in the laboratory
for the different chemicals parameters.
for the different chemicals parameters.
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ili nazad u laboratoriji
u pogledu raznih hemijskih parametara.
u pogledu raznih hemijskih parametara.
03:53
But why should we care?
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Ali zašto bi nas bilo briga?
03:54
How is ocean acidification
going to affect all of us?
going to affect all of us?
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Kako će acidifikacija okeana
uticati na sve nas?
uticati na sve nas?
04:00
Well, here are the worrying facts.
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Pa, evo zabrinjavajućih činjenica.
Već je došlo do povećanja
kiselosti okeana od 26 procenata
kiselosti okeana od 26 procenata
04:04
There has already been an increase
in ocean acidity of 26 percent
in ocean acidity of 26 percent
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04:10
since pre-industrial times,
which is directly due to human activities.
which is directly due to human activities.
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od preindustrijskog vremena,
što je direktno posledica
ljudskih aktivnosti.
ljudskih aktivnosti.
04:15
Unless we can start slowing down
our carbon dioxide emissions,
our carbon dioxide emissions,
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Ukoliko ne počnemo da smanjujemo
ispuštanje ugljen-dioksida,
ispuštanje ugljen-dioksida,
04:20
we're expecting an increase
in ocean acidity of 170 percent
in ocean acidity of 170 percent
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očekujemo povećanje
kiselosti okeana od 170 procenata
kiselosti okeana od 170 procenata
do kraja ovog veka.
04:26
by the end of this century.
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04:29
I mean this is within
our children's lifetime.
our children's lifetime.
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Mislim, ovo obuhvata živote naše dece.
04:33
This rate of acidification
is 10 times faster
is 10 times faster
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Ova stopa acidifikacije je 10 puta brža
nego ijedna acidifikacija u našim okeanima
tokom više od 55 miliona godina.
tokom više od 55 miliona godina.
04:39
than any acidification in our oceans
for over 55 million years.
for over 55 million years.
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Dakle, život u našim morima
nikada ranije nije prolazio
nikada ranije nije prolazio
04:46
So our marine life have never,
ever experienced
ever experienced
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04:50
such a fast rate of change before.
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kroz promene tako velikom brzinom,
04:53
So we literally could not know
how they're going to cope.
how they're going to cope.
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tako da bukvalno nismo mogli
da znamo kako će se sa tim izboriti.
da znamo kako će se sa tim izboriti.
04:59
Now there was a natural acidification
event millions of years ago,
event millions of years ago,
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Dogodila se prirodna acidifikacija
pre više miliona godina
pre više miliona godina
koja je bila mnogo sporija
od onoga što uočavamo danas,
od onoga što uočavamo danas,
05:03
which was much slower
than what we're seeing today.
than what we're seeing today.
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05:06
And this coincided with a mass extinction
of many marine species.
of many marine species.
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a to se poklopilo sa masovnim izumiranjem
mnogih morskih vrsta.
mnogih morskih vrsta.
Dakle, da li smo se u tom pravcu uputili?
05:12
So is that what we're headed for?
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Pa, možda.
05:15
Well, maybe.
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05:17
Studies are showing
some species are actually doing quite well
some species are actually doing quite well
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Studije pokazuju da neke vrste
zapravo dobro funkcionišu,
zapravo dobro funkcionišu,
05:20
but many are showing a negative response.
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ali mnoge pokazuju negativnu reakciju.
05:25
One of the big concerns is
as ocean acidity increases,
as ocean acidity increases,
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Jedna od stvari koje veoma zabrinjavaju
je što, dok se povećava kiselost okeana,
je što, dok se povećava kiselost okeana,
05:29
the concentration of carbonate
ions in seawater decrease.
ions in seawater decrease.
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smanjuje se koncentracija
karbonatnih jona u morskoj vodi.
karbonatnih jona u morskoj vodi.
05:34
Now these ions are basically
the building blocks
the building blocks
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Ovi joni su u suštini gradivni materijal
05:37
for many marine species
to make their shells,
to make their shells,
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za mnoge morske vrste,
za izgradnju njihovih ljuštura,
za izgradnju njihovih ljuštura,
05:40
for example crabs or mussels, oysters.
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na primer, kod kraba ili školjki, ostriga.
05:45
Another example are corals.
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Još jedan primer su korali.
Njima su takođe potrebni
ovi karbonatni joni u morskoj vodi
ovi karbonatni joni u morskoj vodi
05:47
They also need these carbonate
ions in seawater
ions in seawater
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05:51
to make their coral structure
in order to build coral reefs.
in order to build coral reefs.
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za stvaranje koralne strukture
kako bi izgradili koralne grebene.
kako bi izgradili koralne grebene.
05:56
As ocean acidity increases
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Kako se kiselost okeana povećava
05:58
and the concentration
of carbonate ions decrease,
of carbonate ions decrease,
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i koncentracija karbonatnih jona smanjuje,
06:02
these species first find it more difficult
to make their shells.
to make their shells.
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ovim vrstama je teže
da proizvedu svoje omotače.
da proizvedu svoje omotače.
06:07
And at even even lower levels,
they can actually begin to dissolve.
they can actually begin to dissolve.
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Čak i na nižim nivoima
mogu početi da se rastvaraju.
mogu početi da se rastvaraju.
06:12
This here is a pteropod,
it's called a sea butterfly.
it's called a sea butterfly.
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Ovo ovde je pteropod;
zove se morski leptir.
zove se morski leptir.
06:15
And it's an important food source
in the ocean for many species,
in the ocean for many species,
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To je važan izvor hrane
u okeanu za mnoge vrste,
u okeanu za mnoge vrste,
06:18
from krill to salmon right up to whales.
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od račića do lososa, pa sve do kitova.
06:23
The shell of the pteropod
was placed into seawater
was placed into seawater
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Ljuštura pteropode
je stavljena u morsku vodu
je stavljena u morsku vodu
sa pH vrednošću koju očekujemo
do kraja ovog veka.
do kraja ovog veka.
06:26
at a pH that we're expecting
by the end of this century.
by the end of this century.
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06:31
After only 45 days
at this very realistic pH,
at this very realistic pH,
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Nakon svega 45 dana
na ovoj veoma realističnoj pH vrednosti,
na ovoj veoma realističnoj pH vrednosti,
možete videti da se ljuštura
skoro potpuno rastvorila.
skoro potpuno rastvorila.
06:37
you can see the shell
has almost completely dissolved.
has almost completely dissolved.
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06:41
So ocean acidification could affect
right up through the food chain --
right up through the food chain --
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Dakle, acidifikacija okeana
može uticati direktno kroz lanac ishrane -
može uticati direktno kroz lanac ishrane -
06:45
and right onto our dinner plates.
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i pravo na naš tanjir.
06:48
I mean who here
likes shellfish? Or salmon?
likes shellfish? Or salmon?
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Mislim, ko ovde voli školjke? Ili lososa?
06:52
Or many other fish species
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Ili mnoge druge vrste riba
06:54
whose food source
in the ocean could be affected?
in the ocean could be affected?
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čiji bi izvor hrane u okeanu
mogao bio pogođen?
mogao bio pogođen?
Ovo su hladnovodni korali.
06:58
These are cold-water corals.
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07:00
And did you know we actually have
cold-water corals in Irish waters,
cold-water corals in Irish waters,
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A da li ste znali da zaista imamo
hladnovodne korale u irskim vodama,
hladnovodne korale u irskim vodama,
07:03
just off our continental shelf?
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nedaleko od našeg kontinentalnog praga?
07:06
And they support rich biodiversity,
including some very important fisheries.
including some very important fisheries.
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Oni podržavaju bogatu bioraznolikost,
uključujući neka važna ribolovna područja.
uključujući neka važna ribolovna područja.
07:10
It's projected that
by the end of this century,
by the end of this century,
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Predviđa se da će do kraja ovog veka
70 posto svih poznatih
hladnovodnih korala u celom okeanu
hladnovodnih korala u celom okeanu
07:14
70 percent of all known cold-water corals
in the entire ocean
in the entire ocean
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07:20
will be surrounded by seawater
that is dissolving their coral structure.
that is dissolving their coral structure.
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biti okruženo morskom vodom
koja rastvara njihovu koralnu strukturu.
koja rastvara njihovu koralnu strukturu.
07:28
The last example I have
are these healthy tropical corals.
are these healthy tropical corals.
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Poslednji primer koji imam
su ovi zdravi tropski korali.
su ovi zdravi tropski korali.
07:33
They were placed in seawater at a pH
we're expecting by the year 2100.
we're expecting by the year 2100.
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Oni su stavljeni u morsku vodu
na pH vrednosti
na pH vrednosti
koju očekujemo do 2100. godine.
07:39
After six months, the coral
has almost completely dissolved.
has almost completely dissolved.
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Nakon šest meseci,
koral se skoro potpuno rastvorio.
koral se skoro potpuno rastvorio.
07:46
Now coral reefs support
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Koralni grebeni podržavaju
25 posto celokupnog morskog života
u čitavom okeanu.
u čitavom okeanu.
07:48
25 percent of all marine life
in the entire ocean.
in the entire ocean.
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07:55
All marine life.
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Celokupnog morskog života.
07:58
So you can see: ocean
acidification is a global threat.
acidification is a global threat.
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Dakle, možete uvideti,
acidifikacija okeana je globalna pretnja.
acidifikacija okeana je globalna pretnja.
08:03
I have an eight-month-old baby boy.
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Imam dečaka starog osam meseci.
08:05
Unless we start now to slow this down,
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Osim ako ne počnemo
da usporavamo ovo sada,
da usporavamo ovo sada,
08:10
I dread to think what our oceans
will look like when he's a grown man.
will look like when he's a grown man.
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bojim se da razmišljam o tome
kako će naši okeani izgledati
kako će naši okeani izgledati
kada on bude odrasli čovek.
08:15
We will see acidification.
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Videćemo acidifikaciju.
Već smo ispustili
previše ugljen-dioksida u atmosferu.
previše ugljen-dioksida u atmosferu.
08:17
We have already put too much
carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
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08:23
But we can slow this down.
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Ali možemo ovo usporiti.
08:26
We can prevent the worst-case scenario.
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Možemo sprečiti najgori scenario.
08:30
The only way of doing that
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Jedini način da to uradimo
je smanjenje naše emisije ugljen-dioksida.
08:33
is by reducing our
carbon dioxide emissions.
carbon dioxide emissions.
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08:37
This is important for both you and I,
for industry, for governments.
for industry, for governments.
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Ovo je važno i za vas i mene,
za industriju, za vlasti.
za industriju, za vlasti.
08:41
We need to work together,
slow down global warming
slow down global warming
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Moramo da radimo zajedno,
da usporimo globalno zagrevanje,
da usporimo globalno zagrevanje,
08:45
slow down ocean acidification
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usporimo acidifikaciju okeana
08:48
and help to maintain a healthy ocean
and a healthy planet
and a healthy planet
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i pomognemo da se održi
zdrav okean i zdrava planeta
zdrav okean i zdrava planeta
za našu generaciju i buduće generacije.
08:52
for our generation
and for generations to come.
and for generations to come.
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08:57
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Triona McGrath - Chemical oceanographerTriona McGrath researches how the oceans are changing due to human activities.
Why you should listen
Dr. Triona McGrath researches how the oceans are changing due to human activities, particularly in relation to ocean acidification. Specifically, McGrath monitors levels of carbon dioxide in Irish marine waters to determine the accumulation and movement of carbon in the ocean and subsequent increase in ocean acidity. McGrath and her colleagues published the first rates of ocean acidification for Irish offshore waters and the first baseline dataset of carbon parameters in Irish coastal waters. This is crucial in our understanding of the future health of our oceans along with providing information to determine the impacts of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems.
McGrath is a post-doctorate researcher at the National University of Ireland, Galway, funded by the Marine Institute, Ireland. She has been researching ocean climate change since 2008; her latest research project started in February 2017, and for the next four years she will work with colleagues to further develop ocean acidification research in Ireland through the continuation of an ongoing time series in the Rockall Trough and the determination of seasonal and interannual variability of the carbon system in coastal waters. McGrath is a Fulbright Scholar, receiving a Fulbright Postdoctoral Scholarship in 2013 to visit Prof. Andrew Dickson’s laboratory at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego to further develop analytical skills in ocean carbon chemistry.
McGrath has a Ph.D. in Chemical Oceanography and Bachelor of Marine Science from the National University of Ireland, Galway.
Triona McGrath | Speaker | TED.com