TED2005
William McDonough: Cradle to cradle design
William McDonough 谈「从摇篮到摇篮」理念
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致力于环保的建筑师兼设计师 William McDonough 问，如果设计师心系所有子孙、所有物种、直到永远，我们的建筑及产品会是什么样子？
William McDonough - Architect
Architect William McDonough believes green design can prevent environmental disaster and drive economic growth. He champions “cradle to cradle” design, which considers a product's full life cycle -- from creation with sustainable materials to a recycled afterlife. Full bio
Architect William McDonough believes green design can prevent environmental disaster and drive economic growth. He champions “cradle to cradle” design, which considers a product's full life cycle -- from creation with sustainable materials to a recycled afterlife. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:26
In 1962, with Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring,"
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1962 年，雷切尔·卡森写出了《寂静的春天》一书，
00:30
I think for people like me in the world of the making of things,
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对像我这样创作物品领域的人而言，
00:35
the canary in the mine wasn't singing.
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矿坑中的黄丝雀不唱歌了。
00:39
And so the question that we might not have birds
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因此，“可能不再有鸟类”这个问题，
00:42
became kind of fundamental to those of us wandering around
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对四处找寻似已消失的北美野云雀的我们
00:45
looking for the meadowlarks that seemed to have all disappeared.
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变得至为根本。
00:48
And the question was, were the birds singing?
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问题原本是：鸟在唱歌吗？
00:51
Now, I'm not a scientist, that'll be really clear.
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我不是科学家，这一点是很明白的。
00:55
But, you know, we've just come from this discussion of what a bird might be.
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但是，我们刚刚才讨论过「鸟」可能是什么。
00:59
What is a bird?
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什么是「鸟」？
01:00
Well, in my world, this is a rubber duck.
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在我的世界，这是个塑料鸭。
01:04
It comes in California with a warning --
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它来自加州，附有警告：
01:06
"This product contains chemicals known by the State of California
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「此产品含有加州政府认定会
01:09
to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm."
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造成癌症、畸胎、或其他生育伤害的化学物质。」
01:16
This is a bird.
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这是一只鸟。
01:19
What kind of culture would produce a product of this kind
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怎样的文化会制造这种产品，
01:22
and then label it and sell it to children?
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标示后，又卖给儿童？
01:27
I think we have a design problem.
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我想我们有设计的问题。
01:30
Someone heard the six hours of talk that I gave
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有人听了我在全国公共电台讲六小时的
01:35
called "The Monticello Dialogues" on NPR, and sent me this as a thank you note --
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「蒙提切罗对话」后，寄给我这个感谢词：
01:41
"We realize that design is a signal of intention,
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「我们体认到设计是意图的信号，
01:43
but it also has to occur within a world,
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而它也必须发生在世界里，
01:46
and we have to understand that world in order to
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我们必须明白那个世界，
01:50
imbue our designs with inherent intelligence,
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以便使固有的智能注入我们的设计，
01:53
and so as we look back at the basic state of affairs
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因此当我们回顾我们所设计
01:58
in which we design, we, in a way, need to go to the primordial condition
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事物的基本状态，我们有必要回到原始条件
02:03
to understand the operating system and the frame conditions of a planet,
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去了解星球的运行系统及架构条件，
02:08
and I think the exciting part of that is the good news that's there,
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我认为有个令人振奋的部分，即那里存有好的消息，
02:13
because the news is the news of abundance,
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因为该消息是充裕的消息，
02:16
and not the news of limits,
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而不是稀少的消息，
02:18
and I think as our culture tortures itself now
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而我认为既然我们的文化现在如此残暴自虐，
02:23
with tyrannies and concerns over limits and fear,
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并对稀少及恐惧如此关切，
02:28
we can add this other dimension of abundance that is coherent,
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我们可加上这充裕的另一面向，它是稳固的、
02:33
driven by the sun, and start to imagine
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由太阳驱动的，然后开始想象
02:35
what that would be like to share."
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分享会是什么样子。」
02:42
That was a nice thing to get.
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收到这个感觉不错。
02:44
That was one sentence.
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它只是一句话。
02:48
Henry James would be proud.
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亨利詹姆斯将会感到骄傲。
02:50
This is -- I put it down at the bottom,
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我把它放在投影片底下，
02:52
but that was extemporaneous, obviously.
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但显然，这是一时兴起的。
02:55
The fundamental issue is that, for me,
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在我看来，根本的议题是，
02:58
design is the first signal of human intentions.
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设计是人类意图的第一个信号。
03:00
So what are our intentions, and what would our intentions be --
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那么，我们的意图是什么，我们的意图会怎样 —
03:04
if we wake up in the morning, we have designs on the world --
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如果我们早上醒来，我们设计着这个世界 —
03:07
well, what would our intention be as a species
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身为一个物种，我们的意图是什么？
03:09
now that we're the dominant species?
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既然我们是优势物种。
03:11
And it's not just stewardship and dominion debate,
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而那不只是掌理和统领的辩论，
03:14
because really, dominion is implicit in stewardship --
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因为说真的，统领意味着掌理 —
03:20
because how could you dominate something you had killed?
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因为你如何统领你杀死的东西？
03:22
And stewardship's implicit in dominion,
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而掌理也意味着统领，
03:24
because you can't be steward of something if you can't dominate it.
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因为你无法掌理事情，如果你无法统领它。
03:26
So the question is, what is the first question for designers?
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因此，问题是：设计师的第一道问题是什么？
03:32
Now, as guardians -- let's say the state, for example,
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现在身为守护者 — 例如国家，
03:35
which reserves the right to kill, the right to be duplicitous and so on --
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它拥有杀人、欺蒙等权利 —
03:40
the question we're asking the guardian at this point is
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现在我们问守护者的问题是：
03:43
are we meant, how are we meant,
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我们是否有意、或我们打算如何
03:45
to secure local societies, create world peace
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去保障地区社会、缔造世界和平
03:47
and save the environment?
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及拯救环境？
03:49
But I don't know that that's the common debate.
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但是我不知道这是个常见的争论。
03:52
Commerce, on the other hand, is relatively quick,
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另一方面，商业相对而言是快速的、
03:56
essentially creative, highly effective and efficient,
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本质上有创意、效率高、
03:58
and fundamentally honest, because we can't exchange
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且基本上是诚实的，因为如果没有互信
04:01
value for very long if we don't trust each other.
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我们很难保持企业的永续经营。
04:05
So we use the tools of commerce primarily for our work,
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因此，我们基本上使用商业工具来工作，
04:07
but the question we bring to it is,
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但我们问它的问题是：
04:09
how do we love all the children of all species for all time?
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我们要如何珍爱所有物种及其后代直到永远？
04:13
And so we start our designs with that question.
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因此我们以这个问题开始设计。
04:16
Because what we realize today is that modern culture
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因为今天我们了解的是现代文化
04:18
appears to have adopted a strategy of tragedy.
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采用的策略会导致悲剧。
04:21
If we come here and say, "Well, I didn't intend
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如果我们到现在还说：「嗯，我未料到
04:23
to cause global warming on the way here,"
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会造成这样的全球暖化」，
04:24
and we say, "That's not part of my plan,"
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并且说：「那不是我原本的计划」，
04:26
then we realize it's part of our de facto plan.
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则我们知道，事实上这是我们所导致的后果。
04:29
Because it's the thing that's happening because we have no other plan.
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因为我们缺乏其他配套措施，才导致这些事的发生。
04:32
And I was at the White House for President Bush,
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布什总统请我到白宫
04:34
meeting with every federal department and agency,
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与联邦各部门开会，
04:36
and I pointed out that they appear to have no plan.
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我指出他们好像没有计划。
04:40
If the end game is global warming, they're doing great.
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如果结局是要全球暖化，他们干得很好。
04:42
If the end game is mercury toxification of our children
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如果结局是火力发电厂下风处儿童的汞中毒，
04:45
downwind of coal fire plants as they scuttled the Clean Air Act,
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因为他们扼杀了清净空气法案，
04:48
then I see that our education programs should be explicitly defined as,
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因而我认为我们的教育方案应该重新订定为：
04:52
"Brain death for all children. No child left behind."
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「全部儿童脑死，一个不留」。
04:54
(Applause)
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（掌声）
04:58
So, the question is, how many federal officials
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所以，问题是：有几个联邦官员
05:02
are ready to move to Ohio and Pennsylvania with their families?
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准备好带着家人移居到俄亥俄州和宾州？
05:05
So if you don't have an endgame of something delightful,
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因此如果你没有能让人愉悦的目的，
05:09
then you're just moving chess pieces around,
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那么你就如无头苍蝇四处乱窜，
05:11
if you don't know you're taking the king.
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因为你看不到目标。
05:12
So perhaps we could develop a strategy of change,
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因此也许我们可以想出一个策略来改变，
05:15
which requires humility. And in my business as an architect,
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那需要谦虚。在我从事的建筑师行业中，
05:18
it's unfortunate the word "humility" and the word "architect"
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佷不幸地，「谦虚」和「建筑师」这两个词，
05:22
have not appeared in the same paragraph since "The Fountainhead."
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从兰德的 《源泉》 一书后，就不曾在同段文字出现过。
05:25
So if anybody here has trouble with the concept of design humility,
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在场如果有人对这个「设计师的谦虚」概念有疑问，
05:30
reflect on this -- it took us 5,000 years
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听听这句话：我们花了 5000 年
05:33
to put wheels on our luggage.
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才为行李箱装上轮子。
05:37
So, as Kevin Kelly pointed out, there is no endgame.
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因此，诚如 Kevin Kelly 所说，没有结局。
05:42
There is an infinite game, and we're playing in that infinite game.
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是个无止境的赛局，我们身处在这个无止境的赛局中。
05:46
And so we call it "cradle to cradle,"
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因此称它为「从摇篮到摇篮」，
05:48
and our goal is very simple.
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我们的目标非常单纯。
05:49
This is what I presented to the White House.
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这是我对白宫的简报。
05:51
Our goal is a delightfully diverse, safe, healthy and just world,
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我们的目标是一个快乐而多元的、安全的、健康的及正义的世界，
05:54
with clean air, clean water, soil and power --
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有着清净的空气、清净的水、土壤和电力 —
05:57
economically, equitably, ecologically and elegantly enjoyed, period.
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经济地、均衡地、环保地及优雅地享用。
06:01
(Applause)
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（掌声）
06:04
What don't you like about this?
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这句话中你有不喜欢的地方吗？
06:07
Which part of this don't you like?
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哪一部分你不喜欢？
06:09
So we realized we want full diversity,
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所以我们要充分多元，
06:11
even though it can be difficult to remember what De Gaulle said
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即使记不住戴高乐被问及
06:14
when asked what it was like to be President of France.
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「当法国总统的感觉如何」时说了什么。
06:16
He said, "What do you think it's like trying to run a country with 400 kinds of cheese?"
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他说：「你认为经营有 400 种奶酪的国家感觉如何？」
06:20
But at the same time, we realize that our products are not safe and healthy.
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但同时，我们知道我们的产品并不安全及健康。
06:23
So we've designed products
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因此当我们设计出了产品，
06:25
and we analyzed chemicals down to the parts per million.
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我们微量分析其化学成份。
06:27
This is a baby blanket by Pendleton that will give your child nutrition
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这是Pendleton 公司的婴儿毯，它给你的小孩养分
06:30
instead of Alzheimer's later in life.
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而不是导致孩子到老了就患上老年痴呆症。
06:32
We can ask ourselves, what is justice,
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我们可以自问，何谓正义、
06:34
and is justice blind, or is justice blindness?
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正义是否盲了、或正义就是盲目？
06:38
And at what point did that uniform turn from white to black?
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何时她的制服由白变黑？
06:43
Water has been declared a human right by the United Nations.
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联合国已经宣布了水资源同样具有人权。
06:46
Air quality is an obvious thing to anyone who breathes.
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干净的空气对每个需要呼吸的人是明显的事。
06:48
Is there anybody here who doesn't breathe?
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这里有人不需要呼吸吗？
06:51
Clean soil is a critical problem -- the nitrification, the dead zones
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干净的土壤是个关键问题 — 土壤硝化、
06:54
in the Gulf of Mexico.
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墨西哥湾的死亡区。
06:56
A fundamental issue that's not being addressed.
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全是未处理的基本议题。
06:58
We've seen the first form of solar energy
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我们已看到太阳能首先以风的形式
07:00
that's beat the hegemony of fossil fuels in the form of wind
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在在北美大平原区打败了石化燃料的统治，
07:03
here in the Great Plains, and so that hegemony is leaving.
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因此石化业者逐渐退出市场。
07:06
And if we remember Sheikh Yamani when he formed OPEC,
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如果我们记得当亚玛尼亲王在成立石油输出国组织时，
07:09
they asked him, "When will we see the end of the age of oil?"
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有人问他：｢石油时代何时会结束？｣
07:12
I don't know if you remember his answer, but it was,
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不知你是否记得他的回答，他说：
07:15
"The Stone Age didn't end because we ran out of stones."
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｢石器时代不是因为我们用完石头才结束的。｣
07:19
We see that companies acting ethically in this world
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我们看到世界上行为合于伦理的公司
07:23
are outperforming those that don't.
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表现胜过那些不合伦理的。
07:24
We see the flows of materials in a rather terrifying prospect.
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我们看到材料流的前景可虑。
07:29
This is a hospital monitor from Los Angeles, sent to China.
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这是医院的显示器，从洛杉矶运到中国去。
07:32
This woman will expose herself to toxic phosphorous,
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这个妇人将接触有毒的磷，
07:35
release four pounds of toxic lead into her childrens' environment,
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放出四磅有毒的铅到她子孙的环境中，
07:38
which is from copper.
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那是从铜来的。
07:40
On the other hand, we see great signs of hope.
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另方面，我们看到希望的大好迹象。
07:42
Here's Dr. Venkataswamy in India, who's figured out
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这是印度的 Venkataswamy 医师，
07:45
how to do mass-produced health.
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他想出了大量保健的方法。
07:47
He has given eyesight to two million people for free.
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他免费替 200 万人矫正视力。
07:51
We see in our material flows that car steels don't become car steel again
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从材料流我们发现，汽车钢材不能再当汽车钢材，
07:54
because of the contaminants of the coatings --
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因为它的涂装含有：
07:56
bismuth, antimony, copper and so on.
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铋、锑、铜、等等污染物。
07:58
They become building steel.
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所以它们变成了建材。
07:59
On the other hand, we're working with Berkshire Hathaway,
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另一方面，我们和 Berkshire Hathaway,
08:01
Warren Buffett and Shaw Carpet,
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Warren Buffett and Shaw Carpet 公司合作，
08:04
the largest carpet company in the world.
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它是世界最大的地毯公司。
08:05
We've developed a carpet that is continuously recyclable,
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我们已开发了一种可持续循环利用的地毯，
08:08
down to the parts per million.
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达到百万分之一的层次。
08:11
The upper is Nylon 6 that can go back to caprolactam,
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上层是尼龙6，那可回收为己内酰胺，
08:14
the bottom, a polyolephine -- infinitely recyclable thermoplastic.
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底层是聚烯烃 — 一种可无限次回收的热塑性塑料。
08:17
Now if I was a bird, the building on my left is a liability.
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如果我是鸟，左边的建筑对我是危险的。
08:21
The building on my right, which is our corporate campus for The Gap
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右边的建筑是我们为 The Gap 公司建的企业园区，
08:24
with an ancient meadow, is an asset -- its nesting grounds.
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屋顶上有原始的草原，将会成为我的是一项资产 — 筑巢的好地方。
08:29
Here's where I come from. I grew up in Hong Kong,
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这是我的故乡。我在香港长大：
08:31
with six million people in 40 square miles.
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600 万人住在 40 平方英哩土地上。
08:33
During the dry season, we had four hours of water every fourth day.
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旱季里，每四天只供水四小时。
08:37
And the relationship to landscape was that of farmers who have been
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与土地的关系是这样的：
08:40
farming the same piece of ground for 40 centuries.
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农民在同一块地耕种了 4000 年。
08:44
You can't farm the same piece of ground for 40 centuries
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你不可能耕种同一块土地 4000 年
08:46
without understanding nutrient flow.
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而不知它的养分流向。
08:49
My childhood summers were in the Puget Sound of Washington,
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我的童年夏日在华盛顿普捷湾度过，
08:52
among the first growth and big growth.
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徜徉在初生及茁壮的树林里。
08:54
My grandfather had been a lumberjack in the Olympics,
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我祖父曾是奥林匹克伐木工，
08:56
so I have a lot of tree karma I am working off.
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因此我背负许多树木业障，正在设法消除。
09:01
I went to Yale for graduate school,
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我在耶鲁大学读研究所，
09:03
studied in a building of this style by Le Corbusier,
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在这一栋柯比意风格的大楼里读书，
09:05
affectionately known in our business as Brutalism.
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我们这行感性地称它是「粗野主义」。
09:09
If we look at the world of architecture,
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如果我们看看建筑的世界，
09:12
we see with Mies' 1928 tower for Berlin,
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我们看到密斯 1928 年的柏林高塔，
09:15
the question might be, "Well, where's the sun?"
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问题可能是：｢太阳在哪里？｣
09:17
And this might have worked in Berlin, but we built it in Houston,
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这也许对柏林可行，但我们把它盖在休斯敦，
09:20
and the windows are all closed. And with most products
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窗子全关着。并由于大部分产品
09:23
appearing not to have been designed for indoor use,
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显然不是设计供室内使用，
09:25
this is actually a vertical gas chamber.
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这实质上是一个垂直的毒气室。
09:28
When I went to Yale, we had the first energy crisis,
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我在耶鲁时，正逢第一次能源危机，
09:31
and I was designing the first solar-heated house in Ireland
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我设计了爱尔兰的第一个太阳能暖气房子，
09:33
as a student, which I then built --
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当时我是学生，建了那房子 —
09:35
which would give you a sense of my ambition.
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这让你感受到我的雄心。
09:37
And Richard Meier, who was one of my teachers,
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Richard Meiers 是我的老师之一 ，
09:39
kept coming over to my desk to give me criticism,
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常来我桌前批评我，
09:41
and he would say, "Bill, you've got to understand- --
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他会说：｢比尔，你要明白 —
09:43
solar energy has nothing to do with architecture."
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太阳能和建筑没什么关系。｣
09:51
I guess he didn't read Vitruvius.
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我猜他没有读过维特鲁威。
09:53
In 1984, we did the first so-called "green office" in America
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1984 年，我们设计了美国第一栋所谓的「绿色办公室」，
09:57
for Environmental Defense.
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为环保局设计的。
09:58
We started asking manufacturers what were in their materials.
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我们开始问生产商他们材料的成分。
10:01
They said, "They're proprietary, they're legal, go away."
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他们说：「它们都是适宜的，它们都合法，滚开吧。」
10:03
The only indoor quality work done in this country at that time
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当时全国唯一的室内质量研究
10:05
was sponsored by R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company,
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是由 R.J. Reynolds 烟草公司所赞助，
10:08
and it was to prove there was no danger
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研究目的是要证明
10:09
from secondhand smoke in the workplace.
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工作区的二手烟是无害的。
10:12
So, all of a sudden, here I am, graduating from high school in 1969,
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因此，突然间，1969 年我从高中毕业，
10:16
and this happens, and we realize that "away" went away.
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事情发生了，我们知道「丢弃」离我们而去了。
10:19
Remember we used to throw things away, and we'd point to away?
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记得我们习惯抛弃物品、我们有理由抛弃？
10:23
And yet, NOAA has now shown us, for example --
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而美国海洋及大气管理局的数据显示，像这个 —
10:25
you see that little blue thing above Hawaii?
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看到夏威夷上方的那块蓝色吗？
10:27
That's the Pacific Gyre.
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那是太平洋环流。
10:28
It was recently dragged for plankton by scientists,
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科学家近来抽取那边的浮游生物，
10:30
and they found six times as much plastic as plankton.
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他们发现六倍于浮游生物的塑料。
10:34
When asked, they said, "It's kind of like a giant toilet that doesn't flush."
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被问到此事，他们说：「就像个阻塞的巨型马桶。」
10:39
Perhaps that's away.
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也许这就是抛弃。
10:40
So we're looking for the design rules of this --
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因此我们在找寻设计规则 —
10:42
this is the highest biodiversity of trees in the world, Irian Jaya,
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这是世界上最具多样性的树林，伊利安查亚，
10:44
259 species of tree, and we described this
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259 个树种，在「从摇篮到摇篮」
10:48
in the book, "Cradle to Cradle."
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书中有提到。
10:49
The book itself is a polymer. It is not a tree.
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那本书用的纸是聚合物。它不使用树木。
10:53
That's the name of the first chapter -- "This Book is Not a Tree."
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书的第一章就叫做「这本书不是一棵树」。
10:56
Because in poetics, as Margaret Atwood pointed out,
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在诗里，玛格丽特爱特伍德写着：
10:59
"we write our history on the skin of fish
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「我们把历史写在鱼皮上
11:01
with the blood of bears."
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用熊的血写。」
11:04
And with so much polymer, what we really need
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用了那么多聚合物，我们真正需要的是技术养分，
11:05
is technical nutrition, and to use something
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并使用像树一样优雅的东西 —
11:08
as elegant as a tree -- imagine this design assignment:
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想想这样的一个设计习题：
11:11
Design something that makes oxygen, sequesters carbon,
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设计一样东西会造氧、固碳、
11:13
fixes nitrogen, distills water, accrues solar energy as fuel,
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固氮、滤水、储存太阳能为燃料、
11:17
makes complex sugars and food, creates microclimates,
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制造复合醣和食物、建立微型气候、
11:21
changes colors with the seasons and self-replicates.
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随季节变色并能自我复制。
11:27
Well, why don't we knock that down and write on it?
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那么，让我们砍了它并用它来书写吧？
11:29
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
11:35
So, we're looking at the same criteria
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因此，我们看的基准和大部分人
11:37
as most people -- you know, can I afford it?
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是一样的 — 如：我付担得起吗？
11:39
Does it work? Do I like it?
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它有效吗？我喜欢它吗？
11:41
We're adding the Jeffersonian agenda, and I come from Charlottesville,
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我们更加上杰斐逊目标，因为我来自夏洛特斯维尔，
11:43
where I've had the privilege of living in a house designed by Thomas Jefferson.
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那儿我有幸住托马斯杰斐逊设计的房子。
11:47
We're adding life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
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我们加上生命、自由和追求幸福。
11:53
Now if we look at the word "competition,"
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如果我们来看竞争这个字，
11:54
I'm sure most of you've used it.
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我相信你们都用过它。
11:56
You know, most people don't realize it comes from
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你知道吗，大部分人不知道它来自
11:57
the Latin competere, which means strive together.
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拉丁文 competare，意思是一起奋斗。
12:00
It means the way Olympic athletes train with each other.
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就是奥林匹克运动员彼此训练的方式。
12:03
They get fit together, and then they compete.
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他们一起锻练体能，然后竞争。
12:06
The Williams sisters compete -- one wins Wimbledon.
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威廉斯姐妹竞争 — 一人赢得温布尔登网球赛。
12:08
So we've been looking at the idea of competition
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因此我们一直在检视竞争的概念，
12:11
as a way of cooperating in order to get fit together.
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一种一起向前迈进的合作概念。
12:15
And the Chinese government has now --
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而目前中国政府 —
12:16
I work with the Chinese government now --
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我替中国政府工作 —
12:18
has taken this up.
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已采取了这个方式。
12:20
We're also looking at survival of the fittest,
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我们也检视「适者生存」，
12:22
not in just competition terms in our modern context
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不是用在我们现代的竞争方式
12:24
of destroy the other or beat them to the ground,
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去把对方毁掉或打倒，
12:27
but really to fit together and build niches
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而是一起适应、建立利基
12:29
and have growth that is good.
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并一起成长，那样很好。
12:31
Now most environmentalists don't say growth is good,
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现在大部分环保人士不说成长是好的，
12:33
because, in our lexicon, asphalt is two words: assigning blame.
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因为在我们的字典里，沥青是受责难的字眼。
12:38
But if we look at asphalt as our growth,
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但如果我们视沥青为我们的成长，
12:41
then we realize that all we're doing is destroying
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则我们体认到我们所做的是在破坏
12:43
the planetary's fundamental underlying operating system.
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地球的基本运作系统。
12:47
So when we see E equals mc squared come along, from a poet's perspective,
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因此，当我们以诗人的观点看待 E 等于 MC 平方，
12:52
we see energy as physics, chemistry as mass,
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我们看能量是物理、化学是质量，
12:54
and all of a sudden, you get this biology.
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突然间，你得到生物学。
12:56
And we have plenty of energy, so we'll solve that problem,
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我们有的是能量，所以我们会解决问题，
12:59
but the biology problem's tricky, because as we put through
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但生物学的问题是微妙的，因为当我们处置了
13:02
all these toxic materials that we disgorge,
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排出的有毒材料，
13:05
we will never be able to recover that.
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我们将永远无法恢复它。
13:07
And as Francis Crick pointed out, nine years
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诚如弗朗西斯克里克所指出，
13:09
after discovering DNA with Mr. Watson,
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在和华生发现 DNA 后九年，
13:12
that life itself has to have growth as a precondition --
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生命要能成长的前提是 —
13:16
it has to have free energy, sunlight
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它要有免费能源、阳光
13:18
and it needs to be an open system of chemicals.
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且它应是一个化学物质的开放系统。
13:21
So we're asking for human artifice to become a living thing,
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因此，我们要把人造物品变成生命体，
13:24
and we want growth, we want free energy from sunlight
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我们要成长，我们要来自太阳的免费能源
13:26
and we want an open metabolism for chemicals.
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我们要化学物质的开放式代谢系统。
13:29
Then, the question becomes not growth or no growth,
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接着，「长或不长」就已经不是问题了，
13:31
but what do you want to grow?
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而是：你要长成什么？
13:34
So instead of just growing destruction,
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因此，反之于破坏成长，
13:36
we want to grow the things that we might enjoy,
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我们要使我们可享受的事物成长，
13:38
and someday the FDA will allow us to make French cheese.
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有一天食品药物局将允许我们做法式奶酪。
13:41
So therefore, we have these two metabolisms,
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因此，我们有两个代谢系统，
13:45
and I worked with a German chemist, Michael Braungart,
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我与一位德国化学家 Michael Braungart 合作，
13:47
and we've identified the two fundamental metabolisms.
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我们找到两个基本的代谢系统。
13:49
The biological one I'm sure you understand,
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生物的代谢系统，我确定你明白，
13:51
but also the technical one, where we take materials
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还有一个是技术代谢系统，
13:53
and put them into closed cycles.
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我们把材料放在封闭循环中。
13:55
We call them biological nutrition and technical nutrition.
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我们称它们为生物养分及技术养分。
13:58
Technical nutrition will be in an order of magnitude of biological nutrition.
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技术养分将是生物养分的十倍量。
14:02
Biological nutrition can supply about 500 million humans,
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生物养分可以供养五亿人，
14:05
which means that if we all wore Birkenstocks and cotton,
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亦即如果我们都穿勃肯鞋和棉织品，
14:07
the world would run out of cork and dry up.
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世界会因为软木耗尽而枯竭。
14:10
So we need materials in closed cycles,
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因此我们需要将材料放入封闭循环系统，
14:12
but we need to analyze them down to the parts per million
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但我们要微量分析这些材料有否
14:14
for cancer, birth defects, mutagenic effects,
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癌症、生育缺陷、突变、
14:17
disruption of our immune systems, biodegradation, persistence,
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免疫系统破换、生物可分解性、耐用性、
14:20
heavy metal content, knowledge of how we're making them
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重金属含量、还有我们如何制造它们
14:23
and their production and so on.
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和生产它们的知识等等。
14:25
Our first product was a textile where we analyzed 8,000 chemicals
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我们的首件产品是纺织品，我们分析了纺织产业的
14:29
in the textile industry.
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9800 种化学物质。
14:30
Using those intellectual filters, we eliminated [7,962.]
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使用那些智能型的滤器，我们删除了 9762 种。
14:35
We were left with 38 chemicals.
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最后留下 38 种化学物。
14:37
We have since databased the 4000 most commonly used chemicals
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我们建档了人类生产过程中最常用的 4000 种化学物，
14:40
in human manufacturing, and we're releasing this database into the public in six weeks.
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将在六星期内将数据库公开。
14:45
So designers all over the world can analyze their products
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全世界的设计师将能微量分析他们的产品，
14:47
down to the parts per million for human and ecological health.
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以照顾人类及生态健康。
14:52
(Applause)
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（掌声）
14:57
We've developed a protocol so that companies can send
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我们已经开发了一套作业准则，让公司可以寄送
15:00
these same messages all the way through their supply chains,
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这些讯息遍及它的供应链，
15:03
because when we asked most companies we work with -- about a trillion dollars
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因为当我们问及多数合作的公司 — 总营业额约一兆美元
15:06
-- and say, "Where does your stuff come from?" They say, "Suppliers."
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— 说：「你们的材料来自何处？」，他们说：「供货商」。
15:08
"And where does it go?"
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「它往何处去？」
15:10
"Customers."
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「顾客」。
15:11
So we need some help there.
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因此我们需要一些帮助。
15:12
So the biological nutrients, the first fabrics --
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因此，生物养分，第一次织物 —
15:14
the water coming out was clean enough to drink.
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出来的水清净得可以饮用。
15:16
Technical nutrients -- this is for Shaw Carpet, infinitely reusable carpet.
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技术养分 — Shaw Carpet 公司可无限再用的地毯。
15:20
Here's nylon going back to caprolactam back to carpet.
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这是尼龙还原为己内酰胺后再制成地毯。
15:23
Biotechnical nutrients -- the Model U for Ford Motor,
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生物技术养分 — 福特的 U 型车，
15:26
a cradle to cradle car -- concept car.
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从摇篮到摇篮的汽车 — 概念车。
15:28
Shoes for Nike, where the uppers are polyesters, infinitely recyclable,
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Nike 鞋子的上层是聚酯，可无限次回收，
15:32
the bottoms are biodegradable soles.
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底层是可生物分解的鞋底。
15:35
Wear your old shoes in, your new shoes out.
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穿你的旧鞋来，换新鞋回去。
15:37
There is no finish line.
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没有终点线。
15:39
The idea here of the car is that some of the materials
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此处有关汽车的点子是有些材料
15:41
go back to the industry forever, some of the materials go back to soil --
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永远回到产业去，有些材料回到土壤里 －
15:44
it's all solar-powered.
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全是应用太阳能。
15:46
Here's a building at Oberlin College we designed
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这是我们为奥伯林学院设计的大楼，
15:48
that makes more energy than it needs to operate and purifies its own water.
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它产生的能源超过大楼运作及净化用水的需求。
15:52
Here's a building for The Gap, where the ancient grasses
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这是为 The Gap 设计的大楼，屋顶上有
15:54
of San Bruno, California, are on the roof.
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加州 San Bruno 的原始草皮。
15:58
And this is our project for Ford Motor Company.
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这是我们为福特汽车公司做的项目，
16:00
It's the revitalization of the River Rouge in Dearborn.
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这是狄尔伯尔尼胭脂河的再生计划。
16:02
This is obviously a color photograph.
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这显然是张彩色照片。
16:06
These are our tools. These are how we sold it to Ford.
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这些都是我们的工具。这就是我们卖给福特的方式。
16:10
We saved Ford 35 million dollars doing it this way, day one,
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我们这样做帮福特省下了 3,500 万美元，
16:13
which is the equivalent of the Ford Taurus
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相当于福特 Taurus
16:15
at a four percent margin of an order for 900 million dollars worth of cars.
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在百分之四利润下，值 9 亿美元的汽车订单。
16:19
Here it is. It's the world's largest green roof, 10 and a half acres.
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就是这个。它是世界最大的绿色屋顶，10.5 英亩。
16:22
This is the roof, saving money,
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这是个能省钱的屋顶，
16:25
and this is the first species to arrive here. These are killdeer.
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这些双胸斑沙鸟是首批在此定居的物种。
16:29
They showed up in five days.
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五天内它们就出现了。
16:32
And we now have 350-pound auto workers
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而现在我们有 350 磅汽车工人
16:34
learning bird songs on the Internet.
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在互联网上学鸟叫。
16:38
We're developing now protocols for cities --
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我们正在开发适用于城市的作业准则 —
16:40
that's the home of technical nutrients.
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城市是技术养分之家。
16:42
The country -- the home of biological. And putting them together.
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乡村 － 生物养分之家。并将它们整合起来。
16:45
And so I will finish by showing you a new city
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最后我将展示我们正在为中国政府
16:47
we're designing for the Chinese government.
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设计的一个新城市。
16:49
We're doing 12 cities for China right now,
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我们现在正在为中国
16:52
based on cradle to cradle as templates.
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以「从摇篮到摇篮」模式规划 12 个城市。
16:54
Our assignment is to develop protocols for the housing
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我们的工作是开发作业准则，
16:57
for 400 million people in 12 years.
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供应 12 年内 4 亿人口的居住。
16:59
We did a mass energy balance -- if they use brick,
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我们做了大量能源平衡 — 如果他们用砖，
17:01
they will lose all their soil and burn all their coal.
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他们将失去全部泥土并烧光所有的煤。
17:04
They'll have cities with no energy and no food.
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他们的城市将没有能源也没有食物。
17:06
We signed a Memorandum of Understanding --
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我们签订了合作意向书 －
17:08
here's Madam Deng Nan, Deng Xiaoping's daughter --
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这是邓楠女士，邓小平的女儿 －
17:10
for China to adopt cradle to cradle.
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让中国采用「从摇篮到摇篮」。
17:12
Because if they toxify themselves, being the lowest-cost producer,
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因为如果他们毒害自己，作为最低成本的制造者，
17:16
send it to the lowest-cost distribution -- Wal-Mart --
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将它送到最低成本的配销系统 － Wal-Mart －
17:18
and then we send them all our money, what we'll discover is that
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然后我们将钱都付给他们，我们发现的将必然是，
17:21
we have what, effectively, when I was a student,
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我还是学生时代时
17:24
was called mutually assured destruction.
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所称的｢同归于尽｣。
17:27
Now we do it by molecule. These are our cities.
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现在我们用分子来设计。这些是我们将规划的城市。
17:30
We're building a new city next to this city; look at that landscape.
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我们要在这个城市旁建造一个新城市；看看景观。
17:33
This is the site.
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这是基地。
17:35
We don't normally do green fields, but this one is about to be built,
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我们通常不在绿地上建设，但这一个即将动土，
17:39
so they brought us in to intercede.
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因此他们和我们协商。
17:41
This is their plan.
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这是他们的计划。
17:43
It's a rubber stamp grid that they laid right on that landscape.
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那好像是在地景上盖个橡皮格子章。
17:46
And they brought us in and said, "What would you do?"
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然后他们询问我们的意见说：「你们会怎么做？」
17:49
This is what they would end up with, which is another color photograph.
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这是他们可能得到的结果，这也是彩色照片。
17:53
So this is the existing site, so this is what it looks like now,
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这是现有的基地，这是它现在的样子，
17:56
and here's our proposal.
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而这是我们的提案。
17:58
(Applause)
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（掌声）
18:02
So the way we approached this
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因此我们进行的方式是
18:04
is we studied the hydrology very carefully.
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非常小心地研究了水文学。
18:06
We studied the biota, the ancient biota,
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我们研究了生物相，原始生物相，
18:08
the current farming and the protocols.
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现代农耕及作业方式。
18:10
We studied the winds and the sun to make sure everybody in the city
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我们研究了风及日照，确保城里每人都有
18:12
will have fresh air, fresh water and direct sunlight
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新鲜空气、干净的水，以及每间公寓
18:18
in every single apartment at some point during the day.
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在白天某个时刻都会有直接日照。
18:21
We then take the parks and lay them out as ecological infrastructure.
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接着我们安排公园，把它们当生态基础建设。
18:25
We lay out the building areas.
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我们安排建设区。
18:28
We start to integrate commercial and mixed use
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我们开始整合商业区及混合使用区，
18:29
so the people all have centers and places to be.
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所以人们都有中心和广场好去。
18:32
The transportation is all very simple,
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运输很单纯，
18:34
everybody's within a five-minute walk of mobility.
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每人距运输系统都在步行五分钟内。
18:37
We have a 24-hour street, so that there's always a place that's alive.
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我们有 24 小时街道，所以总是有活动的地方。
18:42
The waste systems all connect.
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下水道系统全连接起来。
18:44
If you flush a toilet, your feces will go to the sewage treatment plants,
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如果你冲马桶，粪便将进入废水处理厂，
18:49
which are sold as assets, not liabilities.
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处理后当资产卖，而不是有害物。
18:51
Because who wants the fertilizer factory that makes natural gas?
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因为谁要制造天然瓦斯的肥料厂？
18:55
The waters are all taken in to construct the wetlands for habitat restorations.
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水全部取来建构湿地作为栖地重建。
19:00
And then it makes natural gas, which then goes back into the city
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然后它产生天然瓦斯，再回到城里
19:04
to power the fuel for the cooking for the city.
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作为炊煮用燃料。
19:08
So this is -- these are fertilizer gas plants.
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而这些是肥料瓦斯厂。
19:10
And then the compost is all taken back
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然后混合肥全被取回
19:13
to the roofs of the city, where we've got farming,
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到城市的屋顶，那里可以耕作，
19:15
because what we've done is lifted up the city,
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因为我们抬高了城市及
19:19
the landscape, into the air to -- to restore the native landscape
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地景到空中 — 并把原有地景
19:26
on the roofs of the buildings.
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重建在屋顶上。
19:28
The solar power of all the factory centers
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所有工厂中心和所有工业区
19:31
and all the industrial zones with their light roofs powers the city.
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屋顶的太阳能板可供应全城电力所需。
19:34
And this is the concept for the top of the city.
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这就是城市顶面的概念。
19:36
We've lifted the earth up onto the roofs.
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我们把土地抬高到屋顶上。
19:40
The farmers have little bridges to get from one roof to the next.
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农民们有小桥能在屋顶间来回穿梭。
19:44
We inhabit the city with work/live space on all the ground floors.
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我们把工作/生活空间全放在地面层。
19:48
And so this is the existing city, and this is the new city.
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这是现有城市，而这是新城市。
19:53
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
William McDonough - ArchitectArchitect William McDonough believes green design can prevent environmental disaster and drive economic growth. He champions “cradle to cradle” design, which considers a product's full life cycle -- from creation with sustainable materials to a recycled afterlife.
Why you should listen
Architect William McDonough practices green architecture on a massive scale. In a 20-year project, he is redesigning Ford's city-sized River Rouge truck plant and turning it into the Rust Belt's eco-poster child, with the world's largest "living roof" for reclaiming storm runoff. He has created buildings that produce more energy and clean water than they use. He is building the future of design on the site of the future of exploration: the NASA Sustainability Base. Oh, and he's designing seven entirely new and entirely green cities in China.
Bottom-line economic benefits are another specialty of McDonough's practice. A tireless proponent of the idea that absolute sustainability and economic success can go hand-in-hand, he's designed buildings for the Gap, Nike, Frito-Lay and Ford that have lowered corporate utility bills by capturing daylight for lighting, using natural ventilation instead of AC, and heating with solar or geothermal energy. They're also simply nicer places to work, surrounded by natural landscaping that gives back to the biosphere, showcasing their innovative culture.
In 2002, McDonough co-wrote Cradle to Cradle, which proposes that designers think as much about what happens at the end of a product's life cycle as they do about its beginning. (The book itself is printed on recyclable plastic.) From this, he is developing the Cradle to Cradle community, where like-minded designers and businesspeople can grow the idea. In 2012, McDonough began collaborating with Stanford University Libraries on a “living archive” of his work and communications. He has been awarded three times by the US government, and in 2014, McDonough was appointed as Chair of the Meta-Council on the Circular Economy by the World Economic Forum.
William McDonough | Speaker | TED.com